MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW Published Quarterly By The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA. MISSOURI

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ij»*« NAtnin' THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1949, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1962-65 ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, Second Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau L. M. WHITE, Mexico GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1965 FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis R. I. COLBORN, Paris GEORGE W. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg

Term Expires at Annual Meeting,^1966 BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville STANLEY J. GOODMAN, St. Louis W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, Stanberry JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1967 WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington *FRANK LUTHER MOTT, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis JAMES TODD, Moberly GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. L. M. WHITE, Mexico, Chairman ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

•Deceased Volume LIX January 1965 Number 2

MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

JAMES E. MOSS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSISTANT EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW it published quar­ terly al 119 South Elson Street, Kirkiville, Missouri. Send communications and change of address to The State Histor­ ical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Second class postage is paid at Kirksville, Missouri.

The REVIEW is sent free to all member* of The Stale Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $1.00 a year or $25 for an individual life member­ ship. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. CONTENTS Page

RAILROAD MEN VERSUS STEAMBOAT MEN: THE FIRST BRIDGING OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. By Benedict K. Zobrist 159

JOSEPH WINGATE FOLK: THE POLITICIAN AS SPEAKER AND PUBLIC SERVANT. By A. L. Thurman, Jr 173

MISSOURIANS WHO "MARCHED THROUGH GEORGIA." By Leslie Anders 192

CONCORDIA SEMINARY: FOR 125 YEARS TOWARD A MORE EXCELLENT MINISTRY. By Carl S. Meyer 210

MILTON BURCH: ANTI-GUERRILLA FIGHTER. By Howard V. Canan 223

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Memorial Service Commemorates Battle of Pilot Knob Centennial 243 Battle of Westport Centennial Celebration 244 Fred Shane Publishes Book of Drawings 245 Missouri Observes American Landmarks Celebration 247 News In Brief 248 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History 251 Local Historical Societies 253 Commemorative Events 264 Honors and Tributes 267 Gifts 269 Missouri History In Newspapers 270 Missouri Historical Data In Magazines 276 Errata 277 In Memoriam 278 Book Reviews 283 Book Notes 291

CHARITON COUNTY COURTHOUSE Verso Back Cover

HENRY SHAW Back Cover

THE COVER: The front cover illustrations entitled The uLighting Express" Trains Leaving The Junction and A Midnight Race On The Mississippi were taken from prints of Currier and Ives Lithographs in the art collection of the State Historical Society of Missouri. TEAMBOAT MEN

VERSUS RAILROAD MEN

THE FIRST BRIDGING OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER

*Benedict K. Zobrist, Ph.D., is associate professor of history and assistant dean, Augus- tana College, Rock Island, Illinois. Dr. Zobrist BY BENEDICT K. ZOBRIST* developed an interest in the subject of this article while serving as Command Historian of the Army Weapons Command located on Rock Island Arsenal. 160 Missouri Historical Review

The completion of a railroad bridge in 1856, the first to span the Mississippi River, ostensibly marked only another engineering feat of Yankee ingenuity; yet, in a broader aspect, it was another sign of railroad expansion—another omen of the declining steamboat era. In the pre-Civil War decade, the significance of a single item such as this bridge might easily be lost in the larger struggles of sectional­ ism and the conflict for commercial supremacy in the rich middle section of the United States. It was, however, the very existence of this bridge at Rock Island, Illinois, that presented opportunities for many of these antagonistic interests to give vociferous utterance and vivid action to their sentiments. In 1848 the commercial conflict had already taken sharp features with the completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal; Chicago now assumed the special advantages of the Illinois River valley grain trade which had previously been held by St. Louis. Soon thereafter, paralleling railroad lines were competing with the canal. Here was the answer to western needs for good transportation facilities which would connect the farmer with a center in which to market his produce and from which the produce could be easily shipped to the eastern industrial areas; however, as a result of this railroad development, the scene for the duel between the railroad men of Chicago and the steamboat men of St. Louis was first set by the completion of the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad. Febru­ ary 22, 1854, was the occasion of celebration and pompous ceremony at Rock Island, for this marked the first continuous rail connection of the Great Lakes with the Mississippi.1 The immediate object of the enterprising Rock Island Railroad was now to bridge the muddy Mississippi. Rock Island was chosen as the site for the bridge because of the railroad engineers' opinion that it offered a minimum of hazard to the bridge and to navigation, as well as economy in construction costs, since an island in the middle of the river would make the bridging easier.2 On the opposite side of the river, at Davenport, Iowa, the Rock Island Railroad planned to connect with its western extension, the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad. This railroad, backed by the same interests as the Rock Island Railroad but incorporated separately in the state of Iowa on February 22, 1853, was ultimately to run from Davenport to Council Bluffs, Iowa.3 Arthur C. Cole, The Era of the Civil War, 1848-1870 (Springfield, 1919), 27, 29-30, 41. 2William H. Clark, Railroads and Rivers (Boston, 1939), 155; Frank F. Fowle, "The Original Rock Island Bridge across the Mississippi River," The Railway and Locomotive Historical Society, Bulletin No. 56 (n.p., 1941), 9; and John W. Starr, Jr., One Hundred Years of American Railroading (New York, 1928), 194. 3William Bross, Rail-roads, History and Commerce of Chicago (Chicago, 1854), 10-11; Charles Snyder, "Antoine LeClaire, the First Proprietor of Davenport," Annals of Iowa, XXIII (October, 1941), 111. Steamboat Men Versus Railroad Men " 161

Excitement and agitation for a bridge, though, had begun even before the rails had reached Rock Island. Realizing the value of a direct railroad connection with the East, Davenport citizens actively boosted plans for a bridge by holding a large public dinner and taking subscriptions.4 Meanwhile in Illinois actual measures were taken for the building of the bridge. On January 17, 1853, the Illinois legislature passed an act incorporating the Railroad Bridge Company "with power to build, maintain and use a railroad bridge over the Mississippi river" at Rock Island "in such manner as shall not materially obstruct or interfere with the free navigation of said river."5 An agreement to construct the bridge was then made between the Bridge Company and the two railroads.6 Henry Farnam, chief engineer of the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, was president of the new company.7 Even then, while the bridge plans were still only on paper, St. Louis certainly was aware of current happenings and of their future significance. In January, 1853, the St. Louis Republican stated that: "The project of erecting a bridge across the river at Rock Island . . . should . . . open the eyes of our citizens to what is going on elsewhere, to divert trade from us." With this bridge completed, "the railroad connecting Chicago with Rock Island City . . . will scarcely be suspended but will take up its race west­ ward." Admiration, however, was expressed for "that spirit of enterprise which can engage in such noble works . . .;" but for her own citizens it was noted "that those who ought to be foremost in [these noble works] . . . are the real laggards, and almost paralyze every effort of the kind." Aside from these forecasts of things to come, the main concern of the article centered around the question of whether this bridge was "likely in its construction to form an obstruction to the free navigation of the Mississippi." No matter where such a structure might be constructed, "this consideration must always be kept in view." It was asserted that "The free navigation of the Mississippi is solemnly guaranteed, and every Legislature will, if it acts with ordinary prudence, provide against any obstruction to such navigation." The article closed in the surprisingly conservative tone that "If [this were] done in the bill now before [the Illinois legislature] . . ., it will remove the only objection to the enterprise."8 4Starr, One Hundred Years, 193. ^Private Laws of the State of Illinois Passed at the First Session of the Eighteenth General A ssem- bly, Begun and Held at the City of Springfield, January 7, 1858 (Springfield, 1853), 329. 6Fowle, "Original Rock Island Bridge," 8. 7William E. Hayes, Iron Road to Empire (n.p., 1953), 25; Henry W. Farnam, Memoir of Henry Farnam (New Haven, 1889), 46-47. 8Reprinted in Rock Island Tri-Weekly Advertiser, January 26, 1853. 162 Missouri Historical Review

At Rock Island, actual work on the bridge soon started. On July 16, 1853, John Warner, a local contractor, commenced con­ struction on the stone piers and abutments.9 The contract for the superstructure was given to the firm of Stone & Boomer.10 Henry Farnam, president of the Bridge Company, designed the bridge and supervised its construction.11 The completed project was to consist of three sections: (1) a 474-foot bridge of three spans,12 crossing a slough from the city of Rock Island, Illinois, to the island; (2) the trackage across Rock Island itself; and (3) the main bridge over which controversy was to rage. This structure consisted of five 250-foot spans and a 285-foot draw span. The latter, bridging the main channel, was the third span from the Rock Island side.13 It was placed on a 386-foot turn-table pier; the other piers measured only 53 feet.14 The rising forms of piers and superstructure undoubtedly alarmed the steamboat men to no end. The safety of their boats was being threatened on their own river; still more distressing was the thought that their freight monopoly would be destroyed.15 Antagonistic as the river men were, however, real opposition to the bridge came first in the form of sectionalism. Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War, feared that the bridge would materially interfere with the prospects of the Southern Pacific Railroad in spanning the continent.16 Davis also may have been seriously interested in protecting the military reservation of Rock Island from trespassers. The crux of this dispute centered about the railroad's right of way to cross Rock Island, which the War Department considered in an ill-defined sense to be a military reservation. The past history of the island gave rise to these complications. In 1848 William L. Marcy, then Secretary of War, made a formal relinquish­ ment and abandonment of this military reservation to the General Land Office. The Railroad Bridge Company thus considered as sufficient the right of way granted to it by the Illinois legislature, which, in turn, was based on a Congressional Act of August 4, 1852, giving the right of way to such railroads as state legislatures might authorize over and through any of the public lands of the United States. Even if the War Department reversed its decision of abandoning the reservation, the Railroad Bridge Company noted

9Fowle, "Original Rock Island Bridge," 10. 10Hayes, Iron Road to Empire, 45. uFarnam, Memoir of Henry Farnam, 4C-47. 12Bross, Rail-roads, 11. 13F. J. Nevins, Seventy Years of Service, 1852-1022 (n.p., [c. 1922]), 10. 14John L. Ringwalt, Development of Transportation Systems in the United States (Philadel­ phia, 1888), 159. 15Starr, One Hundred Years, 194. leFranc Wilkie, Davenport, Past and Present (Davenport, 1858), 119. Steamboat Men Versus Railroad Men 163

that the land could still be sold under the provisions of a Congres­ sional Act of 1819 authorizing the sale of useless military sites.17 Even with this legal basis, the railroad companies, acting inter­ changeably for the Bridge Company, were not satisfied with the tenure of the land occupied. A letter, dated March 8, 1854, from the president of the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad to the Secretary of War expressed "Great anxiety ... in respect to the application . . . made . . . last fall for a grant of land for a railway tract and depot across the island [and a] . . . desire to ask for it your early consideration." In his reply of March 14, Jefferson Davis stated that the grant asked for would not be given.18 The reasons for denial indicate that Davis was following an obstructionist policy. He contended that as the War Department had no authority to sell the public lands at Rock Island, it could not be said to hold them for that purpose; and that even if they were held for sale, the Act of August 4, 1852, did not embrace this tract.19 Shaping events, however, soon cast more than a threatening shadow over the project. In the spring of 1854, the custodian of the island, citizens of the neighboring cities, and even official visitors to the site of construction were voicing complaints to the government. They asserted that the bridge builders were despoiling the island.20 Undoubtedly, these accusations coupled with previous occurrences moved the government to direct action. In late November, 1854, Thomas Hayne, United States Attorney for the District of Northern Illinois, introduced a bill of complaint against the bridge into the United States Circuit Court of the District of Northern Illinois, presided over by Judge John McLean.21 The application was for an injunction to prevent the Railroad Bridge Company from construct­ ing the bridge.22 Exercising its rights as a regulator of interstate commerce and as a proprietor,23 the government based its case on charges of illegal trespassing, destruction of government property, and obstruction of steamboat navigation.24 The latter charge vividly expressed the broader implications of the commercial struggle for control of the Mississippi Valley. It stated that: 17Jw Behalf of the Railroad Bridge Company, Claiming Right of Way under the Act of August 4, 1852 (n.p., n.d.), 1, 5. Typewritten pamphlet in Frank F. Fowle Papers, Rock Island Public Library, Rock Island, Illinois. 18D. W. Flagler, A History of the Rock Island Arsenal, 1863, 1876 (Washington, 1877), 59. 19Jefferson Davis to John Dix, March 14, 1854. Typewritten copy in Fowle Papers. 20Flagler, Rock Island Arsenal, 59. nBill of Complaint against the Railroad Bridge Company et al, in the U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Illinois, 1854 (n.p., n.d.), 1. Typewritten pamphlet in Fowle Papers. ^Opinion of Judge M Lean Delivered at Chicago, July 1855, in the Case of the United States vs. the Railroad Bridge Company, et al (New York, 1855), 1. Typewritten copy in Fowle Papers. 23Farnam, Memoir of Henry Farnam, 50. WBill of Complaint . . ., 1-21. 164 Missouri Historical Review

... if such work is allowed to proceed, great and permanent injury will be done to the navigation of the Mississippi river, a common highway declared forever free to all the inhab­ itants of the said Northwestern Territory and citizens of the United States. . . . That the banks [of the river] ... on both sides are covered at frequent intervals with rapidly thriving cities, towns, and villages, . . . who are all engaged in exchang­ ing the products of the country in their rear, inland, and that numbers of boats are daily passing up and down at the said island, to whom the erection of said bridge will operate as a hindrance and obstruction . . . and be the inevitable occasion of injuries and collisions, amounting to a great public griev­ ance, and threatening the complete and perpetual stoppage of navigation. . . . That it will continue (if permitted) to inflict great and irreparable mischiefs upon the commerce of the section of the country, and a proportionate damage to the eligibility of Rock Island as a site for military purposes, its convenience of communications and position, and adaptation to all the purposes of the United States, required in its erec­ tion for military purposes.25 As a sidelight to the larger issues, it should be noted that individuals interested in pre-empting lands on the island were also instrumental in procuring this trial; for if the Railroad Bridge Company's right of way was confirmed under the Act of August 4, 1852, this decision would have the effect of making the island public land and thus subject to pre-emption. With the coming of the Civil War, however, the government occupied the island and these claims were relinquished.26 The case was ably argued on both sides and in July, 1855, a decision was rendered in favor of the Bridge Company. Judge McLean decided in substance that the island had ceased to be held for military purposes; that the entry of the Bridge Company was duly authorized by the act of Congress granting the right of way through public lands; and that the state, by virtue of the rights of eminent domain, possessed the power to grant such right to the Bridge Company. He further asserted: that the bridge was not to be considered as an obstruction to navigation of the river . . . [in] that railroads had become highways in something the same sense as rivers; neither could be suffered to become a permanent obstruction to the other, but each must yield something to the other according to the demands of the public convenience and necessities of commerce.27

**Ibid., 13-14. 26Flagler, Rock Island Arsenal, 62, 86. "Chicago Press, [July, 1855], reprinted in Rock Island Advertiser, July 11, 1855. Steamboat Men Versus Railroad Men 165

In making this decision, Judge McLean apparently also realized the great value of this bridge to any government armory that might be established on the island.28 The following spring, the Rock Island Weekly Argus very unobtrusively reported that on Monday evening [April 21, 1856], about dark, the first locomotive crossed the great railroad bridge over the Mississippi. . . . About nine o'clock the same evening, engine "No. 2." took over ten heavily loaded freight cars, loaded for Iowa City. Yesterday morning [April 22, 1856], the first passenger train ran over to connect with the train to Iowa City. . . . The church bells of the twin-cities rang out their joyous notes in honor of the achievement, and cheer upon cheer went up from the crowds along the line.29 This account undoubtedly reflected the unfriendly attitude of both the river interests and the government.30 Even many of the local citizens were of the opinion that the bridge would injure the interests of the surrounding countryside.31 Within approximately two weeks some of these gloomy predic­ tions became actual happenings. On May 6, 1856, while passing upstream through the draw of the bridge, the steamboat Effie Afton, captained by J. S. Hurd, failed in power and, thus carried by the current, smashed against a pier of the bridge. The impact upset a stove on the boat, thereby setting fire to the entire boat. The fire soon spread to a section of the bridge.32 The scene was one of intense excitement.—The shores in both Rock Island and Davenport were densely thronged with spectators, and many hundred more went over to the Island. When the span of the bridge fell the steamboats lying at both cities, and those on the river, all sounded their loudest whistle. Some [supposed] ... in joy that the obstruction to navigation had been partially removed, and others [thought] ... it was to warn those on the river to look out for the floating wreck. ... A rumor [was] . . . current that the accident was intentional and done for the purpose of burning the bridge.33 Regardless of the accident's details, the river men were deeply incensed and at the same time overjoyed by the turn of events. A few days after the accident, the steamboat Hamburg was reported to

^Flagler, Rock Island Arsenal, 61-62. 29Rock Island Weekly Argus, April 23, 1856. 30Fowle, "Original Rock Island Bridge," 10. siRock Island Argus, April 29, 1941. 32Albert J. Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln (Boston and New York, 1928), II, 301-302. ssRock Island Weekly Argus, May 7, 1856. Rock Island Arsenal Ordnance Department Artist's Conception of the First Bridge to Span the Mississippi River Linking Rock Island, Illinois, and Davenport, Iowa. be flying a flag with the inscription, "Mississippi Bridge Destroyed, Let All Rejoice."34 The destruction to the bridge was repaired by the fall of the year but other damages were not so easily repaired.35 An article printed in the St. Louis Intelligencer on May 12, 1856, vividly indicated the reaction of the river interests. It was in the form of an affidavit signed by "citizens of the Mississippi Valley, and passengers on board the steamer James Lyon" enroute from St. Paul to St. Louis. The statement thoroughly condemned the bridge as an obstruction to navigation and resolved that "all interested in the free navigation of the Upper Mississippi river . . . give public expression to their grievances" and that they commend their "interests as steamboatmen and shippers to the especial attention of the chamber of commerce and the board of underwriters in St. Louis" that they, in turn, might take steps to prevent future encroachments on the river interests.36 The Rock Island Weekly Argus agreed that the bridge was "built in such a manner as to . . . materially obstruct the navigation of the river" due to the fact that the draw pier had been placed diagonally across the current, thus making navigation difficult. The Argus optimistically added that "The difficulty may be partially remedied, if the railroad companies keep a powerful steam tug to assist boats in their passage through the draw."37 The real importance of the accident, however, lay in the long- hoped-for opportunity to attack the bridge now afforded to the river interests. The owner of the Effie Afton brought suit against the Railroad Bridge Company;38 but the slow machinery of the law gave

^Ibid., May 14, 1856. S5John Moses and Joseph Kirkland, eds., History of Chicago, Illinois (Chicago, 1895), I, 455. 8«Rock Island Weekly Argus, May 21, 1856. vibid., May 14, 1856. 38Clark, Railroads and Rivers, 156. Steamboat Men Versus Railroad Men 167

St. Louis time for other means of action. On December 16, 1856, St. Louis river men and businessmen met at the Merchants' Exchange to take definite steps against the Rock Island bridge. The "keynoter" of the meeting urged the necessity of pushing to a successful conclusion the pending suit in Chicago of the Effie Afton against the Bridge Company; for should the case be lost, a damaging precedent would be established against the steamboat interests. In addition, he urged that a committee be named to draft resolutions pertaining to action against the bridge. This committee, elected and meeting the same day, resolved that a permanent committee be appointed "to take all necessary steps to cause the proper legal proceedings to be instituted for the removal of said bridge and the obstructions to navigation caused thereby"39 and that another committee of steamboat captains and pilots be charged to go to Rock Island and to ascertain by survey the amount of obstruction, in such a manner as that their report could be used in the contem­ plated legal proceedings.40 After visiting the site of the bridge, the latter group came to the conclusion that the structure was "a great and serious obstacle to navigation." Their further statements reflected the typical die-hard attitude of the steamboat men in their underestimation of the railroad: "A glance at the map shows that the Mississippi is the natural channel between the far distant basins of the Upper Mississippi and Minnesota valleys and the Atlantic ocean. The advantage, therefore of keeping the great medium of commerce unobstructed, must be obvious to the most casual observer." Regarding the anticipated lawsuit for the abatement of the bridge, the recommended line of attack centered on the grounds of obstruc­ tion to navigation which amounted to a nuisance. The committee based this on their opinion that the Bridge Company had failed to live up to the terms of its charter, requiring the bridge to be built in such a manner as not to interfere materially with the free naviga­ tion of the river. Moreover, it was pointed out that the Bridge Company had obtained no charter from Iowa for the building of the bridge.41 The railroad's position, on the other hand, was ably defended by John B. Jervis, president of the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad.42 Jervis, also a civil engineer of some merit, issued in 1857 a report

39Rock Island Weekly Argus, December 24, 1856. 40Rock Island Daily Advertiser, December 27, 1856. "Ibid., February 11, 1857. 42Bross, Rail-roads, 10. 168 Missouri Historical Review

denying that the bridge constituted a menace to navigation. He pointedly stated that "The real matter of dissatisfaction must be sought in the inevitable diversion of trade produced by the rail­ roads."43 Before these interests were to come to arms in the proposed lawsuit of the St. Louis river men, other events, however, were to transpire. On September 8, 1857, the damage suit of J. S. Hurd, acting for the Effie Afton owners, against the Railroad Bridge Company came to trial in Chicago.44 The general premise of the case was the obstruction to navigation which the bridge constituted and thus the specific aim of the plaintiff was to recover damages sustained by the owners of the Effie Afton. The plaintiff and those in sympathy with him hoped that such an amount of damages would be recovered as to make the maintenance of this and other bridges unprofitable to the railroad companies. If this could have been effected, the cost of transportation by rail would have been made prohibitive and, as a result, the steamboat monopoly would have been continued.45 Their whole argument was given substantial basis by numerous other accidents that had happened to boats while passing this bridge.46 Realizing the strength of the plaintiff's case, the railroad company hired no less an attorney than Abraham Lincoln to head their legal staff.47 The case was argued with ability by both sides and voluminous testimony was taken. Cogent points were made especially by Lincoln. For him there was no question of the value of the bridge: This particular railroad line has a great importance, and the statement of its business during little less than a year shows this importance. It is in evidence that from September 8, 1856, to August 8, 1857, 12,586 freight cars and 74,179 passengers passed over this bridge. Navigation was closed four days short of four months last year, and during this time while the river was of no use, this road and bridge were valuable. . . . This shows that this bridge must be treated with respect in this court and is not to be kicked about with contempt. . . . The proper mood for all parties in this affair is to "live and let live."48

^Report of John B. Jervis, Civil Engineer, in Relation to the Railroad Birdge over the Mississippi River, at Rock Island (New York, 1857), 8-9. Typewritten copy in Fowle Papers. 44John W. Starr, Jr., Lincoln and the Railroads (New York, 1927), 97. 45John T. Richards, Abraham Lincoln, the Lawyer-Statesman (Boston, 1916), 32-33. 46"Report on Bridge Across the Mississippi," 35th Congress, 1st Session, House Report No. 250 (April 15, 1858), II, 23. Hereafter cited as House Report No. 250. 47Hayes, Iron Road to Empire, 47. 48Starr, One Hundred Years, 196; for account of trial see also Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln, II, 301-308 and Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln (New York, 1926), II, 36-39. Steamboat Men Versus Railroad Men 169

As a result of the conflicting testimony, the jury could not agree and were discharged.49 The stalemate did not last long. In the United States House of Representatives on January 4, 1858, Cadwallader Colden Washburn of Wisconsin introduced a resolution resolving that the Committee on Commerce be instructed to inquire if the railroad bridge across the Mississippi river, at Rock Island . . ., is a serious obstruction to the navigation of said river; and if so, to report to this House what action, if any, is necessary on the part of the Government to cause such obstruction to be removed.50

The resolution was passed. Strangely enough, Elihu Benjamin Washburne, the brother of C. C. Washburn,51 rendered the report in April, 1858, for he was chairman of the Committee on Commerce. The committee agreed that the bridge had not been built at all according to original specifications and were convinced that records of previous wrecks proved "that the utmost care and skill will not always avail to escape this danger." It was estimated "that the amount of damage to the commerce of the river, occasioned by delay and loss of boats, extra insurance on them and their cargoes,

This View of the First Mississippi River Bridge Was Taken After Wind and Ice Wrecked It in 1868. Rock Island Arsenal Ordnance Department

"House Retort No. 250. 23. ^Congressional Globe, 35th Congress, 1st Session, 184. 61Dumas Malone, ed.. Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1936), XIX, 496. 170 Missouri Historical Review and the loss of lumber [amounted to] . . . fully half a million dollars each year." The bridge was held to be "a material and dangerous obstruction." Regarding recommendations, the committee believed "that the courts [had] . . . full and ample power to remedy any evil that may exist" and so "disinclined to recommend any action by Congress."52 The motives behind this Congressional activity apparently lay in the sectional allegiance and financial interests of these two representatives. C. C. Washburn owned valuable pine, mineral, and agricultural lands in southwestern Wisconsin. His financial concern in the north-south trade of the Mississippi River would only be natural. E. B. Washburne undoubtedly represented the steamboat interests of his Galena, Illinois, constituents in addition to a regard for his brother's finances.53 It seems likely that the "compromising" recommendations of the committee report were due in large part to the fact that proposed lawsuits already promised to deal with the bridge. Actual proceedings against the bridge were finally instituted by James Ward, a St. Louis steamboat owner.54 He had been a member of the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce Committee which had investigated the bridge.55 On May 7, 1858,56 Ward filed a bill "in the District Court of the United States for the District of Iowa, praying for an abatement of the Rock Island Bridge as a public nuisance, especially injurious to him as an owner and navigator of steamboats, to and from St. Louis, Missouri, and St. Paul, Minnesota."57 Rendering his decision in November, 1859,58 Judge John M. Love declared the bridge "a common and public nuisance" and decreed that the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad Company "remove the three piers and their superstructure which lay within the State of Iowa."59 The tempo of bridge opposition in St. Louis, meanwhile, had increased considerably. On May 22, 1859, the Chicago Times described the mood of St. Louis as follows: Her common council has made large appropriations, her board of trade [has] . . . added to these, and her citizens have contributed time and money without stint to maintain the most vexatious suits in every court jurisdiction against one

nilouse Report No. 250, 2, 4-5. 53Malone, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, XIX, 496, 505. 54Nevins, Seventy Years of Service, 19. 55Rock Island Daily Advertiser, February 11, 1857. 56Nevins, Seventy Years of Service, 19. 57Mississippi and Missouri Railroad Company v. James Ward, L. ed. 17: 312. ssjohn C Parish, "The First Mississippi Bridge," Palimpsest, III (May, 1922), 138. 59Nevins, Seventy Years of Service, 19. Steamboat Men Versus Railroad Men 171

of these railroad companies; she has kept in constant employ­ ment a corps of engineers to survey and examine the Missis­ sippi at every point at which bridges have been proposed, and she has paid out liberal fees to the most conspicuous engi­ neers of the country for opinions adverse to these bridges in their plans, location, and supposed effect upon the commerce of the river. Her steamboat owners and pilots have been ready on every occasion to furnish testimony against these bridges. The Rock Island Bridge Company has been left to fight the battle single-handed—to fight the battle against the capital, intellect, and party feeling of her citizens, which have been concentrated upon this single object.60 On June 5, 1859, an actual attempt was made to destroy the bridge. A pile of combustible materials, such as tar, powder, varnish, saltpeter, oakum, brimstone, etc., was found in the middle of the bridge by one of the watchmen.61 Evidently, the culprits hoped that a spark from one of the passing locomotives would set the bridge on fire. The Chicago and Rock Island Railroad employed a detective agency to find the guilty persons. Arrests were made, but upon coming to trial the defendants were acquitted.62 Not abiding by the decree of the United States District Court of Iowa, the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad Company appealed the decision to the Supreme Court.63 Considered as a bill in equity to abate a public nuisance, the case was not argued by the Supreme Court until December 18, 1862; and a decision reversing the ruling of the Iowa court was not rendered until January 20, 1863. The court observed that as the steamboat channel lay on the Illinois side of the river, Ward technically could not sue an Iowa Corpora­ tion in an Iowa court. The real implications of the suit, however, lay in the deduction that "If the abridgement of the right of passage on the Iowa side occasioned by the erection was for the public purpose and produced a public benefit, and if the erection was in a reasonable situation, and a reasonable space was left for the passage of vessels on the river, then it is not an unreasonable obstruction." Reasoning thusly, it was concluded that "A bridge across a river is not, necessarily, a nuisance, and this bridge is not, necessarily, a nuisance, within the District of Iowa, to the extent of half its length."64 A contest had been fought and settled; the railroads had won over the steamboats. This bridge, however, was not the sole factor

60Requoted from Farnam, Memoir of Henry Farnam, 48. 61Rock Island Tri-Weekly Register, June 7, 1859. 62Moses and Kirkland, eds., History of Chicago, Illinois, I, 456. 63Nevins, Seventy Years of Service, 19. ^Mississippi and Missouri Railroad Company v. James Ward, L. ed. 17: 311-312. 172 Missouri Historical Review

in determining the outcome of this duel. The Civil War itself stopped river traffic. Meanwhile the railroads mushroomed in growth. Amid these events, the river men lost their cause.65 Never­ theless, the consideration of a single item such as this bridge provides a surprisingly wide panorama of forces operating in the pre-Civil War decade and the Rock Island Bridge should be evaluated in such a light. 65Clark, Railroads and Rivers, 155. JOSEPH W. FOLK Governor of Missouri 1905-1909

Joseph Wingate Folk The Politician as Speaker and Public Servant

BY A. L. THURMAN, JR.*

When at the turn of the century St. Louis Circuit Attorney Joseph Wingate Folk embarked on his amazing and successful series of boodle prosecutions he quickly attracted statewide attention. Specifically, the convictions of bribery of Edward Butler, the acknowledged political boss of St. Louis, made Folk a national hero and launched him on a turbulent political career. The political activities of Folk have been previously charted, yet a comprehen­ sive discussion of his appearance, his personality, his mind, and his ability as a public speaker, together with a consideration of his

A TT . * : L- Thurman, jr., Ph.D., is associate professor of American Thought and Language, University College, Michigan State University, East Lansing. 173 174 Missouri Historical Review attitudes as a public servant bring deeper understanding to one of Missouri's outstanding political figures. As a young student in his native Brownsville, Tennessee, and later at the Vanderbilt University at Nashville, Folk was handi­ capped by a slight physique and small stature. Even after he matured, his appearance could never be matched against the physi­ cal impressiveness of a man like Champ Clark. People meeting him for the first time were not impressed; no physical characteristics attracted attention. Yet something intangible about his unassum­ ing appearance created marked dignity.1 As a politician Folk was not a jovial and suave handshaker. His was, instead, cool, dignified, and reserved. In comparing Folk with James A. Reed and Harry Hawes during the 1904 gubernatorial campaign, a Missouri editor, Omar D. Gray, declared: Both Reed and Hawes can pat you on the back, squeeze your hand and use all the arts of the man who would make you believe that he was tickled to see you and that you were of greater importance than any other man he had seen for ages. Folk cannot do this. He is reserved and I would say that he is hard to get acquainted with, and yet there is something in his make-up—that inexplainable something— which leads you to believe that he is the sincere and honest man he professes to be.2 William Marion Reedy gave this description of Folk, the man whose staunchest supporters failed to build into a striking personal­ ity: "He is not a disagreeable man to know and meet, even though when you leave him you always feel that he didn't mean in speaking to you to say what he wanted you to understand that he meant."3 Nevertheless people supported Folk for public office, not because he was a polished and astute politician, but because he represented a moral ideal in politics. They supported Folk as a public official who courageously performed his duty. They supported him because he stood in their minds as a sincere exponent of honest and efficient government as opposed to dishonest and incompetent government. Folk exploited their sentiment against bossism in politics and bribery in public office, and rose to the highest political office in Missouri when he was elected governor in 1904. Folk's record suggests that while he was not outstandingly brilliant he did possess distinctive mental ability. From early school *Folk was like Clark in one striking way; at first meeting he seemed to be cool, aloof, even unfriendly, but something made people like him. Hollis L. White, "A Rhetorical Criticism of the Speeches of Speaker Champ Clark of Missouri," Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1950, 36. ^Sturgeon Missouri Leader, January 7, 1904. 3St. Louis Mirror, April 9, 1903. Joseph Wingate Folk 175 age, Joseph exhibited a remarkable facility for a quick and accurate memory which he modestly demonstrated by repeating difficult lists of figures and words after only a few seconds of study. In high school he developed a proficiency in mathematics and proved further that he was the most punctual and conscientious of a family distinguished for such traits. The Vanderbilt University law school was no barrier to the applied industry of Folk; an earlier acquired ambition propelled him easily along the road to establish legal success.4 Folk's early home life with his compulsory church, Sunday School, and prayer meeting attendance, along with a household routine of family prayers, daily Bible reading, and grace at meals may have caused him to reject the ministry. In 1907, when Folk was being boomed for the presidency a reporter asked his mother about her wishes and she replied: Well, he was raised to be a minister, but I always said if my boys didn't care to be ministers I would let one of them be President of the United States. So, if they want Joe to be President, he has his mother's consent.5 Asked specifically about home training, Mrs. Folk continued: "I tried the best I knew how to instill the right principles into the minds of my boys. They knew nothing but temperance as they grew up."6 Folk's mind developed through diligent study interspersed with leisurely reading. From the time when he began reading law in the office of his cousin, he concentrated on law books, law reviews, and available daily papers. His course of study at Vanderbilt afforded a detailed emphasis of law, and when he began practice he never ceased his comprehensive study of the profession. As his clients increased, demands on his personal time allowed him little oppor­ tunity for light reading, yet he continued to be an avid reader of the daily paper. Biography of all kinds interested Folk; he read intensely and as consistently as time permitted. He also showed interest in the classics, and kept a copy of Dickens always at his bedside. Possessing a retentive memory, Folk remembered in detail everything he read. He did not have immediate insight into all questions with which the country was concerned, but he became a capable and well-informed exponent of good government.7

interview with Mrs. Joseph W. Folk, December 19, 1951. *St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 26, 1907. Hbid. interview with Mrs. Joseph W. Folk, December 19, 1951. It was detailed reading of a St. Louis newspaper that gave Folk the first clue that led to the famous boodle trials. See Claude Wetmore, Battle Against Bribery (St. Louis, 1904), 27. 176 Missouri Historical Review

Joseph Folk was an opportunist. He had an excellent facility for making the right move at the right time. When he made his initial move against boodlers in St. Louis and found that sub­ poenaed witnesses refused to talk, Folk carefully arranged to get the information he needed. Claude Wetmore, city editor of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, who followed Folk's career closely, described the situation in the following graphic fashion: The witnesses were dismissed and Circuit Attorney Folk sat alone in his office. Had the young lawyer been willing to admit it, the day would have passed into St. Louis history as his Waterloo; had he been built of less sterner [sic] stuff, the investigation into the municipal corruption would have ended then and there. Not a witness that had been examined had admitted a material fact upon which an indictment could be found. One and all had denied knowledge of any corruption fund and any connection therewith. But the thought of retreat never entered his mind. To understand why this was, one must become acquainted with another of Mr. Folk's characteristics; that is, his confidence that right will prevail. Early in the morning the first gun was fired. Two witnesses were summoned to the circuit attorney's office. "Good morning, gentlemen," said Mr. Folk, when they entered. "Please be seated," and he smiled graciously as they drew up chairs. Then suddenly, without altering his tone of voice, and without changing his expression, he added: "Unless you appear before the grand jury within forty-eight hours and tell everything you know concerning the placing of money in escrow for the purpose of bribing members of the Municipal Assembly, I shall send you both to the peniten­ tiary." The visitors paled. "That is all." said Mr. Folk abruptly. "Good morning, gentlemen."8 Folk succeeded in this maneuver. The two reluctant witnesses told a grand jury the entire story of what has become known as the Suburban Bribery Case. On a similar occasion Folk used another means of acquiring information from a reluctant witness, which reveals his insight and his ability to grasp the smallest opportunity and turn it to his advantage. A state senator, called as a witness, asserted that he knew nothing, adding that "As a God-fearing man, I mean that." "You believe in God?" Folk asked, "I do," he replied. Folk instructed him to "go home and pray. Pray for the strength to see the truth, then come back." The man was Folk's first caller the

8Wetmore, Battle Against Bribery, 31. Joseph Wingate Folk 177 next day. He was weeping. "I have been shown the way," he said. The testimony he gave revealed the degree of venality in the state legislature.9 Folk's remarkable early legal success in St. Louis attests to capabilities of mind. Kenneth Bellairs, a St. Louis Star reporter who knew Folk well, wrote in 1905 that although Folk was still too young to be a profound jurist, he could investigate with rapidity the legal authorities of a proposition and from them quickly form the correct conclusion: "He is superlatively active, resourceful, and persuasive, always dangerous, with an uncanny and unerring faculty of finding and hammering the weak point in an adversary's case."10 Folk was a master in the handling of a jury. Although not conspicuously eloquent, he had the power of binding his men to him. In a remarkably short time he could gain the confidence of a jury. He believed in stating the facts, but had a habit of drawing similes, often striking or beautiful. In one of the most important of the boodle cases, Folk's opening words were: When you find paint upon the lily or artificial perfume on the rose, there is suspicion in the one instance of the original whiteness of the lily and in the other of the original sweetness of the rose. So when you find so-called innocence defended with such eloquence, there is a suspicion of the innocence so much eloquence defends.11 Although he varied greatly in the use of language, Folk always brought the attention of his jurors to the full sense of the issue, and his summing up of evidence followed in calm, forceful, and deliberative style. The St. Louis success against corruption made Folk Missouri's first citizen by the spring of 1903; he was thus subjected to close scrutiny as friends and enemies sought to discover strength and weaknesses. Folk was soft-voiced and pleasant but not the hail- fellow-well-met; even personal relationships were conducted with reserve and, as some insisted, with a constant wariness of public reaction. Despite his reserved manner and with the appreciable aid of a friendly press, Folk rapidly created a most favorable impression upon the public. One distinctive characteristic that people soon attributed to Folk was a consistent attention to immaculateness of dress. He was *St. Louis Star, May 29, 1923. 10By 1899 Folk had an excellent practice representing many important interests. The Bench and Bar of Missouri (St. Louis, 1899), 36; Kenneth G. Bellairs, "The Legal Side of Joseph W. Folk," The Literary Digest, XXX (March 4, 1905), 333-334. "Kenneth G. Bellairs, "The Legal Side of Joseph W. Folk," The Green Bag (Boston: February, 1905). Clipping in Folk Papers, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia. YOU DIRTY BOY!

Editorial Cartoon in the St. Louis Stnr Chronicle, July 1, 1905. c/<^6// careful to assure himself that he was at all times dressed for the occasion. In this regard, though his clothes were conservative and not tailor-made, money was no object. When he appeared in the Hall of the House of Representatives in Jefferson City on the morn­ ing of July 20, 1904, to accept the gubernatorial nomination he was "clad in a Prince Albert coat, black bow tie and turned down collar." This particular incident likewise served to prove that Folk was not the effervescent politician; victory found him calm and reserved, "not a muscle of his face changing and with an expression of silent happiness." In all things he thought first of dignity. He was reluctant to inject humor into speechmaking because he considered it undignified. Perhaps many Missourians were disturbed by the excessive display of dignity even though some could respect such a quality in this unusual man. Folk's appearance was not one of the factors that made him a popular figure in public life, however, this deficiency did not seriously handicap him, for he had an acceptable personality.12 Although personality remains an inadequately defined intan­ gible, a description of Folk as a successful public speaker should emphasize those qualities peculiar to Folk as an individual. His ability to get along with all kinds of people, his kindness, his integrity and courage labeled Folk as different from some others who delivered speeches during this period. Unlike one of his

12Interview with Mrs. Joseph W. Folk, Brownsville, Tenn., December 19, 1951. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 21, 1904. Opponents sought to demean Folk for his dignified reserve; he frequently was referred to as "Holy Joe" and "Holier-than-thou-Folk." Joseph Wingate Folk 179

formidable opponents, James A. Reed, Folk could not sway audi­ ences with oratorical flights, nor did he possess Harry Hawes' aptitude for making friends. Folk's personality was peculiar, and many people misunderstood him, but they apparently trusted the man because of the earnestness that characterized his actions.13 The inflexible moral purpose of his character made Folk con­ sistently steer a straight course. With him no question could ever be settled that was not settled right; no evasion of the truth was excused for the sake of convenience. Yet in the active role he played in public affairs, and in his high expectation of those in positions of responsibility, he displayed a kindly, generous nature and dignity of soul. In law, in politics, and in reform whether in the local, state, national or international field, Folk rose above personalities to principles and never wearied in the defense of what he held to be right. One of the most laudable traits exhibited by Folk was his marked adherence to the Jeffersonian doctrine of equal rights for all, special privileges to none. Committed early to a growing philo­ sophy of democratic ideals he never abandoned his confidence that the remedy for misgovernment lay in the people's exercise of their responsibilities and enforcement of a law. He once declared in a speech in New York: The vast majority of the people are honest, yet the small percent of dishonesty, by reason of pernicious activity, wields an influence in public affairs greater than the apathetic majority. When each citizen shall exercise his political rights and the laws shall be vigorously and impartially enforced here and everywhere, then we may hope for redemption.14 Loyalty was also a significant attribute possessed by Folk. Early in his St. Louis career, as a youthful member of the Jefferson Demo­ cratic Club, he espoused the cause of William Jennings Bryan. Later, even though Bryan slighted him by failing to endorse his presidential candidacy in 1912, Folk continued to uphold the man and laud his accomplishments. In 1913, when much of the nation was disturbed by Secretary Bryan's absenting himself from Wash­ ington to augment his income on the lecture circuit, Folk declared: "I see no impropriety in Mr. Bryan's lecturing in his vacation time, and no good reason for the hue and cry that has been raised about it." Similar expressions of loyalty were displayed toward Woodrow

13St. Louis Mirror, April 9, 1903. "Even men like Senator Jim Reed had much the advantage of him as a public speaker ... he had none of the personal magnetism of a [William Jennings] Bryan," C C Collett, Los Angeles, Calif., to writer, February 25, 1952. 14Speech before Tilden Club in New York City. New York Times, February 10, 1903. 180 Missouri Historical Review

Wilson. Once Folk had decided that the course of action recom­ mended by the President was right, nothing deterred him from continual insistence that the Wilson administration should be endorsed. After the 1912 election, Folk was rewarded momentarily with Washington appointments. When he returned to Missouri with Wilson's blessing to enter the 1918 senatorial race, his approba­ tion of Wilson was at least a contributing factor to his defeat by his Republican opponent, Selden Palmer Spencer.15 Perhaps the most outstanding attribute of Folk was his un­ daunted courage and devotion to principle. Once undertaking the prosecution of boodlers, Folk did not rest until he obtained convic­ tions. During his term as St. Louis circuit attorney he won every one of the five cases which went before a jury in 1903, and of the the six in 1904 he won all but one. His earlier investigations in 1902 resulted in sixty-one indictments, forty-three for bribery and eighteen for perjury, against a total of twenty-four individuals. These exposures of graft and misgovernment in the St. Louis Municipal Assembly and the Missouri state legislature were the chief sources of Folk's early fame as a reformer as well as the imme­ diate factors producing a statewide demand for reform in 1904. In the face of grumbling partisans, dire forecasts of political oblivion, and numerous threats against his life, Folk pressed his battle against corruption. The popularity of Folk's course was demonstrated frequently. Money for him to continue his work had been raised by popular subscription as early as the summer of 1902, and by 1903 honors were a common occurrence. His national prestige continued to grow. Articles about him appeared in national magazines, impor­ tant persons who came to St. Louis wanted to meet him, and he was in increasing demand as a public speaker. Despite his reserve, by 1903 Folk had shown great ability in creating a most favorable impression on the public.16 Folk had become a political factor impossible to ignore; factions within his own party would have assigned him to oblivion, but found it impossible to do so. A hint of national possibilities was injected by the Washington Post after the House of Delegates combine had been broken. The most significant factor in establish­ ing Folk's reputation was the conviction of Edward Butler before a Boone County jury in 1902. When seven of the jurors who found ir-.S7. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 20, 1913. ™Ibid., January 24, 1903. St. Louis Republic, September 21, 1902. He was invited to speak at the Tilden banquet in New York, February 10, 1903, and his speech was reported on the front page of the New York Times. "And The Villain Is Still Being Pursued." Editorial Cartoon in the St. Joseph News and Press, December 17, 1903.

Butler guilty at Columbia told Folk after the trial that Boone County Democrats would support him for governor or any other state office he wanted, they were expressing a view already generally heard among Missouri farmers. Folk was thought of as the potential deliverer of the state from corruption; his main strength was with the rural peoples who held a basic distrust of urban society.17 In the Butler trial, the Circuit Attorney did not utilize his full time for summation, but "in the estimation of his hearers made a powerful address." The number of ladies in court was one of the special features of the day; Columbia society evidently made the occasion of the arguments an event in the town. The ladies were accorded the privilege ordinarily extended only to lawyers and were seated inside the bar; Folk won "their unstinted encomiums." Reportedly he made himself exceedingly popular in a very short time, and when through speaking he found that he had earned "invitations to go to no less than two receptions, one prayer meet­ ing, a college boys' smoker and other minor activities, all of which the Circuit Attorney respectfully declined."18 Less than one week after the Butler conviction, a Folk-for- Governor boom was reported in Kansas City. By July, 1903, throughout the state there were one hundred and twenty-five political clubs organized to promote Folk for governor.19 In Septem­ ber, the reputation of the potential candidate was enhanced by

i7St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 15, 1902; Columbia Herald, November 21, 1902. 18St. Louis Republic, November 14, 1902. ™St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 21, 1902 and July 30, 1903. 182 Missouri Historical Review the endorsement of Champ Clark, representative from the Ninth Missouri District, who said: It is a conservative estimate to say that two-thirds of all the Democrats in Missouri are for Joseph W. Folk for Gover­ nor. They are for him . . . because they know that legislative purification is the paramount state issue . . . Folk will be and ought to be elected Governor.20 Rural editors were also urging Folk's candidacy by midsummer, 1903. A Kansas City Times report in July which was published in a nationally circulated periodical documented seventy-nine papers which supported him, and one month later the St. Louis Post- Dispatch reported forty-one Democratic editors on his side.21 Since 1902 Folk had emphasized by word and deed the essential theme of honesty in public office that was to be the central idea of his campaign for governor. This concept was based on confidence in the common man; in Missouri it meant the non-machine country voter. Folk initiated the call to battle against evil forces of corrup­ tion and special privilege; actually the campaign was waged on this emotional level, rather than on a program of specific reforms. Slogans and fighting words were more popular than routine details of government. Folk as the courageous spokesman for righteousness was more appealing than the real Folk, the hard-working, virtuous young city prosecutor whose natural aloofness afforded him no advantages on the speaker's platform. The individual Lincoln Steffens saw as a man with a literal mind, "a thinlipped, firm mouthed, dark little man who never raises his voice," could never win an election. However, as Steffens continued, "he goes ahead doing, with a smiling eye and set jaw, the simple thing he said he would do." His evident honesty coupled with his determination rallied supporters to his banner.22 Most of Folk's speeches in the spring of 1904 were made to farmers, who were most likely to respond to his appeal. On one occasion he was assured of support from another source. After an address at Hardin College, a girls' school in Mexico, Missouri, the girls sang: Joe Folk, Joe Folk, He's our man; If we can't vote Our sweethearts can.23 20Sturgeon Missouri Leader, September 17, 1903. ^Nation, LXXVII (July 30, 1903), 84. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 28, 1903. 22Claude W. Wetmore and Lincoln Steffens, "Tweed Days in St. Louis," McClures Magazine (October, 1902), 577. 23"Missouri's Reform Leader," Current Literature, XXXVI (April, 1904), 405. Joseph Wingate Folk 183

Editorial Cartoon in the St. Joseph News and Press, November 10, 1904.

Folk's reputation reached nation-wide proportions by 1904. The Literary Digest observed: "No other state contest . . . this year aroused half the interest Joseph W. Folk's single handed fight with the powerful Democratic 'machine' in Missouri has stirred up; and now that he has won, newspapers of every political hue are celebrat­ ing the victory with congratulatory editorials." The New York Times, Washington Post, and Chicago Tribune reported regularly on the progress of the campaign; almost every national magazine of importance did likewise. The general tone of the articles was approval of Folk's part in what was described as "a contest between honest sentiment of the unorganized majority against the currupt purposes of a perfectly organized machine." A majority of the press hailed Folk's victory as a triumph of the people, as proof that democracy still had vitality. The Nation thought Folk had demon­ strated "that the people had not forgotten their ancient faith in courage and honesty;" World's Work commented that the "correc­ tive of evil doing is always within reach." When Folk accepted the nomination, he acknowledged that "This campaign has been waged not for a man, but for an idea." Perhaps it was apparent to him that people were entranced by what he stood for rather than by his 184 Missouri Historical Review

personality. The people were ready for reform in government and Folk, the opportunist, became their crusading spokesman.24 On election day, November 9, 1904, Folk defeated Republican Cyrus P. Walbridge by 30,100 votes and won a spectacular victory. His success was the only bright spot for the Democrats as all other candidates for major state offices were defeated. Folk's reputation had elected him, but dissension within the party had been respon­ sible for saddling the chief executive with a Republican legislature. Nevertheless, Folk was to be an outstanding governor and continued to keep his place in the national picture. From the moment he arrived in Jefferson City, he established as hallmarks of his adminis­ tration the vigor and high moral tone which had characterized his public service in St. Louis. The anti-corruption theme continued to be a vital issue for Folk as governor. His inaugural address insisted on abolition of corrup­ tion. One observer tagged it a "sermon on public morality."25 Folk declared: The eyes of the whole world are on Missouri to see what is going to be done here. Those who believe in the righteous­ ness of the people are looking to see their theory vindicated; those who hold that corruption is a necessary incident of government, and that the "Missouri Idea" is only a passing virtuous spasm are awaiting the result to sustain their position. Missouri is now on trial.20 Launching into his familiar good government theme, he promised that every rumor of official venality in his administration would be quickly investigated, and that laws prohibiting state officials from accepting railroad passes, would be enforced. He said that no corporation would receive privileges not accorded to private citizens. In a similar vein he recommended legislation to compel witnesses to bribery to give testimony but to exempt them from prosecution on the basis of their evidence, to extend the Statute of Limitations on bribery from three to five years, to nullify all franchises secured by bribery, to sell franchises at auction, and to make professional lobbying a crime. Folk continued with recommendations for reforms then almost universally accepted by American progressives; munic­ ipal home rule for large cities; improvement of election laws, especially in large cities, to insure free and honest elections; com-

24"The Folk Victory in Missouri," Literary Digest, XXVIII (Mav 28, 1904), 766, and (April 23, 1905), 581-582; Nation, LXXVIII (April 14, 1904), 282; "The Hopeful Lesson of Mr. Folk's Triumph," World's Work, VIII (June, 1904), 4838; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 21, 1904. 2r,Floyd C Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (Chicago, 1943), II, 228. 2r>Messages and Proclamations of the Governors of the State of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1926), IX, 284. Joseph Wingate Folk 185

pulsory voting; statewide primary elections of all officials; and popular election of United States Senators. Other proposals dealing specifically with more local conditions were also in a progressive vein.27 Generally speaking, this program was one with which progres­ sives could hardly find fault. Even the Republican control of the legislature did not keep Folk from repeated insistence on his program. Acts of reform legislation adopted and approved made an impressive list and constituted a good beginning for a reform administration. A St. Louis Globe-Democrat editor observed that "Folk is by far the most attractive personality which the Demo­ cratic party has at this moment. As a reformer he has done more than Tilden or Cleveland. . . ."28 Folk's efforts to enforce the law prohibiting the sale of liquor on Sunday and the enforcement of the anti-race track gambling law passed by the Forty-third General Assembly proved controversial, but exhibited his remarkable courage and decision to battle for principle. At times he may have seemed unnecessarily careless of political consequences in his law enforcement program, but he was consistently courageous. Though a Southerner in a border state, he did not hesitate to condemn lynchers, even when public opinion upheld them, as it did in Springfield in 1906, and to use the power and prestige of his office to bring them to justice.29 As an adminis­ trator and humanitarian he took personal interest in the state's eleemosynary institutions.30 In 1906 he became greatly interested in the child labor problem and the lax enforcement of the state law prohibiting the employment in factories of children under the age of fourteen. After personal investigation of factories employing children he announced his intention to request an amendment of the law in the 1907 legislative session.31 Thus, Folk demonstrated interest in matters touching the public welfare. He was eternally busy and his administration of the state government was comparable in pace and scope to the conduct of national affairs by the more famous exponent of the strenuous life, Theodore Roosevelt.32

*Ibid„ 286-297. 28Charles M. Harvey, "Reform in Missouri," The World Today, VIII (June, 1905), 599-600. ™St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 5, 1906. In regard to the lynching case an Iowa editor said: "We predict that the Governor will see that law is enforced, regardless of any threats that may be made. There is no governor in the United States better qualified to deal with such a case than Mr. Folk, and he will not shirk his sworn duty. He is not that sort of an executive. Success to him in his effort to put down the lawlessness of lynching or lawlessness in any other form. Clear Lake [Iowa] Reporter, July 19, 1906. ™St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 3, 1906. 31St. Louis Republic, March 24, 1906. The loophole in the law lay in the provision allowing employment of children under the legal age for work if their parents were dependent on their income. 32St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 30, 1905. Roosevelt sent Folk a copy of his book, The Strenuous Life, and recommended two chapters on reform and reformers. 186 Missouri Historical Review

Folk's activities were not long confined to Missouri; his travels and speech-making became part of an expanding career. During the first year as governor he delivered at least thirty major speeches all over the country, including such widely separated points as New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon. These performances revealed that Folk had evolved as a public official chiefly distinguishable by honesty and a simple faith in the all-inclusive efficacy of law enforcement, yet he did not fit the progressive mold that characterized many of his contemporaries. Shortly after Folk had taken office, the Nation suggested, "Unlike some of the 'reform Governors' with whose names his is often coupled, Folk is no innovator, nor has he a panacea for the ills of the country." This proved a valid estimate, for time after time Folk repeatedly asserted that the "Missouri Idea" was enforcement of the law; empires had fallen because of their failure to observe this principle. After three years of its application in Missouri, land prices rose twenty per cent and immigration increased twenty-five per cent.33 Folk's unrelenting attack on corruption continued throughout his gubernatorial years. The entire nation watched with great interest and approval. Honors came from all quarters; a hamlet in Cole County was named for him; Westminster College awarded him his first honorary degree; and invitations to speak came from all over the nation. People flocked to hear the young man whose name had become the symbol of reform.34 Folk's sincerity played a large role in his popular appeal, and those close to him recognized it as an important factor as they testified: His "evident sincerity carried more weight with audiences than mere oratory";35 audiences reacted favorably to him because of the "evident sincerity of the man, both in appearance and in speech";36 "He appealed to the people because they were convinced of his innate honesty and sincerity.37 During his final 1904 cam-

**St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 5, 1905; Nation, LXXX (April 6, 1905), 260; "Representa­ tive Government," address to Chautauqua Assembly at Clear Lake, Iowa, July 30, 1906, Folk Papers. siSt. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 11, 1906. Jefferson City Stale-Tribune, November 2, 1905. Only Vice President Charles Warren Fairbanks attracted a larger crowd than Folk did at the Portland Exposition. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 14, 1905. Folk was invited to Philadel­ phia as a consultant expert in a reform drive there. So many thousands were turned away from the hall where he was to speak that he could not enter until he had made a speech on the outside. When he returned to his hotel 2,000 gathered and shouted for him until he spoke to them at 12:15 a.m. St. Louis Republic, October 17, 1905. 35Lee Meriwether, St. Louis, to writer, May 31, 1952. Folk was treasurer of Meriwether's St. Louis mayoralty campaign in 1897. seHal Woodside, West Plains, Mo., to writer, April 10, 1952. 37C. C. Collett, Los Angeles, Calif., to writer, February 25. 1952. Collett was an active leader with Redpath-Vawter until the organization was disbanded in 1926. He also heard Folk prosecute Ed. Butler at Fulton and listened to many of the early campaign speeches. Joseph Wingate Folk 187 paign speech in Webster Groves, Folk commented on the element of personal sincerity, saying: Sometimes when I read the opposition press I might be inclined to doubt my own sincerity, but when I look over at the boodlers and see how they fight me, all doubt of my own sincerity must disappear. They have no doubt of my sincerity. There will be no let-up in this fight. I am going to keep at it as long as God gives me life and strength to do so. I believe that honesty is the best politics as well as the best policy.38 Folk was an excellent governor. When he left office on Janu­ ary 7, 1909, he left a record of remarkable achievement. His final message to the legislature was a recital of accomplishment matched by few of his predecessors. Through his untiring efforts, many of the reform measures that had been developed in the state were brought to maturity either as laws or through administrative action. Folk's administration was a marked departure from traditional party governments that had preceded, and the effects of his tenure as governor were not confined to his four years in office. The public demand for more reform was merely awakened and encouraged by his precept and example.39 Folk's administration was a vigorous and busy one. It never wavered in adherence to high standards of public morality and law enforcement. When Folk left Jefferson City, William Marion Reedy wrote: "There are men who have talked more of modern Democracy. There is none who had done more." The Post-Dispatch, often critical during the administration, observed editorially: "Not even the Governor's enemies can deny that his administration has been marked by excellent work for the people and has raised the standard of government in this and other states." At the other end of the state, the Kansas City Star said: "Folk placed Missouri in the front rank of the states that were leading the nation to a Square Deal and a purer political life."40 Although he professed a desire to devote time to speaking and writing, Folk apparently found it inadvisable to concentrate on writing. Actually, he preferred speaking to an audience, for here he was not bothered by exacting requirements of written style and could get down to earth immediately with his hearers. In the few

38St. Louis Republic, November 8, 1904. 39Folk's repeated demand for a state-supervised good roads program did not materialize until the passage of the Hawes law in 1917. ^St. Louis Mirror, January 7, 1909, "Exit Folk," clipping in Folk Papers. St. Louis Post- Dispatch, January 8, 1909. Kansas City Star, November 14, 1908. 188 Missouri Historical Review

articles that did appear under his name, Folk continued to deal with the problems of corruption and specifically with the scope of reform. In a two-page article entitled, "The Religion of Democracy," writ­ ten after his own presidential aspirations were openly expressed, Folk clearly appealed to Bryan Democrats. Folk wrote that Bryan's doctrines were the cause of the revolution in the public conscience and the Progressive Movement, but warned "it is an open secret that the agents of privilege are endeavoring to secure control of the party." On major issues Folk took a stand that was soundly progressive; following the characteristic denunciation of corruption, graft, thievery, and privileged classes, he declared himself in favor of low tariffs, equal rights, a graduated income tax, direct election of senators, a national anti-lobby law, and regulation of rates on public utility corporations. He concluded: "True democracy cannot give a privilege enabling you to rob others, but it can deny others the privilege of robbing you."41 In his article on "Pure Government," Folk explained the back­ ground of the boodle trials in St. Louis and, through the introduc­ tion of analogy, repeated his standard charges against bribery: Benedict Arnold attempted to sell his country for gold; he was a traitor of war. The official who sells his vote is a traitor of peace, more dangerous than the traitors of war. The Malian guide who betrayed the Greeks at Thermo­ pylae did not by that act destroy his country, but a few hundred years later the gold of Phillip of Macedon did the work the treason of war had failed to do. Greece fell because corruption had weakened her national life. Rome attained a pinnacle of greatness and was under­ mined by the same insidious corruption that threatens us. Jugurtha, after he had corrupted the Senate and bought the palace of Rome, declared that he could buy the entire city if he only had enough money. Yet some say boodling can not be an issue, and that we ought not to get alarmed over a few cases of bribery. When one's house is on fire he is in no condition to argue about fine tapestries and ornaments; he is more concerned about putting out the fire than about anything else. The only way to stamp out corruption is to hit it hard whenever it shows its head.42 The Post-Dispatch reported in 1910 that "the Saturday Evening Post is understood to have made him a flattering offer recently for a series of articles on civic questions." Folk would not discuss the

•"Interview with Mrs. Joseph W. Folk, December 19, 1951; Folk, "The Religion of Demo­ cracy," The Commoner, XI (January 20, 1911), 1-2. 42Folk, "Pure Government," Success, clipping in Folk Papers. Joseph Wingate Folk 189 rumor with a reporter, noting that "they are of a personal nature rather than of public concern." Apparently the offer never mater­ ialized. Perhaps Folk's political interests interfered and he preferred to campaign rather than write.43 The most important phase of Folk's reputation was his ability as a speaker. Although he never achieved Champ Clark's fame as an orator, Folk was markedly successful as a speaker who persua­ sively presented his views to a listening audience. The peculiar character of his speaking was certainly responsible for his tremen­ dous effectiveness as a pleader in front of juries. Folk was not a loud speaker. His voice was soft, but it went straight to the heart of his hearers. He believed in conversational tones in addressing juries and avoided bombastic flights of oratory. Folk's evident sincerity backed by facts he was always careful to present, carried more weight than mere oratory would carry, and accounted for his effectiveness not only with a jury but with all audiences. One observer of the period, speaking of the reputation achieved by Folk as a speaker, declared she was impressed with the calm, dignified, and forceful delivery "without flights of oratory, but facts and figures to sustain his subject. He was, always, himself."44 James A. Webb indicated that In making public speeches [Folk] differed from all other public men whom I have known. He had a style of his own that suited his purposes but which could not have been used effectively by any one else. First of all he knew how to be brief and to the point under consideration. He never wan­ dered, never hesitated, never tried to be eloquent or attempt oratorical flights of the spreadeagle kind. Each sentence was a nugget of axiomatic political truth, and was deliberately spoken clearly and emphatically. There was no answer except to agree with him or say nothing. His enunciation was clear and convincing but never dramatic. He spoke earnestly as though he had a message for interested hearers and wanted to convey it to them in as few words and short a time as possible.45 D. H. MacAdam, a St. Louis Republic reporter who accompanied Folk into all but one of Missouri's counties during his campaigns for governor in the primary and general election, gave this descrip­ tion of the speaker: He was not the sort of orator, not flamboyant, that Missouri was accustomed to hear from its political platforms. ^St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 29, 1910. 44May Folk Webb, New York City, to writer, February 23, 1952. 45James Avery Webb, New York City, to W. Scott Hancock, St. Louis, February 21, 1952. 190 Missouri Historical Review

His gestures, as I recall them, were hardly more than waves of a hand. He paused at times and turned on his winning smile. He spoke clearly and gave impressions of sincerity. This last is what put him over, I suppose. He was good at greeting people before meetings, shaking hands with one and all, though his hand grip was a limp and flabby thing.46 When Folk opened his campaign for the presidential nomination at Joplin in 1912, the Globe editorial presented this enlightening portrait, and testified to his effectiveness as a speaker. And it was the same Folk. A little older, to be sure; the lines in the face more deeply etched; the glowing color of youth visibly subdued. But it was the same finely modulated voice, which, wanting in volume, somehow possessed the carrying power that reaches every member of the audience; the same pleasing southern accent; the same poise and self- containment; the same impressive earnestness and sincerity; the same passion for the same ideal with which he entered public life—civic righteousness, equality of opportunity and privilege to all. And the audience as of old, listened intently, following closely the speaker's every word and gesture, and frequently breaking in on the speech to approve in emphatic way some sentiment forcibly expressed. It was an attitude on the part of the audience that mere grace of oratory never commands; it was the tribute paid to sincerity of high purpose to the revelation of moral courage in the arena of practical politics.47

Folk can be assessed as public servant, Democratic politician, and public speaker. His reputation has been lasting; his remarkable career has been responsible for similar undertakings. The late United States Senator Estes Kefauver, from Tennessee, a cousin of Folk, also could be described as public servant, Democratic politi­ cian, and public speaker. The broad outlines of his career present a striking parallel to that of Folk, primarily because they both achieved fame through intense crusades against corruption. Speak­ ing of his famous relative, Senator Kefauver said: I have always admired him very much and he was a sort of hero to me. I saw him in West Tennessee on one occasion and as a child went with my mother to Washington on two occasions. I heard him make several speeches and he of course impressed me very much although I admit I was prejudiced to begin with.48

46D. H. MacAdam, Birmingham, Mich., to writer, April 10, 1952. 47 Joplin Daily Globe, February 3, 1912. 48Senator Estes Kefauver, Washington, D.C, to writer, May 31, 1952. Joseph Wingate Folk 191

Prior to her death, Mrs. Folk said that the Senator admitted patterning his approach after cousin Joe. Watching the Tennes- sean's political rise and following him closely on television, Mrs. Folk tearfully noted the striking resemblance to her late husband.49 Joseph Wingate Folk contributed a significant heritage. He consistently concentrated on a single theme—honesty and right­ eousness in good government that would promote the doctrine of equal rights for all with special privilege to none. Although some of his interests were varied, most of them centered about the singleness of political purpose which he integrated into every public utterance. The following is illustrative: Gentlemen, I ask you in the name ... of all that is good and holy to vindicate the law and set the stamp of your disapproval [and] put an end to official corruption ... for years to come. Be true to your State, be true to the law, be true to yourselves; to each of you I say: "Be true to thyself, and it must follow, as the night, the day, that thou canst not then be false to any man," or the community in which you live.50

49Interview with Mrs. Folk, Brownsville, Tenn., December 19, 1951. sojohn D. Lawson, American State Trials (St. Louis, 1918), IX, 414.

<^>

Gray Mustang—It Ain't What It Used to Be St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 17, 1964 Springfield, Mo., July 16 (AP) — Modern sports cars apparently are rare in some parts of the Ozark hills. The Federal Bureau of Investigation asked the Missouri Highway Patrol to send troopers into wooded areas north of Springfield to look for a gray Ford Mustang possibly abandoned by two men. When beating the brush officers came across a farmer and inquired if he had noticed a gray Mustang in the vicinity. " Nope," he replied. " I haven't seen a horse like that in this part of the country for quite a while." Missourians Who "Marched Through Georgia"

*Leslie Anders, Ph.D., is professor of history and chairman of the social science division at Central Missouri State College, Warrensburg. He is cur- BY LESLIE ANDERS* rently conducting research for a full scale regimen­ tal history of the Eighteenth Missouri Volunteers.

The morning sun was well up in the sky when Colonel Charles Sargeant Sheldon's 18th Missouri Volunteers joined the "March through Georgia." Although Major General William Tecumseh Sherman refused to order the burning of downtown Atlanta until late that afternoon, the sun had risen on Tuesday, November 15, 1864, as a "blood-red ball of fire," thanks to the pall of smoke created by assorted fire-bugs inside and outside Union ranks. Leav­ ing their camp at White Hall, south of the smouldering business district, the Missourians trudged southward toward their first night's bivouac on a 300-mile march destined to bring them to the sea at Savannah by Christmas.1 Only a few of his associates knew that the grey-eyed, medium- built Sheldon was serving under an assumed name. Born Charles Sheldon Sargeant at Morristown, New Jersey, on September 5, 1839, he had been an enlisted man in the pre-war Regular Army. After enlisting at Boston, Massachusetts, on August 31, 1858, he had spent nearly two years in New Mexico with the 2d U. S. Mounted Rifles. Apparently of above-average education for an "Old Army" trooper, Sargeant had not been oblivious to the gathering tensions in fateful 1860. On June 27 he had secured his discharge from the Mounted Rifles at Albuquerque and rushed back to St. Louis to enlist in the General Mounted Service as "Charles Sargeant Sheldon" on September 18. After a fall and winter spent in training infantry recruits at the St. Louis Arsenal, he had obtained another discharge, April 22, 1861, to become first sergeant of Company G, 1st Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment. By this time the motive for obscuring his true name had become apparent.2 Special Orders 281, HQ, XVII Corps, November 14, 1864, in The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (70 vols, in 128; Washington 1889-1900), Series 1, Vol. XLIV [hereafter cited as O. R.,], 458-459; John M. Gibson, Those 103 Days (New York, 1961), 28-31; See also Col. Charles S. Sheldon to Adjutant General of Missouri, Annual Report of the Adjutant General of Missouri for the Year Ending December 31, 1865 (Jefferson City, 1866) [hereafter cited as Annual Report], 174-183. 2F. B. Heitman, Historical Register of the United States Army from Its Organization (Washing­ ton, 1890), 584; War Record of Brig. Gen. Charles S. Sargeant, U. S. Pension Office, in National Archives [hereafter, Sargeant Papers]. 192 Missourians Who "Marched Through Georgia" 193

Thereafter, the blond and slender young easterner had risen rapidly in the armed forces of his adopted state. A month later he was promoted to second lieutenant in the 1st Volunteers. By August 21, he had advanced to first lieutenant, thanks to his gallantry in the fighting at Boonville, during the march to Spring­ field, and in the climactic engagement at Wilson's Creek. Following this later action, he had returned to St. Louis to command the District of St. Louis in Brigadier General John M. Schofield's Department of Missouri until the following spring. Promoted in rank to captain March 27, 1862, he had gone with the staff of Sherman's Army of the Tennessee to participate in the Battle of Shiloh and the subsequent capture of Corinth, Mississippi. On August 31, 1862, he was promoted to major and ordered to Missouri to become Assistant Adjutant General, commanding at Springfield. In that position he was serving when his fateful association with the 18th Volunteers began.3 The 18th Volunteers were still recovering from the Battle of Shiloh when Sheldon became their "lieutenant colo­ nel commanding" on Decem­ ber 4, 1862. Recruited during the first winter of the War by Colonel W. J. Morgan, the regiment consisted mainly of "Yankee Republicans" of

"Colonel Sheldon" Just 25 years old, New Jersey- born Colonel Charles Sheldon Sargeant commanded the Eight­ eenth Missouri Volunteers on its "March to the Sea." (Photo­ graph from History of Noble County, Ohio [Chicago: 1887], and made available through the courtesy of Mr. and Mrs. R. D. Buckey, Caldwell, Ohio, and the Ideal Art Studio, Zanesville, Ohio.

3Sargeant Papers; Letter, Sheldon to Lt. Col. C W. Marsh, December 4, 1862, in Regimental Papers, 18th Missouri Volunteers, in the archives of the Adjutant General of Missouri and made available to the author through the kindness of Lt. Col. Richard F. Shelley and Mrs. Ruby Haral­ son, Office of the Adjutant General, Jefferson City [hereafter cited as Regimental Papers]. 194 Missouri Historical Review

Ohio Valley ancestry or foreign-born Germans, mostly from St. Louis. A third of the outfit, nearly a thousand strong at the beginning of 1862, had been recruited from Putnam County, and another fifth from St. Louis. Other Missouri counties with large representation in "Morgan's Raiders" were Linn, Buchanan, Grundy, Platte, and Sullivan. The 18th Missouri had lost 15 killed, 82 wounded, and nearly 150 men taken prisoner at Shiloh, including the commander, Colonel Madison Miller, and the captives were in the process of repatriation when Sheldon joined. In the words of one general, the regiment was "disorganized and demoralized."4 During 1863 Sheldon usually had been in active command of the 18th. Miller was carried on the rolls as commander, but he was too often on detached service to be accounted any longer a regular member of the regiment. He finally resigned from the service in early 1864, leaving Sheldon in permanent command. The shortage of qualified officers had pinched so much during 1863 and 1864 that Sheldon himself had been pressed into service as a brigade com­ mander for brief intervals during Sherman's operations in Tennessee, Alabama, and northern Georgia. At the head of the regiment, Sheldon had participated in such memorable engagements as the assault on Kenesaw Mountain (June 27, 1864) and the Battle of Atlanta (July 22), in which his Missourians had played a key role and experienced what Sheldon later termed a "tight fit."5 Now, marching down the McDonough Road on a beautiful November day, Sheldon's veteran volunteers composed part of Sherman's "Grand Army of the West," a sturdy force described by a modern authority as "the finest army of military 'workmen' the modern world has seen."*3 Along with the 64th Illinois and the 27th and 39th Ohio Volunteers, the 18th Missouri was a part of Brigadier General John W. Fuller's brigade. A 37-year-old native of England and a former Ohio publisher, Fuller was himself a veteran of those opening campaigns in Missouri, including the New Madrid and Island No. 10 engagements.7 Fuller's brigade was in the 1st Infantry Division, commanded by Major General Joseph A. Mower, a Vermont-born veteran of early skirmishes in southeast Missouri. Mower, possessor of one of the "Letter, Brig. Gen. J. B. S. Todd to Asst. Adj. Gen., Dept. of Mississippi, July 5, 1862, Regi­ mental Papers; Muster-Roil Records, 18th Mo. Vols., Regimental Papers; War Dept., Record and Pension Office, Organization and Status of Missouri Troops in Service during the Civil War (Washing­ ton, 1902), 221; O. R., Series 1, Vol. X, Pt. I, 104. 5Annual Report; Letter, Sheldon to Adj. Gen. of Mo., August 15, 1864, Regimental Papers; See also Sargeant Papers. 6B. H. Liddell Hart, Sherman (New York, 1958), 331. 'Dictionary of American Biography (New York, 1957), Vol. IV, 58-59; O. R., XLIV, 21. The Campaign In Georgia

most amazing combat records in American military history, had been cited countless times for conspicuous gallantry in Sherman's Mississippi Valley enterprises between 1862 and 1864. Strengthen­ ing the Missouri connections of the 18th Volunteers was the fact that the 1st Division was in the XVII Corps, commanded by Major General Francis Preston Blair, Jr., a well-known father of Missouri Republicanism, a former chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee in Congress, and the man credited with doing the most to hold Missouri in the Union.8 "Uncle Billy" Sherman was unleashing a tide of over 60,000 men against the paper-thin Confederate defenses of central Georgia's agricultural riches. Blair's XVII Corps was teamed with Major General Peter Joseph Osterhaus' XV Corps to form the Army of the Tennessee, Sherman's "old outfit," now under Major General Oliver O. Howard, a 34-year-old West Pointer. Meanwhile, depart­ ing eastward from Atlanta was Major General Henry W. Slocum's "Army of Georgia," the XIV and XX Corps, moving along the Georgia Railroad through Madison toward Milledgeville, at that time the capital. Osterhaus' corps, forming Howard's right wing, had as its initial task the destruction of the Macon & Western Railroad from Atlanta to its junction with the Central of Georgia at Macon. Protecting Howard's right flank were 5,000 cavalrymen under the ruthless, swashbuckling Brigadier General H. Judson Kilpatrick, under Sherman's direct orders.9

^Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. I, 332-334, and Vol. VII, 299-300; Huston Crittenden, 'The Warrensburg Speech of Frank P. Blair," Missouri Historical Review, XXX (October, 1925), 101; J. Thomas Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County (Philadelphia, 1883), 483. 9Hart, Sherman; Sherman, Memoirs (New York, 1875), 171-172. O. R., XLIV, 65-66, 452, 460. fmmmtfm*

r

There were two questions on the minds of his fighting Missour­ ians, and Sheldon did not know the answer to either of them. Where are we heading? How many rebels are in our way? Like the great Stonewall Jackson, Sherman was keeping his strategic cards close to his vest. In an order of the day, he informed his troops that they were "an army for a special purpose, well known to the War Department and to General Grant. It is sufficient for you to know that it involves a departure from our present base, and a long and difficult march to a new one." From this, many had concluded that Sherman's plan was to march directly up the Carolinas to fall on the rear of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, then grappling with Lieutenant General U. S. Grant's main Union forces. This plan, or some plausible variant, was assumed by nearly everyone. Sherman, however, had a more complex scheme on his mind. "I only regarded the march from Atlanta to Savannah as a 'shift of base'," Sherman wrote later, "from the interior to a point on the seacoast, from which it could achieve other results." And those results included bleeding the South's economy, demolishing railroads supplying Lee, and fatally weakening civilian and military morale throughout the Confederacy.10 The area into which Sherman's force was moving was the Confederate military's "Department of Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida," commanded by Lieutenant General William J. Hardee, whom Sherman and most of the "Old Army" remembered as a "competent soldier." Hardee had less than 22,000 men in the entire area, about half of this number being near enough to Atlanta to contest Sherman's opening moves. Lieutenant General "Fighting Joe" Wheeler's 7,000 cavalrymen and Major General Gustavus W.

^Sherman, Memoirs, 174, 179, 220. Gibson, Those 103 Days, Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard later maintained that Sherman had revealed to him in confidence the general plan of the campaign at the start. Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1887), Vol. IV, 663-664. mm

^SsSw&ai^'

Foragers Returning To Camp

Smith's 3,100 Georgia state militiamen were concentrated around Lovejoy's Station, south of Atlanta, reflecting Hardee's original suspicion that the main Yankee advance was toward Macon. Con­ sidering the relative strength and experience of the contending forces, it is clearer to us today than it was to Sherman's mystified troops that the "march through Georgia" would hardly be a prolonged struggle.11 The first day's march of Sheldon's Missourians was in every respect proof of the foregoing generalization. Neither the journal of the regiment, brigade, division, nor corps suggests anything more eventful than fifteen miles of steady tramping down the McDonough Road to the first night's bivouac a couple of miles north of Stock- bridge.12 While the reports do not tell us what the Missourians were up to on that day and many of the days that followed, we may safely generalize from eye-witness accounts of other participants in the great march-out from Atlanta. Sherman's orders were, as Sheldon later said, "to forage liberally on the country, and to gather up all horses and cattle, and everything that could be of use to the enemy." We are assured by Sherman's aide-de-camp and a Massachusetts infantryman that foragers were especially vigilant in their quests for roosters capable of putting up ferocious cock­ fights to enliven the off-duty hours in evening bivouac.13 Like all other regiments, the Missourians were allowed one ambulance wagon and one "kit-wagon." There being little space on the wagons for rations, each soldier started out with a three-day supply on him. Under Sherman's orders to "forage liberally," it

]1Hart, Sherman, 336; O. R., XLIV, 874; Maj. Gen. Gustavus W. Smith, 'The Georgia Militia During Sherman's March to the Sea," Battles and Leaders, IV, 667-669. 120. R., XLIV, 32-33, 63-66, 147-151; Annual Report; Muster-Roll Records, Regimental Papers. 13Annual Report; Daniel Oakley, "Marching Through Georgia and the Carolinas," Battles and Leaders, IV, 672; George Ward Nichols, "Sherman's Great March," Harper's New Monthly Maga­ zine, XXXI (October, 1865), 577. 198 Missouri llistorical Review depended on forage parties to see that the regiment was kept sup­ plied with pork, sweet potatoes, turnips, chickens, turkeys, and various other commodities available on Georgia farms in the late fall. Sherman's quartermaster had a herd of cattle coming along in the rear to bring fresh beef "on the hoof" when and where needed. Sufficient oats and corn had been loaded to provide a five-day supply for the thousands of horses and mules toiling down the roads toward Savannah. By the end of five days, "Uncle Billy" figured, the four mighty columns would be across the Ocmulgee River and into the agricultural heartland of Georgia, "a country well-stocked with corn, which had been gathered and stored in cribs, seemingly for our use, by Governor Brown's militia."14 Major General Howell Cobb, commanding the Georgia district under Hardee, was in somewhat the predicament of the proverbial one-armed paperhanger—outnumbered 6-1 and trying to fathom his enemy's objective. Was Sherman headed immediately for Macon? or Augusta? General John Bell Hood's bleeding survivors of the Battle of Atlanta could not provide much help, for they were far away in northwestern Georgia and outgunned 2-1 by Major General George H. Thomas' Army of the Cumberland. The truth of the matter, which dawned on the rebels too late, was that Milledge- ville, capital and political nerve-center of Georgia, was Sherman's immediate target. Certainly, Cobb's confusion was scarcely alleviated by Kilpatrick's demonstration toward Macon at the outset of Sherman's march. The ferocity of Kilpatrick's southward drive may be gauged from Smith's report that, having withdrawn his militiamen to entrenchments at Griffln on November 15, he found Wheeler's cavalry—"jammed back to our positions" early the next day. From there, Kilpatrick galloped on to the southeast to wreck about a mile of trackage west of Macon.15 Smith and Wheeler retreated toward Macon, reaching the latter place on Friday, November 18, after a second brush with Kilpatrick on the way. At Macon, on Saturday, Hardee went into a hurried conference with General P. G. T. Beauregard, commanding Con­ federate forces of the Lower South. The outcome of the talks was that a small force would stay behind to hold Osterhaus away from Macon while the bulk of Smith's and Wheeler's strength would be shifted eastward to bar Sherman from Savannah or Augusta. Smith's attempt to get away proved costly, for his green soldiers collided with the Yankee rear guard between Macon and Gordon, 14Sherman, Memoirs, 177, 183; Letter, Lt. Col. William H. Minter to the Adj. Gen. of Mo., January 22, 1865, in Regimental Papers. 16Gibson, Those 103 Days, 37-38; Smith, "Georgia Military . . .," 667; Hart, Sherman, 329. Missourians Who " Marched Through Georgia" 199

on November 22, suffering disastrous losses in an exchange of lead with the battle-hardened XV Corps. The surviving militiamen were then loaded on a freight train southeast of Macon and carried to Savannah. Wheeler swam the Oconee River with his horsemen a week later, with Kilpatrick in hot pursuit.16 Meanwhile, Sheldon's Missourians continued their march with the XVII Corps. Breaking camp on Cotton Indian Creek at dawn, November 16, they tramped past Stockbridge toward McDonough, bivouacking for the night on the Walker Farm, two miles north of town. The next evening they camped at the edge of Jackson. On Friday they reached their first major river, the Ocmulgee, at Planter's Factory, and participated in an uncontested night crossing on the 200-foot pontoon bridge laid by Lieutenant Colonel William Tweeddale's 1st Missouri Engineers that evening. The next three days were spent in a steady 30-mile march to Gordon, where Sheldon established regimental headquarters Tuesday, November 22. On this day, Slocum's Army of Georgia entered Milledgeville, ten miles to the north.17

Arriving at Gordon on a typically "raw" late-autumn day, the Missourians got their first experience in what was to become the most distinctive feature of Sherman's campaign—railroad-wrecking. The method of demolition, prescribed by Sherman's chief engineer, was both simple and efficient. As described to posterity by Sher­ man's aide, the procedure was as follows:

16Hart, Sherman, 337; Smith, "Georgia Military, ' 667; Robert C Black, The Railroads of the Confederacy (Chapel Hill, 1952), 261. 17Muster-Roll Records, HQ, 18th Mo. Vols., Regimental Papers; Sherman, Memoirs, 184; O. R., XLIV, 32-33, 60, 147-148. 200 Missouri Historical Review

"Two ingenious instruments have been made for this purpose. One of them is a clasp, which locks under the rail. It has a ring in the top, into which is inserted a long lever, and the rail is thus ripped from sleepers [ties]. The sleepers are then piled in a heap and set on fire, the rails roasting in the flames until they bend of their own weight. When suffi­ ciently heated, each rail is taken off by wrenches fitting closely over the ends, and by turning in opposite directions, it is so twisted that even a rolling-machine could not bring it back into shape."18 Wednesday, November 23, saw the 18th Volunteers assisting with the destruction of "the railroad and other public property at or near Gordon," as Sheldon put it. Most of the day was spent in wrecking the Central of Georgia spur from Gordon up to Milledge- ville. The next day, however, the Missourians moved out toward the Oconee crossing with their division. The regiment's head­ quarters journal relates that "we moved down the Savannah R. R., destroying it as we went, and passed through the towns of Mclntyre and Toomsboro, destroying the Depots in both places. ..." Mower credits his division with demolishing fourteen miles of track on November 23, 24, and 25, but it is impossible to determine the exact mileage attributable to Sheldon's outfit.19 It was after sundown on Saturday, November 26, when the weary Missourians moved across Tweeddale's 300-foot floating bridge built the previous day over the Oconee. The Lord's Day was not to be a day of rest, however. Blair's orders, received from Sherman that morning, were to go right on tearing up railroad property beyond the Oconee. Sherman rode in to join Blair and Mower on Monday to watch XVII Corps do its stuff. It was on this same day that the 18th Missouri suffered its only fatalities of the entire campaign. A dead tree blew down near the Oconee bridge, fatally injuring Privates McCoy Sell of St. Louis and William McRorie of Putnam County, both of whom had but recently joined Lieutenant David W. Pollock's Company B. On Wednesday, November 30, Sheldon's men reached the Ogeechee, just east of Wadley. They were 135 miles out of Atlanta, as Sherman's well-known crow would have flown it.20

18Nichols, "Sherman's Great March," 577-578; Black, Railroads of the Confederacy, 258-260. 19Muster-Roll Records, Regimental Papers. Report of Maj. Gen. Joseph A. Mower, O. R., XLIV, 149-151. Annual Report. ^Sheldon stated in the Annual Report that "XX Corps" was assigned destruction of the Central of Georgia from the Oconee to the Ogeechee, but this is so categorically contradicted by his own headquarters journal and by Sherman's memoirs (192) that the historian is hard put to show the exact role of XVII Corps in the demolitions between the Oconee and the Ogeechee. From an examination of XX Corps reports (O. R., XLIV, 207 and 214) and Sherman's official report on the campaign (O. R., XLIV, 8) it seems most likely that XVII Corps did the demolitions from the Oconee to Tennille Station, and that XX Corps did the rest from Tennille to the Ogeechee. See also the XVII Corps reports (in O. R., XLIV, 147-151). Missourians Who "Marched Through Georgia1' 201

While no battle-casualties had yet occurred among Sheldon's troops, they were rarely out of earshot of skirmishing. Any breeze might bring sounds of battle, as Kilpatrick blazed away at Wheeler almost daily. After Milledgeville, Sherman had swung Kilpatrick from his right to his left to demonstrate toward Augusta. And the ruse worked, for during the last week of November Wheeler was so busy "defending Augusta" that he was unable to dispute Sherman's crossing of the Ogeechee, the last major river between the Yankees and Savannah.21 Blair's corps crossed the Ogeechee east of Wadley November 30, on the 200-foot pontoon bridge put in by Tweeddale's engineers. The stage was now set for Sherman's "home stretch" drive down the Ogeechee. Slocum's entire force had already passed the Ogee­ chee some miles upstream, and Osterhaus' XV Corps remained on the west bank to "anchor" the Grand Army's southward push. From the Ogeechee "the army moved steadily on Savannah," as Sheldon phrased it, "the corps on parallel roads, driving the rebel cavalry so rapidly that it could hardly be called a hindrance. Our flanks were perfectly protected by swarms of mounted 'foragers,' so that not a single wagon was lost during the whole march, and but four stragglers captured." After camping on the Ogeechee with "Uncle Billy" as their guest, the Missourians were up at dawn on Thursday, December 1, to begin wrecking the Central of Georgia's

2iHart, Sherman, 338. 202 Missouri Historical Review trackage toward Millen. The XVII Corps ruined eighteen miles of railway before camping at Millen on Friday evening.22 The week ending on Friday, December 9, saw the Grand Army of the West greedily devouring the remaining mileage to Savannah. From the time Mower's division left Millen on the morning of December 3 until it reached Pooler Station, about ten miles from Savannah, it wrecked nearly a fifth of the 60 miles of track between Millen and Pooler. Typical of the Confederates' resistance was the attempt of a small force under Major General Lafayette McLaws to hold the XVII Corps at Ogeechee Creek, fifty miles north of Savannah, on December 4. On the far bank, Blair's scouts noted what Sheldon described as a "rude line of pits." With Lieutenant Colonel Dennis T. Kirby of the 27th Missouri Volunteers, XVII Corps picket officer, commanding the battle, Mower formed up to test McLaws. But before the skirmishers could cross the creek, the Confederates "prudently retreated toward Savannah without a fight," according to Sherman, a witness to the scrape. The only other evidence of rebel opposition was an occasional "faint rever­ beration of a gun to our left rear," where, Sherman later said, "we knew that General Kilpatrick was skirmishing with Wheeler's cavalry. . . ,"23 The general pattern of Sherman's advance on Savannah was now almost ruthlessly simple. Blair was to wreck the railroad all the way to Ogeechee Creek and then march swiftly down the Central of Georgia on Savannah. The XV Corps was to follow the west bank of the Ogeechee River until reaching the vicinity of Eden Station, where it would cross to join the formations closing in on the city. Slocum's XIV Corps would hug the Savannah River, while his XX Corps would take the "middle route" down the corridor between the two great rivers. Foraging was no longer so productive, now that the Grand Army had left Central Georgia. Stretches of tower­ ing pines alternated with cornfields and rice-fields. The inhabitants appeared so backward and "hard-run" that even the most rapa­ cious of Yankee foragers hesitated to clean out their cellars and cupboards.24 The routine advance ended abruptly on Friday, December 9, as anyone familiar with General Hardee knew it sooner or later would. ^Annual Report; O. R., XLIV, 32-33, 61, 147-148; HQ Journal, 18th Mo. Vols., Regimental Papers; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York, 1958), 442. ^Sherman, Memoirs, 193; Annual Report; O. R., XLIV, 104, 928; Blair (O. R., XLIV, 147), erroneously dates the Ogeechee Creek affair as "December 3," and Mower was not sufficiently impressed even to mention it in his report on the campaign (O. R., XLIV, 149-151), nor is it treated in Sheldon's regimental journal. 24Gibson, Those 163 Days, 63, 69, errs in stating that XVII Corps was to veer eastward from the Ogeechee Creek area toward the Savannah; See O. R., XLIV, 9, 649, 659, 669, for Sherman's orders of December 3 to all corps relative to closing in on Savannah. Missourians Who "Marched Through Georgia" 203

Mower's division, XVII Corps' spearhead, on reaching Pooler Station, found massive earthworks on the far side of a crescent- shaped cypress swamp effectively interdicting the use of the Louis­ ville road (modern U.S. 80) by the invaders. Blair ordered Mower to go in after the Confederates. Detailing one brigade to hold the enemy's attention with artillery and rifle fire, Mower sent the rest of his division into the swamp to surprise the enemy's right flank. Sheldon's men, sharing in this messy operation, "moved through the swamp, the water frequently waist deep, driving the enemy from their works. ..." Not one of Sheldon's waterlogged Missouri- ians was even grazed in this successful thrust. The defenders promptly abandoned the area, withdrawing to a ring of works guard­ ing Savannah's landward approaches.25 The goateed Hardee was a native son of Savannah, and the terrain seemed to be conspiring with him to keep the Yankees out of the coastal metropolis. On December 10 he presented to Sherman a maddening tactical puzzle—deep ditches, earthworks, swamps, and canals with only narrow strips of land between them, covered by deadly concentrations of Confederate fire-power. "Everything is a black muck," one veteran noted in his diary. The visitors could take their choice—cold water or hot lead.26 Wily "Cump" Sherman wasn't sure he was going to accept either of Hardee's alternatives. As his troops infested Savannah from the north, west, and south, Sherman came to the conclusion that an immediate all-out attack on the city should be postponed. Directing Slocum to tear up the Charleston Railroad north of Savannah and destroy the bridge over the Savannah River, some 15 miles above the city, Sherman turned his attention toward the coast south of town, where he could make contact with a Union flotilla believed to be somewhere near.27 Any attempt to rendezvous with the Navy was certain to be hazardous, so long as the 250-man enemy garrison at Fort McAllis­ ter, on the south bank of the Ogeechee, continued to dominate the estuary. On December 9 Howard had sent a boatload of scouts down the river to notify the Navy of Sherman's arrival, but not until late on December 13 would Sherman know the mission had

& Annual Report; Blair and Mower Reports, O. R. XLIV, 147-151; HQ Journal, 18th Mo. Vols., Regimental Papers. 26Gibson, Those 163 Days, 91; Theodore F. Upson, With Sherman to the Sea (Bloomington, Ind., 1958), 139. 27Annual Report. 204 Missouri Historical Review

succeeded. Kilpatrick, crossing the Ogeechee below the fort, galloped to St. Catherine's Sound and verified the fleet's presence at 10:00 a.m. on Tuesday, December 13. Meanwhile, a division of Osterhaus' corps crossed the river, closed up to McAllister, and overwhelmed it just before sundown that same day. At least a fifth of the defending force was killed and wounded, with Union casual­ ties twice that figure.28 In the meantime, the 18th Volunteers were in the thick of the skirmishing at the approaches to Savannah. Blair's 4th Division was holding positions along the Louisville road, while Mower's troops were developing a lodgment on the south side of the Ogeechee canal during the afternoon of Saturday, December 10. "The field I occupied was found to be bordered with swamps all around except in front," Mower discovered. In front was an open field a half-mile wide, but Hardee's guns had it covered. Mower's troops worked all night to confront the Confederates at daybreak with opposing breastworks buttressed by two artillery redoubts. The firing went on into Sunday afternoon, when the Missourians suffered their first battle-casualty since leaving Atlanta. To St. Louisan Private Lorenz Mohr, a native of Germany with nearly two years' service in Lieutenant Michael Gallery's Company H, went the distinction of being the only man of the regiment to encounter a rebel bullet throughout Sherman's March to the Sea.29 On December 12 Blair pulled Mower's division out of the line and put it in corps reserve on the Anderson Plantation eight miles west of Savannah. Arriving on the plantation after dark, the 1st Division spent Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday (December 13-15) in bivouac drying out and resting up from its exertions in the swamps and bayous above the city. Meanwhile, Blair's other forces were reshuffled and concentrated south of Savannah between the XIV Corps, to their left, and the XV Corps, to their right.30 If Sheldon's weary men thought their campaigning over, Blair gave them a jolt on Friday, December 16. About 40 miles to the southwest was the Atlantic & Gulf Railroad's bridge over the Altamaha River. Mower's mission was: Destroy the bridge, wreck 20 miles of track, and be back on the Anderson Planation in five

280. R., XLIV, 111, 701, 705-706. 29Mower Report; The Muster-Roll Record of Company H shows Mohr was wounded on December 12, but examination of the divisional report and the brigade journal suggests Decem­ ber 11 as the more probable date. See O. R., XLIV, 32-33. 30Mower Report; Annual Report; Sherman, Memoirs, 204. Missourians Who "Marched Through Georgia" 205 days. Mower was astounded; "This limitation would make it neces­ sary for me to march 20 miles per day, and give me one day in which to destroy 20 miles of railroad." Attempts to persuade Blair to extend the limit were to no avail, and on December 17 Mower's division, including the 18th Missourians, streamed southward across the Ogeechee.31 On the afternoon of December 18 Mower's troops went into bivouac beside the doomed railroad eight miles north of the Alta- maha. With only the rest of that afternoon and the next day in which to finish the job, time was precious. The 92d Illinois Mounted Infantry showed up to help, and Mower ordered the newcomers to destroy the bridge by Monday evening, December 19. The Illinois troops managed to demolish some trestle-work approaching the main structure, but the defenders had the bridge so well covered that there was no quick way to route them from it. Swamp-flanked redoubts on the north side were supported by enfilading artillery on the south bank and a locomotive-mounted cannon on the bridge. By Monday afternoon, Sheldon later told the Adjutant General of Missouri, "it was found this bridge could not be reached. ..." Bowing to the necessity of breaking camp in time to reach the XVII Corps bivouacs by Wednesday evening, Mower gave up hope of destroying the bridge. He assured Blair, however, that the structure would thereafter be "useless to the enemy," that his troops had demolished 18 miles of track.32 Blair's anxiety to get all his troops back in a hurry stemmed from his expectation that Sherman would assault the defenses of Savan­ nah within a short time. But, as so often happens in warfare, the eventuality planned for did not occur. Instead, Hardee began demolishing the navy yard and the vessels in it during the night of December 20-21. By Wednesday morning it was evident that the defenders had withdrawn across the river into South Carolina, abandoning Savannah and "all the heavy guns, stores, cotton, railway cars, steamboats, and an immense amount of public and private property" to Sherman. This, Sheldon noted, was "a fit and glorious ending to a year of almost unceasing marching." For his part, Sherman dramatically presented President Lincoln "as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah," with over 250 heavy coastal guns and 31,000 bales of cotton.33

3iO. R., XLIV, 730-732. ^Annual Report; O. R., XLIV, 33, 147-151. Blair ignored the question of the bridge's destruc­ tion in his after-action report to Howard. 33Sherman, Memoirs, 217, 231; Jefferson Davis, Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (New York, 1881), 573; Annual Report. 206 Missouri Historical Review

The "March to the Sea" thus came to its end, and although Sherman later modestly discounted the importance of the drive to Savannah,34 it rapidly became in the public mind the military epic it has remained ever since. "The march through Georgia is still the wonder of the campaign of 1864," one observer typically wrote the following spring, "filled as it was with strange events and startling and original movements. Undertaken with deliberation . . ., it is now recognized as the boldest move of the war."35 Campaigning in Georgia had taken its toll of the 18th Missouri. Boasting formerly a muster-roll of nearly a thousand men, the unit had declined to a force of 778 by October of 1864. Of this number only 441 were present for duty when the march-out from White Hall began. The "assigned strength" was virtually the same at the close of the Savannah campaign, but the actual strength was down to 382—attributable to the loss of the two men killed at the Oconee, the eleven hospitalized (including Private Mohr), and nearly four dozen others detached to other units or "missing" since Novem­ ber 15. Three companies of Sheldon's regiment had experienced no casualties of any kind. Not only did the regiment belong to the corps that had marched the farthest, but it belonged to the division which had covered the most miles, nearly 300, thanks to the mad dash down to the Altamaha.36 Except for a rather anticlimactic winter march through the Carolinas, the show was over in the Deep South. Confederate hopes for Hood's operations behind Sherman's seaward march faded in mid-December, when Hood's valiant army was overwhelmed by an ocean of Yankees hurled at it by Thomas in central Tennessee. All that was left for Hood's remnants, placed under General Joseph E. Johnston, was a series of fruitless confrontations with Sherman's irresistible columns along roads leading across South Carolina into the Old North State. April saw the collapse of the remaining Confederate forces in the East, and the work of the 18th Volunteers was done. "Throughout the whole campaign from Savannah to Goldsboro," Sheldon reported:

34Sherman, Memoirs, 220-221; See also Robert S. Henry's The Story of the Confederacy (New York, 1931), 425-437, which buries the Savannah campaign in a brief chapter featuring Hood's assault on Thomas at Nashville and Franklin, in Tennessee. 36W. G. F. Shanks, "Recollections of General Sherman," Harper's New Monthly Magazine, XXX (April, 1865), 640-646. 3r>0. R., Series III, Vol. I, 796; Sherman, Memoirs, 380; Muster-Roll Records, 18th Mo. Vols.; Other Missouri Volunteers on the March through Georgia included the 6th, 8th, 23d, 26th, 27th, and 29th Infantry Regiments; the 1st Engineers; and Battery H of the 1st Light Artillery Regiment. All these units were with other corps than Blair's, except for the 1st Engineers, under Sherman's immediate command. O. R., XLIV, 19-25. Missourians Who "Marched Through Georgia" 207

"the regiment . . . bore its part of the hardships to which it was subjected without murmuring, and in the few oppor­ tunities which were offered for fighting, so conducted itself as to win the good will and praise of superior officers. My thanks are due the officers and men of the regiment for the gallantry which they displayed when in action, as well as the endurance shown by them in overcoming obstacles which would have appalled less experienced troops."37

Newly-promoted Brevet Brigadier General Charles Sargeant Sheldon bade his beloved Missourians a last farewell at their disbandment in St. Louis on July 22, 1865. For the brave young general, not yet 26, and for the seasoned warriors who had followed him into the depths of the Confederacy, the Great Adventure was over. For decades to come the bierstuben of St. Louis and the court­ houses of northern Missouri would ring with tales of the valorous 18th Volunteers, but never again would they feel themselves so close to the heartbeat of history as during those momentous days when they were instruments of Sherman's implacable urge to ravage the "nest of Secession." Their brief hour of martial glory having flown, the officers and men of the 18th Volunteers put away their uniforms, and as one of them said, "took up the duties of life." It is impossible in an article of this type to summarize adequately the contributions to society made by a thousand men across two postwar generations, but it is possible to point to a representative handful. Captain William Brantner, who was a lieutenant of Company A on the March to the Sea and who became the last commander of Company F, was for a number of years not only a merchant but also postmaster and justice of the peace in the Sullivan County communities of Kiddville and Greencastle. Lieutenant Pollock of Company B rose to the position of president of the Unionville National Bank. Finally, German-born Charles R. Grabosch, a lieutenant of Company E at the close of the War who had served as an enlisted man in the March through Georgia, summed up his public-spirited life in an obituary that he wrote for himself two years before his death in late 1936: "... honorably filled such offices as Justice of the Peace, Constable, Night Watchman in the City of St. Louis 3 years, Deputy Sheriff of Putnam County for 6 years, City Marshal [Unionville] for 43^2 years. . . ."38

37Annual Report. ^History of Adair, Sullivan, Putnam, and Schuyler Counties (Chicago, 1888), 767-768, 1101; Interview with James L. Grabosch, Unionville, Mo., June 16, 1964; Grabosch Family Scrapbook, in possession of James L. Grabosch. 208 Missouri Historical Review

General Sheldon put away his stars and also faced the demands of civil life. Charles S. Sargeant again, for he resumed his real name on shedding the uniform, he became a produce dealer in Iowa, first at Keokuk and later at Muscatine, where in April of 1874 he married Anna Jane Keeler. In early 1878 the Sargeants moved with their 3-year-old son Frankie to Caldwell, in southeastern Ohio, where the general opened another produce house on the Marietta Road at the south edge of town. During that first year in Caldwell, they suffered the lost of their son, in November. Three daughters— Stella, Frances, and Florence—were born to them in Caldwell. As middle age came on, Sargeant increasingly felt the effects of the malarial attack which had hospitalized him at Atlanta in the summer of 1864. His stomach, liver, spleen, and kidneys were affected at first. Then his hearing began to fail, and by 1890 the family doctor was growing uneasy over his heart's ability to stand full-time work. Bowing to necessity, Sargeant applied in June of 1890 for his invalid's pension, which was in due course approved.39 The Sargeants moved to Chicago with their young family in the early nineties and settled at 6517 Ingleside Avenue, on the South Side near the lake shore. There they were living when America went to war with Spain in 1898, and it is not difficult to imagine the old soldier's chagrin at being unable to follow Old Glory to the Caribbean. It could not be, however, for Charles Sheldon Sargeant's last battle was nearing. On the afternoon of January 2, 1900, the struggling heart gave up, and "General Sheldon" joined his old commanders—"Uncle Billy," Mower, Blair, and Fuller—who had long before preceded him in death.40 Charles Sargeant died in undeserved obscurity, and the bustling world outside seemed totally unaware that a great captain whose "eyes have seen the glory" lay dead. One daily newspaper, and one only, took notice of his passing:

"SARGEANT—Col. Charles Sheldon Sargeant, Tues­ day, 1:30 p.m., at his home, 6517 Ingleside-av. "Funeral private."

Following services in Chicago, the body was laid to rest beside little Frankie's grave in Olive Cemetery, just to the south of

39'Annual Report; Sargeant Papers; Heitman, Historical Register . . ., 584; History of Noble County, Ohio (Chicago, 1887), 282-284; Interview with Mr. Clare Tipton, Caldwell, Ohio, June 8, 1964. 40Sargeant Papers; Report of Death No. 16551, Bureau of Vital Statistics, City of Chicago, Illinois, January 2, 1900. Missourians Who "Marched Through Georgia" 209

Caldwell, on January 5. The world soon rushed on into a new century of great wars and revolutionary storms, and the memory of "General Sheldon" gradually retreated into dusty and forgotten files. So far had he ridden beyond the horizon of life that the Probate Court in Caldwell felt obliged to notify the present writer in 1963 that it "could not find any information concerning Charles S. Sargeant. . . ."41

41Chicago Daily News, January 3, 1900; Memo, Probate Court, Noble County, Ohio, to the author, April 11, 1963; Sargeant's widow died at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Frances Grier, at 5104 Woodlawn, in Chicago, at the age of 86 on January 26, 1939. She was buried beside her husband and son at Caldwell on January 28. Sargeant Papers and Chicago Tribune, January 27, 1939.

Her Health Was Delicate Missouri Intelligencer, (Franklin) July 9, 1825. Mrs. Ann E. Washington having arrived in Franklin, respectfully informs the parents and guardians of this town, and the adjacent country, that on the first of July she will commence giving Young Ladies lessons in all the Ornamental branches of female education only, (her health not permitting her to undergo the fatigue requisite for the common branches) viz: Painting in its various branches on Velvet, Sattin, [sic] and Paper; Drawing and Landscape Painting; Embroid­ ery; plain and ornamental Needle Work; Fashionable Toilet Box, and Transpar­ ent Paper Lantern making.

A Case of Mistaken Identity Clarksville Sentinel, Sept 19, 1867 Last week a party of gentlemen startled an old buck deer near Prairieville on the "Coles tract," and while our friend Col. E. B. Hull was seeking an eligible position (having dismounted and left his horse in the woods) to get a shot at the buck, the deer, as he supposed, came bounding up within about forty yards of where he stood, and stopped in the brush, when the Col. thinking he had a fair shot, found to his horror he had killed his own horse. The deer was afterwards killed by one of the party. CONCORDIA SEMINARY

For 125 Years Toward a More Excellent Ministry

BY DR. CARL S. MEYER'

Concordia Seminary's mission to achieve a more excellent ministry stretches back, over a period of 125 years, to the year 1839. The story began in Perry County, Mo., in a sparsely settled section of the country, not far removed in distance and time from the frontier, among immigrants bewildered in their new homeland and living in poverty. The school transferred its locale to St. Louis after 10 years. There it grew and prospered under the blessings of God. It was concerned for the next century and more with the task of preparing men to become able ministers of the New Testament and to exercise, to the best of their ability, their God-given office. Indeed, the seminary ever strove to train excellent ministers of Christ Jesus, the Head of the church.

PERRY COUNTY BEGINNINGS Concordia Seminary's mission or goal was not clearly expressed at its founding. The advertisement which announced its opening to the Germans in St. Louis and the surrounding territory sounded like the announcement of a school that would prepare men for the university. The log-cabin school in Perry County, in the vision of its founders, was to prepare men for all the learned professions. The law, medicine, and teaching were to be served as well as theology and the pastoral office. Their vision, embedded deep in the tradition of Christian humanism, saw learning as a requisite also for the pastoral office. These men were acquainted, after all, with theological departments attached to universities rather than with theological seminaries existing as separate entities. Their

*Dr. Carl S. Meyer is a member of the Concordia Seminary faculty, St. Louis. This article appears as a chapter in Toward A More Excellent Ministry by Dr. Richard R. Caemmerer and Dr. Alfred O. Fuerbringer, published by Concordia Publishing House, St. Louis, on December 7, 1964, and is printed here in observance of the 125th anniversary of the founding of Concordia Seminary in Altenburg on December 9, 1839. Illustrations were furnished by Concordia Seminary. 210 Concordia Seminary 211 hopes for a university in the backwoods of Perry County were not realized because of poverty and because of the demands for ministerial candidates. There were three founding fathers—Theodore J. Brohm, J. F. Buenger, and Ottomar Fuerbringer. They were candidates of theology who had no parish but valued learning highly. With foresight beyond that which one would look for in young men who had no position of responsibility or leadership in the colony, they set about to establish a seat of learning. The Perry County pastors of their group promised their aid. So it was that Pastor G. H. Loeber, Pastor E. G. W. Keyl, and Pastor C. F. W. Walther gave them encouragement. Only the latter could find a little ready cash to add to the resources of Buenger, Brohm, and Fuerbringer to purchase six acres on which to erect a log cabin. Later in the summer a small sum came from the Saxon congregation in St. Louis, the group of Lutherans who had remained there when the rest of their fellow immigrants moved to Perry County. The heat and the unaccustomed physical labor, the scanty help received from the immigrants who were building their own homesteads, and the lack of financial resources did not deter these young men under the dynamic leadership of J. F. Buenger. The log cabin was not ready for use until early in December. Only 16X21 feet, it was a small beginning for a university. The school opened on 9 December 1839. There were seven, or perhaps only five, boys who entered the school, and four girls. They ranged in age from five to fifteen. It would be a long time before any of them would be ready for the ministry. It would be a long time, too, before the number would be augmented. One by one the four instructors at the school left Perry County. For a while Brohm carried on the work almost singlehandedly. Then he too left by May 1843. A crisis had arisen. Would the school continue? Should it be reorganized? At this juncture a layman in St. Louis, Mr. Ahner, Sr., encour­ aged the Lutheran congregation in St. Louis to come to the rescue Altenburg School, Perry County 212 Missouri Historical Review of the small school. The Rev. C. F. W. Walther by this time was pastor of the St. Louis congregation. He, too, was vitally interested in the continuance of the school in Perry County. After repeated meetings of the congregation in St. Louis and with the cooperation of the congregation in Altenburg, a de facto reorganization of the school took place. Johann J. Goenner became the instructor at the school. No longer was the school coeducational; no longer would it aim at providing instruction preparatory for all of the learned professions; it would concentrate on providing a preparatory course and a theological course for those who would enter the parish ministry. Incidentally it might train teachers also. For the next few years the roster of students remained largely unchanged. Six or seven or possibly eight students can be identified. These young men had their vocational goal clearly in mind. They wanted to serve the Lord in the church as ministers of the Gospel. On 7 October 1847 the first graduate passed his examination and was dismissed from the school. He was J. A. F. Mueller, who as a 14-year-old boy had been among the first students on that Decem­ ber day in 1839 when the school was opened. Two other men were graduated from that first group—Franz Julius Biltz and Christoph H. Loeber. The former became the President of the Western District of The Lutheran Church—Mis­ souri Synod; the latter, director of Concordia College in Milwaukee, Wis. The third of their number, who, however, had not been with them when the school opened in December 1839, was Heinrich Wunder, a pioneer Lutheran pastor in Chicago, who contributed greatly to the founding and growth of his Synod in the Chicago area and who served as the first President of the Illinois District of the Synod. The fifth graduate of the Perry County school was C. H. R. Lange. He was professor of English and philosophy at Concordia College and Seminary, St. Louis, from 1858 to 1861 and professor at Concordia Seminary from 1878 to 1892. He promoted the study and use of the English language in order that a more excellent ministry might be carried out in the United States of America by these German immigrants. Only five graduates in a 10-year span! During those 10 years, in 1847, the Missouri Synod was organized. If this church body was to train men for a more excellent ministry, it must have a seminary. It seemed desirable that the Perry County school should be relocated and be brought to St. Louis. On 16 December 1849, 10 years and one week after its opening, the school found a new home in the thriving urban frontier city on the Mississippi. Concordia Seminary 213

AT HOME IN ST. LOUIS It found also a new theological professor: C. F. W. Walther, who had been formally elected to this position. On 11 June 1850 took place the dedication of the building in which both the faculty and the students lived, in which classes were held, and which served as the headquarters of the Missouri Synod. By 1852 the second wing of the building was built. In 1858 the middle structure was dedicated, and this completed the permanent home of Concordia Seminary, a home that claimed praise from visitors, friends, and well-wishers of the institution. Between 1849 and 1861 both the preparatory department and the seminary were housed in this building. Under the leadership of Professor C. F. W. Walther, who was formally appointed president of the institution in 1854, men were trained in the languages, in literature and the arts, as well as in theology to serve in the ministry of the church. The preparatory department attracted even a few non-Lutherans who wanted a strong academic training. In the period between 1849 and 1861 Walther was aided by a number of outstanding men. Chief of them was Professor Adolph Biewend, who died in the flower of his manhood in 1858. He encour­ aged the study of the languages, also English, and the sciences. Rector Schick encouraged the study of the classical languages. Between 1849 and 1861 35 men passed their examination for the ministry. During these years, it might be noted, there were six years without any graduates. In one year (1860) 10 men were graduated, the largest class that graduated from the school during this period. It was this class that produced the missionary to California, J. M. Buehler, and the first student, Stephan Keyl, who continued his work at another institution before entering the ministry. When the 25th anniversary of the Missouri Synod was celebrated in 1872, the 33d year of the existence of the school, only 133 men had been graduated from Concordia Seminary. Of these 133 men 60 were graduated in the five-year period from 1868 to 1872. The quality of the training they received was high; the number of those receiving this training was low. Professor C. F. W. Walther was the main instructor in theology. What help he received came chiefly from Professor A. Craemer, who had come to St. Louis in 1861. The year 1861, the year that the Civil War broke out, saw the transfer of the preparatory school to Fort Wayne and the transfer of the "practical Seminary," which had been located in Fort Wayne, Dr. C. F. W. Walther in the 1840s.

to St. Louis. This practical seminary remained in St. Louis until 1875. From 1863 to 1875 there were 246 graduates from that department. The large number of graduates was due in the main to the efforts of the Rev. Frederick Brunn of Steeden in Nas­ sau, who devoted himself to the recruiting and training of young men who were sent to North America, there to become ministers in a Lutheran church after further train­ ing in the "practical" seminary. For the time, however, they did not receive the thorough training which the men in the "theoretical" department received. Both Walther and Craemer were intent on producing men for a more excellent ministry. In the 1860s and the 1870s the ideals and the excellence of Concordia Seminary were recognized. In 1857 the young Norwegian Synod made arrangements to train its future pastors in St. Louis. It continued to do so into the 1870s. After the organization of the Synodical Conference of North America (1872) plans were under way to establish one theological seminary for all the synods belong­ ing to that body. It seemed implicit in the plans that the theological leader and the head of Concordia Seminary would be the leader and head of such a joint theological school. The 1870s were the years in which Concordia Seminary experi­ enced an upsurge. This is true in spite of the defection of two instructors to the Roman Catholic Church. Younger men had been called to instruct the growing number of students. There were Professor G. Schaller and Professor M. Guenther, the biographer of Professor C. F. W. Walther. Professor Lange was called back to St. Louis. In 1878 young Pastor Franz Pieper was added to the staff by the convention of the Synod itself. In that year the Rev. George Stoeckhardt began teaching part time at the seminary. Walther wished, for the sake of the church which he was serving and for the purpose of producing a more excellent ministry, to gather men of scholarship, steeped in Christian humanism, excellent in training, and thorough in their work, dedicated to the tasks which would be allocated to them. Concordia Seminary 215

Their students must be trained thoroughly in the languages, so that they might read the original languages of Scripture and not be content with the pale light of translations. The church fathers, particularly the fathers of the Lutheran Church of the 16th and 17th centuries, they must read in the original German and Latin. Luther and Baier and Chemnitz and Gerhard were to be firsthand acquaintances. The classroom lectures were in Latin, but German and English were also used. The training was to be theoretical and functional. It was to be steeped in Lutheran orthodoxy and in the study of the Scriptures. The curriculum did not vary during these years, nor was there to be much change in decades ahead. The Scriptures, systematic theology, an acquaintance with the church's past, particularly with the writings of the champions of pure doctrine, the art of preaching and the imparting of catechetical instruction, pastoral counseling adapted to the needs of the people in the New World, these were the studies which would make a more excellent ministry for The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod.

FURTHER EXPANSION An era came to an end with the death of Dr. C. F. W. Walther in 1887. The curriculum of the school was not changed greatly; the task and the character of the school remained the same. The new president and theological leader was Professor Franz Pieper. He was Elisha, who inherited the mantle of Elijah—Walther. Before Walther died he and Concordia Seminary had weathered the storm of the Predestinarian Controversy. This controversy had scuttled the plans for a seminary which all the synods of the Synodi­ cal Conference would support. The two largest synods within the Synodical Conference, the Ohio and Missouri synods, differed on the doctrine of eternal election, and the Ohio Synod withdrew from the Synodical Conference. Now plans were laid and carried out to erect a magnificent new building on Jefferson Avenue in St. Louis to house Concordia Seminary. When the new structure was dedicated on 9 September 1883 almost $140,000 had been spent, a large sum in that day, especially for the erection of a theological seminary. The Synod itself had stipulated that about 10 percent of the cost should be spent on ornamentation for the building, to proclaim the grandeur of the task which was being carried out in this building. The early 1880s witnessed the establishment of several prepara­ tory schools, which would supply Concordia Seminary with an ever-increasing student body. No longer would the school in Fort Wayne serve as the only one which would feed students into DRAWING OF THE OLD CONCORDIA SEMINARY AND SURROUNDINGS (1871) 1. Concordia Seminary 2. Holy Cross School 3. Concordia Publishing House (First Building) 4. Dr. Walther's Residence 5. Holy Cross Church

St. Louis. In 1881 preparatory schools were begun in Milwaukee, New York City, and New Orleans. The school begun in New York was moved to Hawthorne (Neperan) and then to Bronxville. The school opened in Milwaukee was to flourish there to the present day. The school at New Orleans was conducted for only a few years. In 1884 another preparatory school was opened in Concordia, Mo. In 1893 a preparatory school was opened in St. Paul, Minn. These preparatory schools were needed because the large number of immigrants from Germany made it mandatory that the Missouri Synod train an increasing number of men to serve the congregations that were being organized. The Missouri Synod had entered its Middle Period, a period in which it barely kept pace with the population growth of the country. It held fast to many of its old moorings, particularly its language. The same Gospel truth proclaimed by an effective ministry in the first period of its existence was being preached by the men of this period trained also at Con­ cordia Seminary in St. Louis. During this period new men, of course, had been added to the teaching staff. We can count them on the fingers of our two hands. Ludwig?E. Fuerbringer came in 1893 to remain until 1947, a 54-year period. He taught Biblical interpretation and liturgies. His contemporary, A. L. Graebner, had come to Concordia Seminary Concordia Seminary 217

already in 1887. Although his professorship was of only 17 years' duration (he died in 1904), his impact on the future pastor being trained at Concordia, by his teaching of historical and systematic theology, was tremendous. He had a thorough command of the English language and prepared many men for a more effective ministry during the period of the language transition. Among those who came to Concordia Seminary during this period was also G. Friedrich Bente, professor here from 1893 to 1926. As editor of Lehre und Wehre, author and apologist, he had a wide-reaching influence during his time and on the subsequent generation. George Mezger was the last of the men appointed in the 19th century. He came to Concordia Seminary as professor in 1896 and remained here until 1923, when he went to the newly founded seminary in Zehlen- dorf, near Berlin. His instruction in homiletics trained a generation of preachers whose sermon style was distinctive and effective. The small number of instructors hardly kept pace with the growing proportion of students. During a 15-year period only one man was called to teach at Concordia Seminary—E. A. W Krauss. He came from the directorship of Concordia Teachers College in Addison to teach church history, because of the death of Dr. A. L. Graebner. He served from 1905 to 1924. E. Pardieck, who was called in 1912, served only until 1923. Theodore Graebner was called in 1913. For 37 years he was a figure of stature on the seminary staff as editor and teacher in many fields. The year when Krauss was called to the seminary faculty W. H. T. Dau was added. He was a notable student of systematics and history during the years of his tenure, from 1905 to 1926, when he left to assume the presidency of Valparaiso University. Fuerbringer, Pieper, Graebner, because of their long years of service, provided the bridges from the first generation to the second and from the second generation to the third. The handful of men who taught in the years from 1878, when Pieper assumed his duties, to 1931, when he died, were the men who trained the ministry of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod for the difficult years of World War I, the years of cultural assimila­ tion and adaptation to the American scene, the years in which an activistic but orthodox generation took over to lead the Missouri Synod, under the grace of God, to a prominent position among the churches of the United States of America. During these years the student life, too, was affected by the changes of the world about them. No longer were they required to tend gardens on the seminary grounds, as were the students in the 1850s. Nor were they obliged to go to the Mississippi River to have CONCORDIA SEMINARY FACULTY 1887-1892 From left to right: Sitting, R. H. C. Lange, M. Guenther; Standing, G. Stoeckhardt, F. Pieper, A. L. Graebner. bathing facilities. The railroad age and the coming of the auto­ mobile, the close of the frontier and a trend toward urbanization, the emergence of the United States of America as a world power, affected the externals of the ministry in which these men were to be effective. They went out as circuit riders, Reiseprediger; they assumed positions in small towns and villages; they became assis­ tant pastors and pastors of large congregations in urban centers; they opened mission stations in mushrooming suburbs; they went out into foreign countries as missionaries, for their church was beginning to reach out into lands other than the one into which they had been adopted. New Districts were being organized at home, and within the home congregations new groups were being formed. The level of education among the laity was rising perceptibly, especially since the secondary school movement in public education had overtaken and engulfed the academy movement. The enrollments at Concordia Seminary continued to climb. In 1880 there were 96 students enrolled; in 1890, 136 students. In 10 years the number increased to 193, and by 1910 this number had climbed still further—to 281. Here were the men who were to serve The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod as pastors and leaders in the first half of the 20th century.

CHANGES IN THE 1920S Among the events of that century few had more far-reaching importance than did World War I. Fifty years earlier the Civil War had profoundly affected Concordia Seminary. Now World War I was to have its effect on this institution. In the decade immediately Concordia Seminary 219 following this war the "old guard" passed on, and new men took over the leadership of the seminary, teaching a new generation in a language still relatively new to the institution. The 20th century, after 1920 at any rate, would not witness the complacent days which the last decades of the 19th century had seen. After 1920 accelerated changes took place in personnel, in the curriculum, in the complexion of the student body. Only the goal and the means toward reaching that goal remained: a more effective ministry by the sword of the Word—the Law and the Gospel. In 1922 an "elective fourth year" was added to the seminary. Six men enrolled the first year. They received their S.T.M. degrees in 1923, the first recipients of that degree from Concordia Seminary. During seven years 63 students were enrolled in this course, which was closed in 1931 because of the small number who had enrolled. It became a victim of the Great Depression. In 1924 the correspond­ ence course was started, a service to pastors in the parish ministry who felt the need of added training. Other changes were reported in 1923: "Lecture courses have been instituted. Students are required to do private reading and are given syllabi for various courses. Working during spare time has been restricted and regulated. The number of English courses has been materially increased." Electives were introduced on a very moderate basis for the men in the second and senior years. The changes taking place and the advent of a new era were symbolized most dramatically with the building of a new plant. In 1920 the Synod had authorized steps leading to the relocation of the seminary. A new site, the De Mun tract, was purchased on the west edge of St. Louis, in the village of Clayton, in 1921. That same year a building committee was appointed. A new imposing complex of buildings in Gothic style was dedicated on 13 June 1926. Here was a monument of gratitude for the blessings which Almighty God had given to Concordia Seminary since 1839; here was a pledge of faith and trust in future blessings which Almighty God would give Concordia Seminary in the years to come for its task of training men for a more effective ministry. A new day, a new era, was beginning for the school. Shall this beginning be dated in 1926 with the dedication of the new building complex? Shall it be dated with the death of Dr. Franz Pieper in 1931? Dr. Pieper was succeeded as president by Dr. Ludwig E. Fuerbringer, a symbol of the transition from the second generation to the third. When he assumed the presidency in 1931, he and Theodore Graebner were the only men who had been members of 220 Missouri Historical Review

the faculty in 1919. In 1920 John H. C. Fritz was appointed the first dean of students. In this capacity he was also business manager of the seminary until 1940. Fuerbringer, Fritz, Graebner, their colleagues and successors, carried on the work of Walther, Pieper, and their colleagues. During those years the Great Depression made many modifica­ tions seem desirable. The Synod had authorized a "Department of Missions" in 1929, but none was set up because of lack of funds. Nine years later the department of practical theology expanded one of its courses to give more attention to missions and added a two- hour elective in missions. The Students' Mission Society was encouraged, and periodic lectures were scheduled, to abet the cause of missions. The Lutheran Hour, under the leadership of Dr. Walter A. Maier, its first speaker and a seminary professor, and KFUO, begun in 1924 at Concordia Seminary and houses on its campus, proclaimed the Gospel by modern media of communication. Summer sessions were inaugurated in 1929. During the 1930s they were held, but only in six of the 10 years. The lack of financial support seemed to hamper the work of the seminary and to destroy its effectiveness. More depressing than the financial stringency was the fact that many of the graduates during these years received no calls. They were laborers standing idle in the marketplace because no man would hire them. There were 114 graduates in 1930. In 1935 there were 153 graduates, but there were only a few calls for these many candidates. What once was regarded as one of the most visible evidences of the blessings of God on the church was now fraught with danger. Who would call these men, and to what places would the church send them? The answers to these questions were not easy, and devices were sought to ease the burden of the great number of graduates. Not until World War II was the number of candidates smaller than the number of calls. In 1932 Synod passed a resolution that the students at Concordia Seminary should do supply work as vicars after their second year. This arrangement, long optional and now made mandatory, was to prove its effectiveness for the training of men for the ministry and has been retained as a valuable feature of their preparation. To ease in part the number of men waiting for calls and to give them training to meet the demands of a new age, a preliminary year at Concordia Seminary was authorized in 1935. In this year the role of the library in the instructional program received special attention. Not that a library had been neglected during all these years or that its importance had been minimized. Concordia Seminary 221

Now, however, it was evident that its holdings had not been increased with the increasing output of theological literature. In the 1930s we find an emphasis on the desirability for advanced study on the part of men who would be instructing both in the preparatory schools and in the seminaries of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod. Perhaps the "degree consciousness" of American education in general was being reflected in this move. Perhaps it was a realiza­ tion of the challenges of the day. The granting of a bachelor of arts degree to men who had completed the preliminary year and the first year of the seminary, authorized in 1938, may reflect in part this degree consciousness. That year, 1938, saw the reopening of the postgraduate depart­ ment at Concordia Seminary. This department has continued to function to the present day, after its reorganization in 1953 as the School for Graduate Studies. It has emphasized specialized training and research in an endeavor to use all the possible resources of learning for the service of God in His church and for the most effective ministry possible. Dr. Ludwig Fuerbringer had been an active proponent of advanced study. His successor as president of Concordia Seminary, Dr. Louis J. Sieck, was president of Concordia Seminary from 1943 to 1952; the building which houses the School for Graduate Studies was named after him. Dr. Alfred O. Fuerbringer has been president since 1953, the son of its third and the grandnephew of its first president. In 1963 there were 46 on the staff, twice as many as had served the seminary during the first 80 years of its existence. The student body in 1963 numbered 590. This was a larger student body than that which was enrolled in 1950, with 526 students, and larger, too, than the 472 enrolled in 1940. Had the school remained stationary in its enrollment? Had it failed to be alert to the new tasks imposed on it by World War II and the atom age? Visions may have been blurred during the years of World War II; the recommendation to close Concordia Theological Seminary at Springfield may be accounted for in this way. Nevertheless, hope and trust continued during those years, and the ideal of training men for a more effective ministry remained. Changes in the program for the improvement and expansion of the church's ability to preach, teach, and apply the Gospel were studied seriously by the faculty, the Board of Control of Concordia Seminary, and the Board for Higher Educa­ tion of the Synod. The formulation of the objectives of ministerial training, reported to the Synod in 1947 (Proceedings, 1947, pp. 155— 222 Missouri Historical Review

168), needed implementation by a revised curriculum, a reorganiza­ tion of the structure of the school system, and added manpower. The high calling of the holy ministry demanded proficiency in doctrinal knowledge, a spiritually dominated personality, a knowl­ edge of man, personal habits, skills, and attitudes, and an apprecia­ tion of the minister's functions as an integral part of the Lutheran Church. "It is only natural," it was stated, "to conclude that the longer our Church works in the American scene, the more necessary it becomes for us to approach the natural educational patterns which influence the American public so that our workers will be well equipped to understand the environment in which they do their work and that they will be qualified to lead the majority of the parishioners who are in their charge."

THE PRESENT PERIOD Steps were therefore taken to establish a senior college as a capstone to the preparatory system of the Missouri Synod. The preliminary year at Concordia Seminary was dropped with the opening of Concordia Senior College at Fort Wayne, Ind., in 1957. Simultaneously the curriculum at Concordia Seminary was revised under the leadership of Dean Arthur C. Repp. From 1957 to 1963 the transitional years at Concordia Seminary bridged the third era of the history of Concordia Seminary to the fourth. The transitional years were not traumatic. The essential task of the school remained. Mingled with new personnel was a core of faithful veterans who had rendered effective service over a longer period of time. The training of chaplains, the clinical training program, the improvement of resident and annual field work, the building of a new library, dedicated 30 September 1962, the strengthening of the School for Graduate Studies and its extension into wider areas of research, could not and did not obstruct the fact that Concordia Seminary was devoted to a program of preparing a more effective ministry for the services of the Lord and His church. God in His grace has given Concordia Seminary 125 years of fruitful service. MILTON BURCH Anti Guerrilla Fighter

BY HOWARD V. CANAN*

In the rising crisis of 1860 and early 1861, Missourians were divided in their sympathies. There were ardent supporters of seces­ sion; others were sympathetic with the south but wished to remain neutral; and still others were supporters of the Union and devoted to its preservation by force, if necessary. Differences soon developed into hatred, and neutralism became an impossibility. Missouri thus became the stage for internecine warfare and violence which was unrivaled in any other theater of the Civil War. Literature of the war is replete with activities of the guerrillas who supported the south, but is silent on the activities of the anti-guerrilla fighters who ultimately prevailed and brought law and order back into the state. Among those who deserve a better place in the records of the war is Milton Burch of the Missouri State Militia Cavalry.1 Burch was born in Kentucky in 1822. By the time of the Mexican War he was a well set-up young man, five-feet eight-inches in height, dark complexioned, black eyed, and with black hair. He crossed the Ohio River and on June 25, 1846, enlisted at Alton, Illinois, as a private in the company of Captain Samuel Montgomery of the First Regiment of Illinois Footmen, commanded by Colonel *Colonel Howard V. Canan, U.S.A. (Ret.), is a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, the Command and General Staff College and the Naval War College. In addition to his service in the Army Corps of Engineers, he was assigned on Military Intelligence duty with the G-2 Division of the War Department General Staff. After his retirement in 1954, Colonel Canan made an exten­ sive study of Civil War Military Intelligence and has published several articles on the subject in the service journals Armor and Signal. His most recent article entitled "Confederate Military Intelli­ gence," appeared in the Maryland Historical Magazine, March, 1964. ^William E. Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, Missouri and the Union, 1861-1866 (Columbia, Mo., 1963), xiii, 9; Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy (Baton Rouge, 1958), 4, 5, 43, 53, 52, 74. 223 224 Missouri Historical Review

John I. Hardin. He participated in Zachary Taylor's invasion of Mexico, but on March 3, 1847, was hospitalized at Bueno Vista for about three weeks by what was diagnosed as disease of the liver. He had not fully recovered nor was he able to perform full duty before his discharge on June 7, 1847, because of the expiration of his term of enlistment.2 Like many of his companions, Burch moved west and by 1850 was teaching school in Buffalo, Dallas County, Missouri. He returned to Illinois in 1856 and on October 9 married Mary E. Greene in Scott County. Burch brought his bride to Buffalo and, at the outbreak of the Civil War, had established himself as a man of substance. In 1859 he was appointed postmaster, but he also engaged in the mercantile business as a partner in the firm of Burch and Linsey, and invested in real estate and other property. His family had increased, as had his fortune, and included two sons, one three years old, another approaching two years of age, and a baby seven months old.3 The general political and civil turmoil that characterized Missouri during the early days of the war led to the breakdown of official governing agencies in many areas of the State. To maintain law and order and oppose the secessionists, pro-unionist Frank Blair organized units of the Home Guard throughout Missouri. Burch, a strong Union man joined one of these units on June 24, 1861, enrolling as 2nd Lieutenant in Co. G. of the Dallas County Home Guards. He was discharged on August 20, 1861, with credit for 11 days of active Federal field service.4 Meanwhile a state convention took charge of the state govern­ ment, deposed Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, whose sympathies lay with the south, and elected pro-northern Hamilton R. Gamble. Gamble laid part of the blame for bad conditions in Missouri to the Home Guards, particularly to Germans in the Home Guards who had little sympathy for all non-radical Unionists. Over zealous members frequently took matters into their own hands and shot returnees from the south in spite of their protestations of change of heart. Major General Henry W. Halleck, commanding the Depart­ ment of the Missouri, eventually caused the Home Guards to be disbanded.5 ^Census Records, Dallas County, Missouri, 1850, National Archives, Washington, D.C; Official Records of the war carry Hardin's regiment as the 1st Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Data was secured from the Pension Records of Milton Burch, Application No. 566738 and Mary E. Burch, Application No. 689188, National Archives, hereafter cited as Pension Records. ^Census Records, Dallas County, Missouri, 1850; List of Postmasters of Buffalo, Mo., supplied by Circuit Judge James Hawkins, 30th Judicial Circuit, Mo.; Buffalo Reflex, November 22, 1932. ^Pension Records; Records of the Missouri Adjutant General Office, Jefferson City, show that Burch served as a 1st Lieutenant until September 24, 1861; History of Laclede, Camden, Dallas, Webster, Wright, Texas, Pulaski, Phelps and Dent Counties, Missouri (Chicago, 1889), 537-538. 5Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 55, 88. Milton Burch, Anti-Guerrilla Fighter 225

To better understand Burch's subsequent military career, it is necessary to describe briefly the organization of Union troops in Missouri. Although the state was clearly in the Union orbit, the schism existing between the two large segments of its population required unique provisions for its internal security. Hence a large percentage of the Missouri soldiers were formed into Missouri State Militia units. President Lincoln and Governor Gamble agreed that these troops would be on continuous active duty and would be paid from Federal funds. By April 15, 1862, some 13,800 had been enrolled in the Militia, chiefly in mounted units, and had taken the field under the direction of Brigadier General John M. Schofield. These troops replaced Federal units which could be used in other theaters. When Congress approved the agreement between Lincoln and Gamble, it provided that not over 10,000 would be paid from Federal funds and consequently the Militia was reduced accordingly.6 A peculiar command arrangement existed for the militia units. They were under Governor Gamble as Commander-in-Chief and General Halleck, commander of the Department of the Missouri and ex-Officio Major General of the Missouri State Militia, as Major General Commanding. The latter officer designated General Schofield as field commander with the duty of recruiting and organizing the force. This split command proved to be a fruitful source of misunderstandings and difficulties.7 In July 1862, Schofield, with Governor Gamble's consent, organized the Enrolled Missouri Militia (E. M. M.) which was separate from the Missouri State Militia (M. S. M.). It consisted of volunteers who served actively only in periods of danger. These men proved valuable as informers and in securing military intelli­ gence. Without them it is highly improbable that Burch and other anti-guerrilla fighters could have been as successful as they were.8 When recruitment was authorized for the Missouri State Militia, the 14th Regiment of Cavalry was organized in the vicinity of Springfield. Some of the officers and men of companies A and H came from Dallas County. Included among the volunteers was Milton Burch, mustered in Co. H in the grade of captain on March 9, 1862. He was a mature, able-bodied man of 39 when he took the oath of office.9

^ I bid., 84. iThe War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (130 volumes, Washington, D. C, 1880-1901), Series 1, Volume XIII, 7, hereafter cited as O. R.; Adjutant General's Report of Missouri State Militia. 1861-1862 (St. Louis, 1862), preface, 3. ^Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 92. ^Adjutant General's Report of the Missouri State Militia, 1861-1862, 102. 226 Missouri Historical Review

By early 1862 all important elements of the Confederate Army had been driven from Missouri into Arkansas. Militia units quickly replaced Federal troop units which had been outposting a line in southern Missouri roughly parallel to the state border. The area between the Union and Confederate lines constituted a "no-man's land" badly infested with guerrillas. To counter guerrilla activity, the Federal Department Commander divided Missouri into military districts. Small garrisons, which included a preponderance of mounted troops capable of rapid action, occupied all key points in southern Missouri. The garrisons were usually protected by field fortifications or block houses and, where possible, were connected by telegraph so that they could be mutually supporting.10 Few records covering the activities of the 14th M. S. M. Cavalry Regiment between March and May of 1862 exist, but it can be assumed that the time was spent in organizing and equipping the regiment and in training the men. The end of May found the bulk of the regiment under its commander, Colonel John M. Richardson, encamped near Neosho. Confederate forces attacked the regiment on May 31, 1862, badly wounding Colonel Richardson, defeating the regiment, and throwing the men into panic. Lieutenant Colonel James K. Mills of the 24th Missouri Infantry, commanding the post at Springfield, investigated the debacle and concluded that Colonel Richardson was morally responsible for the defeat. In fact, it was later reported that Richardson camped his men in the bottoms, went with his officers to sleep in town, and when the Confederates attacked the camp at night, the men fled abandoning everything. The defeat did not impair Burch's reputation. In his report of the engagement, Colonel Richardson referred to Burch as one of his best officers. Colonel Mills exonerated Burch, reporting that he was absent "in discharge of his duty," but he did not so excuse other officers who were absent.11 Not much was heard of Captain Burch for the next two months, but he came into prominence in the later part of July. On July 23, Major John C. Wilber, his battalion commander, left him in com­ mand of a Union outpost at Ozark. His garrison consisted of about 80 troopers from Companies D, F, G, and H of the 14th Regiment, Missouri State Militia Cavalry. Most of these companies were without their commanding officers. Dense underbrush within gun-shot range surrounded the Union camp. Scarcely had a week elapsed before intelligence was received from a Union sympathizer 10Paul M. Robinett, "Marmaduke's Expedition Into Missouri, January, 1863," Missouri Historical Review, LVIII, (January, 1964), 153. I'O. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 91-93, 412. ,hat a Co»K*ra,e band * unknown -*^—°^

sirs. ^t- - {^isrr^Jt 228 Missouri Historical Review

discharged their pieces into the tents as was their wont. Two other companies were placed in reserve to support their comrades. No sooner had the men been placed and orders given than gun fire drove the pickets back into camp. The Confederates acted as Burch anticipated, pouring "out of the dark woods, thundering down on the camp, yelling like Indians and firing into the tents." They came like a "tornado." Some of their horses were overturned by the picket ropes and the balance were thrown into confusion. Not until then did Burch act. He gave the command to fire, and the Union troops proved they could yell as loudly as the Rebels who quickly fled in all directions. Confused in the darkness, some came under fire for a second time. Since the dark night prevented concerted action, Burch remained in position until daylight when he learned that he lost only two wounded and two horses killed. Nine guer­ rillas were wounded, and three died before reaching Forsyth. Although it was later learned that the enemy numbered as many as 120, Burch reported the engagement as "grand . . . sport" for the Union troops. Burch's service prior to this time had been notable and had been commented on favorably by his superiors, but this was his first opportunity to function as a separate commander, and he had clearly stamped himself as a man of whom more would be heard.12 Two days later, on August 2, Burch's local area commander, Colonel Myron S. Barnes of the 27th Illinois Infantry, placed him in command of 100 men from all companies of the 14th Cavalry and ordered him to Forsyth to ascertain if the enemy had recrossed the White River, to attack any force encountered, and if over-manned to fall back and entice the enemy to Ozark. Burch met the enemy under Colonel Robert C. Lawther of the Confederate Missouri Partisan Rangers about five miles below Forsyth. This force, approximately 100 strong, was the same he had just defeated at Ozark. Burch's daylight attack surprised and completely routed the enemy inflicting a loss of three killed and several wounded. Burch's loss was two wounded. All of the enemy baggage was captured including Colonel Lawther's papers and mail of the detachment. Lawther's report of the battle at Ozark was part of the loot. Burch showed that he was fully aware of the military intelligence value of the captured papers which he promptly forwarded through channels to Brigadier General E. B. Brown, commanding the Southwestern Division of Missouri with head­ quarters at Springfield. Burch was commended for his success.13

uibid., 197. i*I bid., 195-199. Milton Burch, Anti-Guerrilla Fighter 229

The reconnaissance, battle, and return included a march of 60 miles, all of which the troops accomplished in the elapsed time of 30 hours. As guides for his expedition Burch used southern sympathizers who had returned and taken the oath of allegiance to the Union. They were impressed for that duty and threatened with death should they prove false. On the first day out Burch encoun­ tered and killed Robert Wisener, a notorious guerrilla, who had led Lawther to Ozark. It appears that Wisener was slain during his capture as Marion Thompson, his companion, was captured but not otherwise harmed.14 Burch next engaged in a scout into southern Missouri and northern Arkansas with 80 men. He left Ozark on the evening of November 8, and after a reconnaissance of some 80 miles returned four days later. He found no enemy in strength in the area except a force at Yellville, Arkansas, which was too strong to attack, but he picked up guerrillas and enemy Provost Guards encountered. After being surprised, those who surrendered suffered no great indignity, but those who fled were frequently shot in the pursuit. Four of the enemy were killed, two wounded, and 25 taken prisoner. Burch freely availed himself of the Enrolled Militia for guides and depended largely on speed, surprise, and guile in making his cap­ tures. His unusual appreciation of tactical requirements led him to plan even his small encounters with great skill and detail. His success was demonstrated by the fact that he suffered no loss during the reconnaissance through the guerrilla infested area.15 A month later Burch again embarked on another scouting expedition. With 40 men of the 2nd Battalion of the 14th, reinforced with 60 men of the E. M. M., he marched southward on December 9 into Marion County, Arkansas, with the primary purpose of ridding the White River country below Dubuque of a group of guerrillas said to be there. He captured 42 men and a number of horses, but the highlight of the operation came with the capture and destruction of a Confederate saltpeter works valued at $30,000 and $6,000 worth of saltpeter. The feat was the more remarkable as it was carried out without any losses and with such dispatch and secrecy that a large force of the enemy nearby did not learn of the raid until after Burch had left. After an absence of seven days and a march of 225 miles, Burch returned to Ozark on December 15. General Brown reported to Department Headquarters that it was the fourth successful scout, plus a number of smaller affairs, made by Burch in the past few months.16 uibid., 198-199. nibid., 356-357. ™Ibid., Ser. 1, Vol. XXII, Pt. I, 159-160. Union Scouting Party

Now ready for one of his most important contributions to the war, Burch received permission to make a scout into Carroll County, Arkansas, in early January, 1863, to destroy a powder mill on Crooked Creek and to pick up guerrillas being organized in the vicinity. He left with a detachment of 100 men on January 4, marching via Lawrence Mill (Fort Lawrence) at Beaver Station on Big Beaver Creek, which was manned by a detachment of the E.M.M. From there he pushed on to Big Creek, six miles from Dubuque in Marion County, where he captured two Confederates who gave him information that a force of 6,000 under Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke had left Dubuque enroute for Spring­ field. Burch immediately sent the information back by messenger to Beaver Station with instructions that it be forwarded to Ozark and telegraphed to Springfield. He then started back to Ozark with his detachment. Arriving on the night of the 6th, he ordered that all property and baggage there be taken across the James River. He shortly received instructions to abandon his post and fall back on Springfield.17 General Brown at Springfield, warned of Marmaduke's advance by Burch, had a day to prepare his small command for an attack. Springfield was an important supply base for the Union Army of the Frontier operating in southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas.

uibid., 193, 194; Wiley Britton, The Civil War on the Border (New York, 1890), 446, 449. Milton Burch, Anti-Guerrilla Fighter 231

Without this warning there is little doubt that Brown would have been overwhelmed. Proper reconnaissance permitted the warning, and Burch showed initiative and understanding of the importance of military intelligence when he rushed the information back.18 Brown had about 2,000 soldiers, civilians, clerks, convalescents, and Enrolled Militia with which to fend off the attack of Marma­ duke's column of 2,100 trained and war hardened soldiers—not the 6,000 as had been reported by the captured soldiers. The trained military with Brown consisted of numerous units of small strength. His cavalry approximated 950 troopers from three different regi­ ments who had never fought in a major engagement, and who were not under a unified command. After Burch retreated from Ozark to Springfield, he joined the balance of the 2nd Battalion of the 14th Regiment. The battalion, numbering 223 came under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Pound. During the Battle of Springfield which started on January 8, the cavalry of the 3rd, 4th, and 14th M. S. M., were placed generally on the left of the line. Early in the engagement the enemy threw a regiment of calvary forward which was promptly checked by the 14th. The enemy was also repulsed at 5:00 p.m. with the aid of dismounted cavalry of all units. About dark, Marmaduke made another demonstration on the left which was again stopped by the 14th. The 14th was mentioned in the official reports of the engagement for stopping two enemy attacks, adequately redeeming its wild flight of but a few months before. The junior officers had played their part in building up high morale. There is every indication that Burch fully understood the necessity of looking out for his men and maintaining a high esprit. His regard for his men is shown in his written reports of various actions which carried remarks such as: "I must speak a word of praise for the noble manner in which Lieutenants Day and Kelso aided me in all my undertakings. They are both brave men and good officers. The men also deserve the highest praise. They bore the fatigue of the long night marches without a murmur and faced every danger with the utmost coolness. With such officers and men I shall always consider victory certain even against superiority of numbers." And again: "I must say a word of praise of the brave men under my command. Often without food, except parched corn, and no shelter from the chilling rains; deprived of sleep, and weary from long night marches, not a murmur was heard. Every hardship was borne with cheerfulness, and every danger with coolness."19 18Robinett, "Marmaduke's Expedition Into Missouri," 153, 158. 190. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XIII, 357, and Vol. XXII, Pt. I, 161. 232 Missouri Historical Review

General Curtis, the Department Commander, reported that the Union cavalry at the battle of Springfield made a gallant charge, and, although Burch was not mentioned by name, we may assume that he fought in the thick of all engagements until he was critically injured by a fall from his horse which was killed by enemy fire. The leg injury he sustained bothered him until the end of his days. He was cared for in the home of John McElhaney in Springfield and was unable to rejoin his command until February ll.20 The decrease in militia strength previously voted by Congress now reached the 14th Cavalry M.S.M. By General Order No. 5, A. G. O., State of Missouri, February 2, 1863, this regiment was broken up and the companies assigned to other regiments. Co. H of the 14th became Co. M of the 8th M. S. M. Cavalry Regiment. Burch joined that regiment, still in command of his men. Until demobilized at the end of the war, he would remain assigned to the 8th.21 The records of the Missouri Adjutant General of the 8th and 14th Cavalry Regiments, M. S. M., indicate that Burch was a man of education and a good administrator who kept meticulous records of his organization. Whenever a lull in the fighting permitted, Burch took steps to correct his property records. The following is an example from the official records: "I certify on honor, that the several Article of Clothing, Camp and Garrison Equipage described in the following list were lost on the retreat from Ozark, during the battle at Springfield, or on subsequent marches made by the Com­ pany, and that the loss was unavoidable and not caused by any neglect on the part of the Officers of the Company. Quantity Articles 1 Pair Cav. boots 2 Pair of Drawers 4 Blankets 22 Haversacks 15 Canteens 6 Camp Kettles 20 Mess Pans 2 Camp Hatchets 1 Hatchet Handles 1 Wall Tent Complete MILTON BURCH Capt Com'dg. Co. M. 8th Reg. Cav. M. S. M. "Sworn to and suscribed before me this 9 day of May 1863 LYMAN BEEMAN "Justice for the County Court of Newton County, Mo."22

20O. /?., Ser. 1, Vol. XXII, Pt. I, 179-181; Pension Records. 21 Records of the Missouri Adjutant General Office. ^Ibid. Milton Burch, Anti-Guerrilla Fighter 233

In August, 1863, a well known Confederate guerrilla, Colonel J. T. Coffee, with a large band of followers, was raiding and pillaging in southern Missouri. Colonel Edwin C. Catherwood stationed at Springfield formed a detachment of various units with orders to defeat Coffee. Burch, then stationed in Carthage, joined him at White Rock Prairie with a small force. Catherwood met Coffee at Pineville on August 12, and decisively routed him, killing 60 or 70 of his band. Brigadier General John McNeil, then commanding the District of Southwest Missouri, sent congratulations and thanks to Catherwood and Burch for the victory, and subsequently called Burch "that energetic bushwhacker and brave soldier." The com­ bined command then joined Brigadier General James G. Blunt at Honey Springs, Indian Territory, for a raid into Indian Territory and Arkansas. Blunt was out for a total of six weeks and inflicted considerable loss on the enemy.23 On September 6, a guerrilla force commanded by guerrilla leader Meadows, and made up of men from Coffee's band and a number of deserters, attacked a wagon train bound for Burch's station at Carthage. The force captured two wagons, killed two soldiers, and captured a soldier and two civilians. When news of the attack reached Burch, he sent troops who recaptured the two wagons and the two civilians, and also captured one guerrilla. Guerrilla Captain Turk and two of the band were killed in the engagement and several were wounded.24 Burch started on October 3 with 40 men of the 8th on a scout to Turkey Creek, some eight miles west of Carthage, to escort some Union families out and to destroy a party of guerrillas infesting the area. That night he learned that about 40 rebels were fleeing south. He sent 11 of his men back to Carthage to escort the families, and with the remainder of his men closely followed the guerrillas some 30 miles, finally overtaking them at Widow Wheeler's farm, 15 miles from Neosho. He sent his government scout, Joel P. Hood, and another man dressed in butternut to locate the enemy picket posts. They succeeded in capturing the only man on picket and brought him back to Burch. This man revealed that the rebels, 30 strong, were camped in the brush back of the farm. Burch moved on them at once, routing the band, killing ten, wounding several others, and capturing two prisoners. Burch then marched toward Carthage by way of Neosho. He found Neosho full of Confederate sympathizers and learned that they planned to move on Carthage. Burch

™0. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XXII, Pt. I, 546, 554, and Pt. II, 534. uibid., Pt. I, 613. 234 Missouri Historical Review marched at once to his post, reaching it on the morning of the 5th ahead of the enemy. Receiving a report that 15 men in Federal uniforms were approaching, he sent three men to determine their identity. When Burch's men encountered and halted the band, one trooper went forward to see who they were. As he closed on them, they shot and killed him. A pursuit was taken up, but the band escaped.25 Burch then moved to Neosho, where he was to be stationed for some time. He learned in November that 10 or 15 bushwhackers were harboring on Turkey Creek in Jasper County, about 20 miles from Neosho. The weather was cold so Burch marched with 20 men thinking it a likely time to surprise them. Moving at night he discovered a guerrilla camp and fired into a tent killing two occu­ pants. Going on to Turkey Creek, he arrested two men, one of whom, Dempster Linsay formerly of Jasper County, he found hiding under the floor of a house. Linsay was an infamous desperado known for shooting loyal Union citizens. He would have been killed outright had not Burch desired to surprise others of the band known to be in a house close by. Three of those in the house were captured after some firing. Others nearby, alarmed by the firing, escaped. One Union soldier who had been captured by the band was released. Burch then returned to Neosho with his five prisoners, all of whom were "men of desperate character . . . that [sic] had infest­ ed and been a terror to all the loyal citizens of the Southwest." The intimate knowledge Burch had of the presence and location of guerrillas testifies to his accurate military intelligence which could only be secured by spies, informers, and members of the E. M. M.26 The advent of 1864 found Burch with a detachment of the 8th still stationed at Neosho. On January 20, Gen­ eral Curtis, in command of the Department of Kansas, wrote Major General W. S. Rosecrans, commanding the Department of the Missouri, complimenting Burch and Lieutenant Kelso, who he identified as "good Officers

'aIbid., 085-086. Shooting a Picket '*Ibid., 701. Milton Burch, Anti-Guerrilla Fighter 235 for border service" and who were "cordially" cooperative with his pickets at Dry Wood.27 Burch soon was to be rewarded for his efforts. On October 14, 1863, Colonel Joseph J. Gravely, commanding the 8th Cavalry Regiment, M. S. M., with headquarters at Lebanon, had written to Governor Gamble recommending that Burch be promoted to major to fill an existing vacancy in the regiment. Nothing came of this recommendation, however, and on December 8, Colonel Gravely repeated his recommendation, adding: "Capt. Burch has been an efficient and faithful . . . officer for nearly two years during which time he has been constantly on active duty. His active duties in the field and his official conduct as an officer has always been praised by the district Commanders of SW Mo." This time the promotion was approved and the State Senate confirmed Burch's rank as major on February 5, 1864. The promotion was the more extraordinary since Burch had not been an original member of the 8th, nor had he come from the same locality as the majority of the officers of the regiment.28 Increased rank brought increased logistical and administrative responsibilities as is shown by extant messages to Burch regarding these matters. His command duties became more supervisory in nature allowing little time to lead small groups on raids against the enemy. In early April he was instructed to keep small parties out to the south and southwest and to keep under observation the large number of small enemy bands reported as having crossed the Arkansas River and moving north. The notorious William C. Quantrill was among the number. Burch's orders were to attack if any of the enemy came within striking distance of his force. Later in the month Brigadier General John B. Sanborn, commanding the district of Southwest Missouri, advised him that Colonel William P. Adair, commanding Confederate Scouts, had crossed the Illinois River above Tahlequah on the 23rd and might attempt to cross into Missouri. Burch was to be prepared for Adair if he came and would be supplied with more troops "as soon as the grass grew a little more" so the horses could be fed.29 As a result of reconnaissances made by his battalion, Burch could report to the District Commander on May 1 that he had unverified information that 800 to 1200 Confederates were on Grand River near Gilstrop's Ferry. Quantrill was supposed to join that force with 600 men. Burch reported that the enemy "intended to vibid., Ser. 1, Vol. XXXIV, Pt. 11,385. 28Records of the Missouri Adjutant General Office. 290. R., Ser. 1, Vol. XXXIV, Pt. II, 605,606,699, and Pt. Ill, 122, 302. 236 Missouri Historical Review take my command out of the wet, but they will have a good time doing it. I have a small fort very near completed. I can whip a thousand if attacked." He sent Captain Ozias Ruark without delay to the vicinity of the ferry to ascertain the truth of the rumors and promised an immediate report upon Ruark's return. Ruark came back with information that there were not more than 150 badly scattered rebels in the vicinity of the ferry, but that a captured Indian from Brigadier General Stand Watie's brigade of Cherokee Indian Regiments said that Quantrill with 300 men had gone north in small detachments, passing 20 miles west of Neosho. Burch said this was possible as the scarcity of forage had hindered his scouting in that area.30 On May 5, Burch's command was augmented to a point that the District Commander thought he had sufficient strength to attack any force which the enemy concentrated in the area. Hence Burch was ordered to attack any enemy within 50 miles of him, but not to run down his horses by marching much further than that. Feeling the need to accompany a scouting party, Burch left on May 10 with 40 mounted men. He found little indication of the enemy and as a result of his report of limited enemy strength, further reinforce­ ments scheduled for him were cancelled.31 By May 24 Major Burch reported that Colonel Adair had arrived in Spavinaw with 200 men and that General Marmaduke was said to be on White Stone Prairie with 1500 men. General Sanborn did not believe the report about Marmaduke, but on the 27th informed Burch that he had heard that Brigadier General Joseph O. Shelby with 1800 men and 6 pieces of artillery was on the Osage Fork of King's River. All of this intelligence must have made Sanborn apprehensive as he ordered Burch to send out scouts and report as often as possible. If Shelby advanced on Neosho with artillery, Burch was to fall back on Springfield, fighting as he retired. Apparently nothing came of these rumors. Burch was allowed leave of absence on May 28 to go back to Illinois, but not before reporting that there were no enemy troops nearer Neosho than Spavinaw and only a small number there. Departmental records for June 30, 1864, showed that Burch returned to his command at Neosho which now consisted of a garrison of two companies.32 On July 1, Burch heard that guerrilla leader Major Buck Brown with 200 men had captured Colonel M. La Rue Harrison's corral of 240 mules on June 24, driving the animals in the direction of

*>Ibid., Pt. Ill, 383. nibid., Pt. I, 921 and Pt. Ill, 463, 679, 692. Mlbid., Pt. IV, 25, 36, 70, 89, 625. Milton Burch, Anti-Guerrilla Fighter 237

Maysville. Burch set out in pursuit with 100 men. His secondary objective was to determine if Brigadier General Douglas H. Cooper had crossed the Arkansas River, and to establish his whereabouts. Burch's chase came to naught, but later in July Colonel Harrison succeeded in defeating Brown.33 Burch continued his activities against the rebels. His July 16 report indicated that he had encountered about 100 guerrillas under the notorious Stecker and Lieutenant J. R. Goode of the Con­ federate 11th Missouri, who had infiltrated Newton and Jasper counties, but that he had driven them from the area and had killed the infamous guerrilla named Conrad. Hoping to track down Goode, Burch sent 20 mounted men plus 20 men on foot under Captain Ruark to accompany his forage party to Diamond Grove Prairie, known to be Goode's favorite hide-out. After loading forage the party left with the mounted men, but the 20 foot soldiers remained, concealing themselves at a strategic spot near a spring. They had not been there long when Goode approached with two others. Suspicious that they were being watched one of the men yelled: "There is somebody in the thicket." From the brush the sharp report of a revolver rang out and Goode fell from his horse dead. Papers were found on him which listed the names of men of his company, many of whom were local citizens of Jasper and the northern part of Newton Counties.34 Burch learned early in August from sources in which he placed little reliance that there was a Confederate force of unknown strength camped on Cowskin River near Rutledge in McDonald County. He ordered Lieutenant Malcolm Hunter with a small party to make a reconnaissance of the area, but Hunter was ambushed and withdrew with heavy losses. It was estimated that the enemy under guerrilla leader Rector Johnson was from 250 to 300 strong, including men from Pickler's and Buck Brown's bands. Burch departed on August 7, with 175 men, all the force he could raise, to seek out the enemy which had defeated Hunter. He found it at Enterprise in a strong position. When an attempt to lure the enemy from his position failed, Burch ordered an attack. The enemy withdrew and attempted another ambuscade. Burch made a further attempt to attack, but again the enemy withdrew while inflicting some loss on the 8th Cavalry. The combination of dark­ ness, thick brush, fatigue of the horses, and lack of water forced Burch to retire to Neosho. The enemy, 255 to 300 in strength and

™Ibid., Ser. 1, Vol. XLI, Pt. II, 11, 270. **Ibid., Pt. I, 195 and Pt. II, 248, 249. 238 Missouri Historical Review

commanded by Major Andrew J. Piercey, was composed of Major J. F. Pickler's command, a portion of Stand Watie's brigade, and some notorious guerrillas with Rusk's band. Burch estimated that the natural strength of the position was such that they would require a force of at least 300 to drive the enemy from the area.

Conveying Provisions to the Army at Springfield

The District Commander informed Burch on August 10 that the enemy was too strong for him to attack with his limited strength and that 400 men would be furnished for the purpose. When the force was assembled Burch was to move on the enemy and defeat him. Colonel Gravely, regimental commander of the 8th, joined Burch with 100 men from Springfield. As the senior officer, Gravely assumed command of the force being assembled and followed instructions previously furnished Burch. Gravely moved out of Neosho on the 13th. Apparently information of the arrival of reinforcements reached the enemy, as he left the Cowskin Creek area upon Gravely's approach. With little possibility of overtaking the rebels, Gravely returned to Neosho, dispatching the various detachments to their former posts, and reported that the enemy had retreated south toward Fort Smith.35

In addition to his military activities in combating guerrillas in the region, Burch also had the responsibility of encouraging and maintaining the loyalty of the local civilian population. When

Mbid., Pt. I, 189, 193, 191, 196, 197, and Pt. 11, 609, 637, 038, 688. Milton Burch, Anti-Guerrilla Fighter 239

Joshua Hickey came to Burch for protection, the Major requested instructions from his Departmental Commander. General Sanford informed him on September 17 that Hickey had harbored a bush­ whacker for more than a year, and the Government would not indemnify such people for loss or offer security because of their responsibility for fomenting strife and disorder. Labeling Hickey as "guilty before the fact of murder and robberies of their neigh­ bors," Sanford instructed Burch to offer no security and to order him out of the area. It was Burch's further duty to inform residents that they must support the Federal Government. He was "to make every effort to aid and protect the loyal citizens and punish the disloyal enemies of the Government and the general enemies of mankind." This policy indicates the measures, other than military, being taken to discourage the local population from protecting guerrillas.36 The official records of the war do not furnish much information concerning the methods used to secure military intelligence, but it is safe to assume that Burch used scouting and reconnaissance, observation, loyal citizens, informers, members of the Enrolled Missouri Militia, and spies. A message from Burch to the District Commander dated September 17, 1864, sheds some light on at least one facet of Burch's espionage activities. He reported that he was sending "Miss Mary Martin, a lady of undoubted loyalty, ingenious, and daring," to work in General Sanborn's secret service. At the same time, Burch informed Sanborn that he had word from a rebel source that Stand Watie was near Spavinaw, but that he had little confidence in the report and was sending a female spy in that direc­ tion to investigate. As usual Burch said that he would keep District Headquarters informed.37 September, 1864, was a period of wild rumors and alerts. Union forces maintained constant vigilance in their attempts to thwart the rebel activity in the Southwest District. On the 18th, intelligence had guerrilla forces marching on Burch's post in some strength. The 24th brought unverified reports that General Stand Watie was approaching Neosho with a force of from 1500 to 5000. But Burch had his own sources of intelligence and did not panic. The female spy he sent out on September 16 returned nine days later with the information that she had been taken prisoner by Major Piercey's command. The band, 100 strong, was moving down the Cowskin River, their destination unknown. Captain Rusk was reported near

™Ibid., Pt. Ill, 231. nibid., 216. 240 Missouri Historical Review

Carthage with 100 men. Burch relayed these reports to General Sanborn on the 25th, suggesting that Piercey was on his way to reinforce Rusk. He had learned nothing of Stand Watie who may have gone to the Choctaw Nation, but sent another female agent into the enemy area hoping that she could obtain information of importance. He felt assured that no large forces of the enemy remained in his vicinity for the moment.38 On October 13, Burch rendered a report that guerrillas "Cooper, Brooks & Co.," were concentrating in Benton County, Arkansas, preparing for a raid into Missouri. Later he reported that Adair joined them. Reinforced to 500 men, Burch marched at once against the enemy. He informed the commanding general on the 19th that he had progressed as far as Corner Springs, 15 miles southwest of Bentonville, learning only that Captain Herdon with 75 men had moved from there to join Buck Brown west of Fayetteville. Burch had two reports of their possible objective, one to attack Fayette­ ville; the second, the most probable, to attack a supply train.39 The cause of the intensification of Union intelligence activities was the uncertainty of higher commanders concerning a Confederate operation then underway in Missouri. Major General Sterling Price of the Confederate Army had moved with a large force of cavalry through the southeastern part of the state, fought a bloody engage­ ment at Pilot Knob on September 27, and had since marched west­ ward to Independence and Westport where he met defeat on October 23. The pursuit of Price as he retreated southward toward Arkansas brought uncertainty to the Union commands in Missouri and Kansas. Price was reported to be moving rapidly south along the Kansas border and would probably pass close to Neosho where Burch was located. Even while Burch's scouts moved toward Bentonville, rumors were received that Price was at Sedalia, moving south. Before Burch completed the reconnaissance orders arrived directing him to send all but 200 of his men to Springfield at once, to keep spies out in all directions, and to keep Fayetteville advised of all developments. In the event Price moved on Neosho, Burch was to abandon his post and save his command.40 General Price's command itself was one of Burch's lesser worries, however. It was the intensification of guerrilla activities incident to Price's operations that was of greater concern to him. Although he managed to keep scouting parties 25 miles out from Neosho, it MI bid., 240, 309, 368, 688. wibid., Pt. Ill, 863 and Pt. IV, 112. wibid., Pt. I, 344, 412, and Pt. IV, 12, 112, 207, 280, 300. Companies A, C, D, E, F, and K of the 8th Cavalry Regiment, M. S. M., were active in the campaign against Price but it was Burch's lot to remain on the sidelines. Milton Burch, Anti-Guerrilla Fighter 241

proved dangerous to send scouts in the direction of Fort Scott. Piercey's outfit on Spring River numbering between 225 to 500 men offered a sizeable threat. On October 24 Burch reported that he had no late news of guerrilla leaders Brown or Brooks and that the enemy appeared to expect General Stand Watie's command soon.41 Burch's orders on October 31 instructed him to turn over his post at Neosho to another detachment and to proceed to Keetsville in Barry County with his entire command. From there he went to Cassville where he joined forces with Major J. A. Melton, 2nd Arkansas Cavalry for an expedition to Fort Smith. During this movement and while under the command of Major Melton, Burch fought in a skirmish on November 6 near Cincinnati, Arkansas, after which he returned to Neosho. On December 15, he again tem­ porarily relinquished his command at Neosho to take temporary command of his regiment at Springfield. He remained there until January 8, 1865, when he was ordered to resume command of his battalion at Neosho where he spent the remainder of his service. He continued to keep the guerrillas under surveillance, but their activities had decreased materially, and this final period must have held little interest for the energetic Burch.42 Ordered to Springfield, Burch and the entire regiment of the 8th Missouri State Militia Cavalry was mustered out of the service on April 14, 1865. The Adjutant General of Missouri had this to say about Burch's service: "The battalion, under the command of Major Burch, during the spring and summer of 1864 made many scouts into north Arkansas, had numerous fights with guerrillas in southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas, and succeeded in driving from that section of Missouri the bands of bushwhackers that infested it."43 Burch returned to Buffalo and took up farming, but his military duties were not ended. Shortly after his return, the 18th Regiment (or battalion) consisting of companies A, D and E was organized in Dallas and Laclede Counties, and Burch was appointed its colonel. There is no record of this regiment being recognized by the State Adjutant General or of Burch's service as a colonel, but companies of the Dallas County Mounted Militia served with distinction near Cape Girardeau during the remainder of 1865. About nine years after the close of the war, Burch moved from Buffalo to Linn Creek in Camden County. The reason for the move to a new locality is not

"Ibid., Pt. IV, 226. vibid., Pt. I, 910, and Pt. IV, 687, 981, and Ser. 1, Vol. XLVIII, Pt. I, 461, 1264. 43Records of the Missouri Adjutant General Office; Annual Report of the Adjutant General of Missouri, Year Ending December 31, 1865 (Jefferson City, 1866), 505. 242 Missouri Historical Review known, but it is interesting to note that the 8th Regiment was originally formed in Linn Creek, and it may be that he desired to be nearer to those with whom he served so intimately during the war. He secured 160 acres of land in Camden County and continued farming.44 Burch's arduous military service required him to undergo great physical hardships. He was sick for about 10 days in July 1862. He lost about a month from duty because of the leg injury sustained during the Battle of Springfield. In October 1863, and again in November he was treated at the regimental hospital for neuralgia. By 1888 he was practically disabled, suffering from neuralgia, blind in one eye and nearly blind in the other. There is little doubt that his health was seriously impaired by his wartime hardships. Burch was 43 by the end of the war. He friends said that although he was healthy when he entered the service, he was unable to work after­ wards more than 50% of the time because of his bad leg and neural­ gia of the face and head. He applied for and received a pension on September 27, 1886. He died in Camden County on October 26, 1898, at the age of 76. By that time he was completely disabled and required constant attention. Mrs. Burch died in Camden County on January 31, 1918. The only known survivor was Lycurgua, a son born in 1875. Burch died like many of the Missouri State Militia Cavalry, an unsung hero of the war who deserved greater recogni­ tion. The men of the Missouri State Militia Cavalry who played such a vital role in preserving Missouri for the Union in the Civil War and in bringing law and order back into the troubled area, had no leaders above regimental level to champion their heroics. When the war was over they were satisfied to return to their families and to civilian pursuits where they could attend to their own affairs and take a hand in restoring civil government. That was their real reward. ^History of Laclede, Camden, . . . Counties, 537-53S; Pension Records; 0. R., Series 1, Vol. XLVII I, Pt. II, 235, 483. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Bettman Archie Memorial Service Commemorates Battle of Pilot Knob Centennial

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of "Reason, understanding, time, charity, the State Historical Society of Missouri and a stronger faith in the elasticity of and author of "The Battle of Pilot our institutions under God could have Knob," Official Manual of the State of prevented it." A volley from 307th Missouri, 1961-1962, described the Division cannons followed by taps Civil War as being fought by men of echoing off Pilot Knob and Shepherd's good will and high ideals on both sides Mountain closed the ceremony. at the formal centennial memorial Two rows of small picket fences mark service, September 27, at the battle the common grave in which Union site. Dr. Brownlee said he believed and Confederate forces lie buried. the war did not have to be fought. More than 1,000 officers and men were

Dr. Richard S. Brownlee addresses audience at the site of the Battle of Pilot Knob. Massie—Missouri Commerce 244 Missouri Historical Review killed or wounded within 20 minutes state in a contest for an official centen­ during the attack on Fort Davidson, nial poster, including the winning September 27, 1864, which resulted in poster designed by Judith Anne Noble, a "shattering blow to the Confederate Southwest Missouri State College, cause." Springfield. The Jack Mayes collection Leaders in planning the memorial of bayonets, buckles, and cannonballs service were Colonel Arthur W. Jacobs, from the battlefield was exhibited. Salem, commander of the 307th Civil Included in the Saturday program Affairs Group, St. Louis, reserve unit were conducted tours of the battlefield of the U.S. Army Corps, Colonel Leo and a description of the battle action J. Rozier, Perryville, project officer, by Army officers. Two table models depicting the battlefield and general and Robert L. Edgar, Arcadia, chair­ terrain of the area, prepared by the man of the Iron County Centennial 307th Division, were exhibited. Re­ Association. ligious services for all denominations More than 15,000 persons attended were held at the Fort Davidson site on the two-day program, September 26-27, Sunday morning. Armed Services marking the centennial of the battle. musicians provided music for the On display at the Pilot Knob Junior Sunday program. A brochure of Dr. High School gymnasium were historic Brownlee's article on Pilot Knob was books, pictures, county records, Iron published by the Missouri Civil War County newspapers, and posters de­ Centennial Commission in commemor­ signed by students throughout the ation of the centennial.

Battle of Westport Centennial Celebration

At the celebration, October 3, with the task of getting ahead, allowed commemorating the 100th anniversary a few radicals and fanatics to emo­ of the Battle of Westport, sponsored by tionalize real and potential differences the Battle of Westport Centennial and to conjure up distorted impressions Commission, Inc., the battlefield, of the two opposing groups seeking to located in Loose Park and vicinity, was preserve and expand their sacred dedicated. In his commemorative cultures. address Missouri Governor John M. Plaques were unveiled to the memory Dalton discussed the varied causes of the Confederate forces by the which led to the Civil War. He said, General Jo Shelby Chapter, Children "In its fullest meaning the war must be of the Confederacy, and to the Union considered as a phenomenon extending Army by Children of Allied Orders of far beyond a succession of political and the Union Veterans of the Civil War. military activities, one which en­ The ceremony closed with taps pre­ compasses social, cultural, economic sented by American Legionnaires. Dr. and other broad movements which Howard N. Monnett, dean of the went far back into the pre-war years Metropolitan Junior College, Kansas and which continue to exert a tremen­ City, and president of the Westport dous influence down to the present." Centennial Commission, Inc., served He concluded that the tragedy of the as master of ceremonies. The American war must be charged to a generation Legion band and the Westport High of well-meaning Americans who, busy School cappella choir provided music. Historical Notes and Comments 245

At the centennial banquet held at County Jail Museum and the Harry the Hotel Muehlebach, October 2, Dr. S. Truman Library, Independence; E. B. Long, Oak Park, Illinois, Civil and Fort Osage, near Buckner. The War author, spoke on "War Beyond Kansas City Museum sponsored "Ech­ the River: Our Civil War and the oes of the Battle of Westport," a tape Uncivil West." recording produced by Wilbur E. The program on October 4 included Phillips and Charles Kerr. a memorial service and the laying of a Other events related to the observ­ wreath at the Battle of Westport ance included a program on the monument by the Allied Orders of the Kansas City Hour, Radio WDAF, Union Veterans of the Civil War 1861- produced by the R. S. Townsend 1865, a memorial service and the laying Advertising Agency and sponsored of a wreath at the grave of General Jo by the Kansas City Life Insurance Shelby in Forest Hill Cemetery by the Company, and the dedication of a General Jo Shelby Chapter, Children marker, October 23, by the Native of the Confederacy, and the laying of Sons of Kansas City at the intersection a wreath at the United Daughters of of Sunset Drive and Rockwell Lane, the Confederacy Monument at 55th site of the ravine the Union Army Ward Parkway by the Dixie, Kansas City, George Edward Pickett, and followed for assault on the Confeder­ Stonewall Jackson Chapters, of the ates. At a historical evening dedicated United Daughters of the Confederacy. to the Battle of Westport during the Ten historic sites connected with the September 29-October 1 convention battle were included in the tour of the Missouri Division of the U.D.C., itinerary for the afternoon. Dr. Howard N. Monnett, guest Civil War items were displayed by speaker, was presented with the the Westport Art Guild in cooperation Honorary Cross of Military Service. with Old Westport Shopping Center, An excerpt from his book, Action the Lone Jack Museum, and the Before Westport, published in commem­ Kansas City Museum of History and oration of the anniversary of the battle, Science. Also listed on the program was compiled by Lucile Reynolds for were the Shawnee Mission Museum, inclusion in the printed program of the Johnson County, Kansas; the Jackson Battle of Westport Centennial events.

Fred Shane Publishes Book of Drawings

Fred Shane, Kansas City born artist American life and well-known Mis­ and professor of Art at the University souri scenes. Reproduced in black and of Missouri, Columbia, recently pub­ white are examples of Shane's work in lished a number of his drawings in a pen and ink, conte crayon, pencil, new book entitled Fred Shane Draw­ brush and ink, lithographs, with ings. The drawings, 120 in all, were variations of techniques and a wide selected by the artist from among range of subject matter from human thousands. They not only represent faces, figures, and anatomical drawings, 38 years of work (1924-62) from a landscapes, boats, buildings, street scholarly, able and fine draftsman, scenes and animals, to doodled fanta­ but they portray facets of everyday sies. They illustrate Shane's artistic 246 Missouri Historical Review

talents as expressed over years of wide Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Wil­ travel and work. Included are the liam Rockhill Nelson Gallery of Art in artist's preliminary sketches for major Kansas City; City Art Museum of paintings, self portraits and World St. Louis; and the Denver Art Museum War II army scenes. His landscape —as well as other such institutions. scenes, though not limited to Missouri, Scores of his paintings are privately include sketches of the Missouri State owned throughout the country, and his capitol, the Ste. Genevieve Cemetery, major mural is in the U.S. Post Office Missouri farm scenes, Missouri musi­ at Eldon, Missouri. cians, and a Hannibal street corner The book, Fred Shane Drawings, scene. The State Historical Society published by the University of Mis­ of Missouri is pleased that Mr. Shane souri Press, Columbia, in November, chose to deposit his preliminary plates was ably laid out and designed by and proof from the book in its collection Lawrence McKinin, professor of Art to insure the future preservation of at the University of Missouri. Besides his work. Shane's drawings, the book contains Mr. Shane, one of Missouri's finest an introductory essay by Thomas Hart artists, had early ambitions to become Benton, entitled "Drawing." Here a cartoonist, but his later interests Benton examines the universal pictorial pointed him toward painting. Shortly art of drawing and its meaning to the after finishing high school in 1923, he artist and the public. The artist, he entered the Kansas City Art Institute says, is an individual who draws and studied under an inspiring teacher according to private inner feelings, but and artist, Randall Davey. He traveled his work must be understood and and worked throughout the United drawn to represent common ideas and States and Europe from 1924-1929, and knowledge found among the viewing in 1932 joined the University of public in order that it may be judged Missouri faculty on a half-time basis. and evaluated. It is the public's From 1934-1936 he served as full time acceptance of art that determines the instructor and since 1938 he has been value and significance of art. Benton a permanent member of the staff, likes Shane's drawings. He is "quite except for a brief period during World confident they will be more modern War II when he was an artist corres­ tomorrow than most of the 'modern­ pondent attached to the Army Medical ities' of today." Benton does not Corps. He is now professor of Art and attempt to value them categorically or chairman of the Art Department at the to say exactly how much they might University. While at Missouri Univer­ mean tomorrow. " I don't know enough sity he has been awarded several or have enough insight for such a task research grants and three research in respect to Shane's work or to my professorships and has received many own," he says. awards from various museums and Sidney Larson, head of the Christian institutions. College Art Department, Columbia, Shane's one-man exhibitions have and curator of the State Historical appeared in New York, Los Angeles, Society Art Gallery, presents a bio­ St. Louis, Tulsa, Kansas City and other graphical sketch of Mr. Shane and an cities. His work has been exhibited in evaluation of Shane's work. Larson most of the major museums—The Art says that "Shane draws with consum­ Institute of Chicago; Corcoran Gallery, mate skill. . . . He uses pencil, brush, Washington, D.C; The Pennsylvania or rubbed ink to produce drawings Academy of Fine Arts at Philadelphia; which. . . reveal a search for solid, Historical Notes and Comments 247 simple, expressive form." The draw­ the size of the original, the date ings are significant for what is revealed of the drawing, and where the original about their subjects and about the is located. artist. The book should be of particular A list of the drawings appears at the interest to artists and scholars of art back of the book and includes the name and should be an important addition of the work, a technical description, to the libraries of all art lovers.

Missouri Observes American Landmarks Celebration

The preservation and promotion of Catalogue, published by the State historic sites in Missouri was the topic Historical Society of Missouri. Dr. of discussion on the Missouri Forum Edward C Lambert, assistant to the presented on November 8 by the President in charge of television and University of Missouri Station KOMU- professor of journalism at the Univer­ TV and taped by the University sity, was forum moderator. Extension Division for use during the The panel described Missouri's following week by 28 cooperating Mis­ special observance in cooperation with souri radio stations. Panel members the American Landmarks Celebration were Orval Henderson, Jefferson City, from August 1 to November 30 aimed historian of the Missouri State Park to stimulate public awareness of the Board; Kenneth E. Coombs, Kansas need for protecting our heritage of City, regional preservation officer for landscape, historical sites, and struc­ the American Institute of Architects and architect for the Missouri State tures. The Celebration, this country's Park Board; and Mrs. Dorothy part in the world-wide international Caldwell, Columbia, assistant editor campaign for monuments by UNESCO, of the Missouri Historical Review and was sponsored by the National Trust editor of the Missouri Historic Sites for Historic Preservation.

Taking No Chances Albany Capital, February 27, 1941. The candidate for the office of sheriff was defeated ignominiously. He got 55 votes out of a total of 3,500 and the next day walked down Main street with two guns hanging from his belt. "You were not elected, and you have no right to carry those guns," fellow citi­ zens told him. "Listen," he replied, "a man with no more friends than I've got needs to carry guns." 248 Missouri Historical Review

NEWS IN BRIEF

At a special ceremony held October Meyer, acting president of Southwest 4 at Arrow Rock State Park near Missouri State College and professor Marshall, the Dr. Matthew Walton of History, spoke at the evening Hall home was dedicated as the banquet on "Writing Missouri His­ headquarters of the Missouri State tory." He said that Missouri had been Society, Daughters of the American slow to recognize its historical signifi­ Revolution. The home, restored by the cance. Though there is now a historical State Park Board, was presented by a tide bringing in new studies, there is a member of the board, Russell H. present need for research and writing Stocksdale, Liberty, to State Regent, in social and economic areas, especially Mrs. Clarence Kemper, Clinton. Mrs. on such subjects as educational institu­ W7alter Diggs, chairman emeritus of tions, crime and punishment, agricul­ Hall House, made the official dedica­ ture, religion, and marriage and tion. Governor and Mrs. John M. courtship. Dalton spoke at the program, along with Orval Henderson and Owen Johnson of the Missouri State Park The St. Louis chapter of the Ameri­ Board; Mrs. Frederic A. Groves, can Institute of Architects announced honorary president general of the in September its listing of 40 buildings National Society, D.A.R.; Mrs. G. and sites which the chapter considered Baird Fisher, state chairman of the to be the most significant historically Arrow Rock Tavern; Mrs. David Eads, in St. Louis. John A. Bryan, director president of Friends of Arrow Rock; of the project, stated that the list, and Mrs. Frances Duffy, state chair­ though not absolute or complete, man for Hall House. should be helpful to city planners and civic leaders. Some of the sites chosen were Eads Bridge, Planters Hotel, Old Courthouse, Old Cathedral, Old Missouri's 35th state park was Post Office, Public Library, Lewis officially established, September 2, Bissell House, DeMenil Mansion and when representatives of the St. Joseph the City Art Museum. Lead Company donated 1,053 acres of land to the State Park Board. Located near Bonne Terre, north of Big River, Several thousand visitors at the the St. Francois State Park will cover Weston historic sites tour, October 25, about 2,494 acres, including the land viewed the town's pioneer churches, donated by the lead company plus that, tobacco warehouses and restored ante­ purchased from five other owners. bellum homes. Hosts and hostesses Hiking and camping facilities should be dressed in the costumes of their available sometime this year, and a forefathers; the country store featured dam on Coonville Creek will supply antiques, pumpkins, homemade soap water for a lake in the near future. and apple butter made especially for the occasion. A story of the event illus­ trated with reproductions of sketches, At the Missouri Writers Guild fall by Frank Steinman, Kansas City artist, meeting in Kentwood Arms Hotel, appeared in the Kansas City Star, Springfield, October 24, Dr. Duane October 18. Historical Notes and Comments 249

Photographs of 28 Atchison County Colonel Leo J. Rozier, Perryville, for pioneers were given in September to use at the Battle of Pilot Knob William Corken, cashier of the Bank of Centennial Observance, September 26- Atchison County, Rock Port, by Harry 27. Obtained by Colonel Rozier, Bredensteiner of Shenandoah, Iowa. project officer for the Observance, The pictures, made by J. T. Rice, through the courtesy of U. S. Senator pioneer Rock Port photographer, were Edward V. Long, the flag will be framed and exhibited in the bank's retained by members of the Associa­ conference room. tion.

Photographs illustrating the history The Veiled Prophet Parade, held of St. Louis as reflected in existing October 3, featured highlights in the landmarks were displayed at the history of St. Louis. Floats depicted Bicentennial Visitors' Center in the historical places and events from the Old St. Louis Post Office beginning in discovery of the Mississippi River and September and lasting for the duration the founding of St. Louis to the build­ of the center. The show is sponsored by ing of Eads Bridge, the Gateway Arch the St. Louis County Municipal and the rebirth of St. Louis. League.

One of Chillicothe's oldest land­ A Fulton historical landmark, the marks, Milbank Mills, was almost ante-bellum home of Judge Irvin O. completely destroyed by fire on Hockaday, given several years ago to August 15. The central portion of the Westminster College, was sold by the mill, built by George Milbank in 1867, Board of Trustees this past summer to was made of hand-hewn walnut, put Mr. & Mrs. Bobby G. Holt. The together with wooden pegs. The seed Hockaday family once played a major plant and processing facilities were role in the social and political life of managed by J. P. and Ed Milbank, Fulton and Callaway County and their son and grandson of the founder. mansion was visited by many political leaders of the past. The Holts plan to renovate the house for use as their home. A film, "Audubon's Wilderness," tracing Audubon's travels in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, was shown, A photographic display on westward September 18, in the Famous-Barr expansion, October 10-29, in the Northland Auditorium, St. Louis, by rotunda of the Old Courthouse, St. Leonard Hall, Globe-Democrat nature Louis, featured pictures of Jack Breed, columnist. The film was sponsored by well-known color photographer. the Rosemary Association of local garden clubs. An exhibit, "Politics Through the Years," opened October 12 at the new The flag which has flown over the exhibit hall of Boatmen's National United States Capitol in Washington, Bank. The display, continued through D. C, was presented to the Iron November 2, featured original draw­ County Centennial Association by ings by prominent newspaper editorial 250 Missouri Historical Review cartoonists and a history of political The Platte County Historical Society campaigning from the 1850's to the voted in August to give the log Mint- present and included George Caleb lock Primitive Baptist Church, near Bingham's paintings of "Stump Speak­ Platte City, to the Jackson County ing," "County Election" and "The Park Department for removal and Verdict of the People." restoration at the pioneer village project, Missouri Town—1855, Lake Jacomo. The church, a cruciform structure, was built in 1848 and is The mule, "Hannibal the 2nd," believed to be the oldest log church still through generous donations of the standing in the Middle West. citizens of Hannibal and surrounding areas, was officially presented as a mascot to West Point Academy on October 13 as a replacement for In observance of the 50th anniver­ "Hannibal the 1st," who died recently. sary of the opening of the Panama The people of Hannibal started the Canal on August 15, 1914, one of the war horse practice in 1861 with the original lock-towing locomotives was gift of a handsome steed to Lieutennant presented to the National Museum of Colonel Swarthout of the 50th Illinois Transport for permanent public dis­ Volunteer Infantry. The regiment play. Everett T. Winter, executive embarked on a steamboat for Hannibal vice president of the Mississippi Valley and camped along Bear Creek where Association, represented the Museum the animal was presented with appro­ at the presentation, held August 15 at priate ceremonies. At the Battle of Gatun Lake in the Panama Canal Zone. Shiloh, Colonel William Swarthout and The locomotive, U.S. 662, will be his horse, "Hannibal," were severely temporarily displayed in downtown wounded. Both recovered, but the St. Louis pending relocation of the horse was critically injured in the National Museum of Transport across fighting around Corinth. from the Gatewav Arch.

*^U

The Pork Had to Be Corn Fed

Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, August 21, 1821

NOTICE The subscriber, anxious to close his accounts, many of which are of long standing, proposes to take payment for the same, PORK, at the usual prices, if corn fed, and delivered to him in Franklin, before the 7th day of November next. He hopes none will fail to avail themselves of this easy and practicable means of liquidating their accounts. N. Hutchinson. Historical Notes and Comments 251

GRADUATE THESES RELATING TO MISSOURI HISTORY

NORTHEAST MISSOURI STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE, 1963-1964 MASTER'S THESES Kephart, Eva Holley, "The Paradox of Mark Twain: A Study of the Conflicting Ideas in Twain's Late Years." Sykes, Madelene McEuen, "Mark Twain's Portrayal of Women." Walton, Henry F., "The History and Development of the North Central Mis­ souri Conference."

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI GRADUATE THESES, 1963-1964 DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Botner, Stanley Benton, "The Office of Governor of the State of Missouri." Eickhoff, Harold Walter, "The Organization and Regulation of Medicine in Missouri 1883-1901." Hedley, John Hollister, "The Truman Administration and the 'Loss' of China: A Study of Public Attitudes and the President's Policies From the Marshall Mission to the Attack on Korea." Kemper, Donald James, "Senator Hennings and Civil Liberties." Mitchell, Franklin Dean, "Embattled Democracy: Missouri Democratic Politics, 1918-1932." Stewart, Ralph Edward, "Origin and Development of Intramural Sports For Men at the University of Missouri." Watts, James Francis, "The Public Life of Breckinridge Long, 1916-1944." West, William Francis, Jr., "The Legitimate Theatre in Rural Missouri from the Beginning of the Civil War Through 1872."

MASTER'S THESES Berk, Joan Karolyn Latimer, "KOMU-TV, The First Ten Years." Cheng, Jason Shien, "Walter Williams and China, His Influence on Chinese Journalism." Hawley, Jonathan Pier, "Republican Politics in Central Missouri; A Comparative Study of Boone and Cooper Counties." McDonald, Jean Gertrude Graves, "County Planning and Zoning in Missouri." Watson, Gaylon Howard, "A History of KWTO, Springfield, Missouri." West, David Richard, "A Study of the Combined Springfield, Missouri News­ papers." SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY GRADUATE THESES, 1964 DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Adams, Rita Grace, "Brigadier General John Adams, C.S.A.: Biography of a Frontier American (1825-1864)." 252 Missouri Historical Review

MASTER'S THESES Arthur, Edward Eugene, S.J., "A Study of the Funeral Direction Industry in the Saint Louis Area." Cliff, Raymond Francis, Jr., "The Stabilization of Downtown Saint Louis, 1962." Gibson, Charles Robert, S.J., "The Economic Development of Missouri and the Implications of Population Change and Family Income." Heyne, Clare Del, "The Scope and Limitations of the Saint Louis Pre-Cana Questionnaire." Kluge, Vernon Edgar, "Forecast of Income of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod." Maledon, William Edward, "Changes in the Saint Louis Manufacturing Profile, 1939-1958." Maloney, Thomas James, S.J., "The Borough Plan Election of 1962 in the City of St. Louis and St. Louis County: A Case Study in Metropolitan Problems." Murphy, James Lee, "The Consolidation of Street Railways in the City of Saint Louis, Missouri." Parks, Arnold Grant, "The Negro Newspaper in Saint Louis: A Media for Expressing the Negro's Socio-cultural Objectives as Exemplified by Its Editorial Content." Schmidt, Sister Mary Agnes, "Jefferson City: Missouri Urban and Political Center." Siebert, Sister Mary Cordelia, "Four Familiar Commercial Caves of Missouri."

CENTRAL MISSOURI STATE COLLEGE THESES, 1963-1964 MASTER'S THESES Hanna, Michael S., "An Examination of the Audience Adaptation of Harry S. Truman During the June, 1948 Whistle Stop Tour." Kennedy, Dorothy, "Democratic Party Splits in the Campaign of 1948." Mackey, Alice Jeanette, "A History of the Coates Opera House, Kansas City, Missouri, 1870-1901." Olmstead, John, "Truman Speaking: Common Man Image." Rustman, Delbert, "Public School Transportation Practices in the State of Missouri." Historical Notes and Comments 253

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES GREENE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY ASSUMES ACTIVE ROLE IN COMMUNITY LIFE

The Greene County Historical So­ Truman, and John K. Hulston, fol­ ciety is an outstanding example of a lowed by a tour of the battlefield. The local historical society which assumes Society took an active part in the a vital role in community life. For the observance of the centennial of the past ten years the Society, often in battle and the dedication of the site as cooperation with other local organi­ a national park on August 10, 1961. zations and institutions, has sponsored Through magazine articles and public historical projects and commemorated speeches Dr. L. E. Meador and Dr. H. historical events of special interest to Lee Hoover related the history of the Springfield and Greene County. battle, and Mrs. Lucile Morris Upton Society members were influential in prepared a series of articles on the the establishment in 1960 of Wilson's Civil War in the Ozarks for publication Creek Battlefield National Park, lo­ in the Springfield News and Leader. cated in Greene and Christian counties. The Society, in cooperation with the Members had for many years realized Springfield Public Library, sponsored the importance of the site. In 1955 the the reprinting, with an introduction by anniversary of the battle was com­ Fred DeArmond and an index by memorated with speeches by Dr. L. E. Maude DeArmond, of An Account of Meador, the late General Ralph E. the Battle of Wilson's Creek or Oak Hills

Dedication of John S. Phelps Historical Marker, June 7, 1964, in Phelps Grove Park, Springfield. From left to right: Dr. William E. Berger, Dr. H. E. Meador, and Dr. B. B. Lightfoot. Springfield Daily News 254 Missouri Historical Review

(Springfield, 1883), by Holcomb and Round Table of the Ozarks and the Adams. The publication was available Springfield Public Library in sponsor­ at the time of the centennial observ­ ing the archives housed in the Edward ance. Martin Shepard Memorial Room, The Greene County Historical So­ dedicated October 15, 1961. In the ciety, organized June 30, 1954, is the room are some 2,500 books, manu­ second historical society in the county. scripts, and recordings emphasizing the Justus R. Moll called a meeting history, folklore, geology, archaeology, January 2, 1933, the centennial year and genealogy of Missouri and the of the founding of Greene County, for Ozarks. Included are the collections the organization of a historical society. and archives of the Greene County Forty-three persons signed as charter Historical Society, Lucile Morris Up­ members. At monthly meetings histor­ ton's collections of Ozark poetry and ical papers and articles of interest were materials on the Battle of Wilson's presented, but after some four years, Creek, and the private collections of the the society was discontinued. Twenty- late Justus R. Moll, Lt. Commander one years later, under the presidency of W. K. Hall and Marvin Tong. In Dr. C Benton Manley, the newly- the Society collections is a letter dated organized Greene County Historical August 12, 1861, describing the Battle Society entered on its first decade of of Wilson's Creek. Thirty framed active historical work. During the past photographs of Springfield mayors and ten years the Society has presented a print of portraits of members of the varied and interesting programs, amas­ 36th Missouri Senate, valuable because sed a noteworthy collection of historical the original portraits were destroyed by documents, surveyed the area's historic fire, are also included. sites, erected historic markers, planned In 1957 Dr. H. Lee Hoover, then a cemetery census, acquired a valuable president of the Society, requested a photographic collection and cooperated survey of historic sites in the county as in the commemoration of historic part of the statewide survey in progress events. at the State Historical Society of Programs at the monthly meetings Missouri and the survey of Greene cover a wide field of interest. Talks County sites has continued as a have been presented on the life and Society project. In commemoration of work of men prominent in state and the 150th anniversary of the birth of county history, on the importance of John S. Phelps, State legislator, U.S. state and local history, and on tech­ congressman, Missouri governor, and niques for compiling family history. colonel of Phelps Regiment, fighting A recent program by the Recorder of with distinction on the Union side in Deeds of Greene County stressed the the Civil War Battle of Pea Ridge, information in his office available to Society members dedicated a marker persons engaged in genealogical or June 7, 1964, in Phelps Grove Park, historical research; another program Springfield. The marker bears metal consisted of a display of photographs. print pictures of Phelps and the former All programs are tape recorded and Phelps home in Springfield. During constitute a part of the archives of the the State and National Butterfield Society and the Public Library. In Overland Mail Celebration in 1958, the 1961 the first annual dinner meeting Society dedicated a Butterfield Trail of the Society was held. Marker, provided by the State Histori­ The Greene County Historical Soci­ cal Society of Missouri and located on ety works closely with the Civil War State Highway 13. Historical Notes and Comments 255

Since 1962 members have partici­ fees and from an annual used book sale, pated in the collection of photographs inaugurated in 1959. of historic sites, past and present, and Directed by Dr. C. Benton Manley, of individuals identified with the James E. Ruffin, Charles Sheppard, growth and development of Springfield Dr. H. Lee Hoover, LeRoy Fox, Dr. and Greene County. The Collection B. B. Lightfoot, and the incumbent now includes photographs of business president, Everett Sanders, the Greene buildings, streets, individuals, church­ County Historical Society has been es, schools, and homes. a leader in Springfield and Greene Recently the microfilming of the County during the past decade. Springfield National Cemetery records has been sponsored by the Springfield Atchison County Public Library and the Greene County Historical Society Historical Society. Starting with infor­ Claude A. Templeton was elected mation written 97 years ago as bodies temporary chairman and Dick Altman, of Civil War victims around Spring­ temporary secretary and treasurer, at field were moved to the burial plot, an organizational meeting held at the records of known and unknown graves First National Bank at Tarkio, October are listed. This is a parallel project 26. Mrs. Dorothy J. Caldwell, assist­ to the one now in progress by the ant editor of the Missouri Historical Greene County Historical Society to Review, spoke to the group on the make a record of gravestone inscrip­ formation of a local historical society. tions in the county. Another example of a cooperative Bates County Society project was the participation Historical Society in the program on October 21, 1961, for members of the St. Louis American The Society cooperated with the Hungarian Federation. In cooperation 68th Annual Reunion of Bates County with the Civil War Round Table of Old Settlers held August 26 at the the Ozarks, the Springfield Chamber City Hall in Butler. Special events of Commerce, and the Southwest included a tour of the County Museum, Missouri State College, the Society a report of the Museum by Wilbur Hastin, president of the Society, and was host to some 50 members of the an address, "History of Bates County," Federation who visited Springfield on by Ralph Fritts, vice president of the the 100th anniversary of Union Major Society. Charles Zagonyi's charge through Confederate lines in Springfield during The Bates Co. Democrat, Butler, the Civil War. publishes a weekly general report about the local historical museum, written by Recently the Society has given Mrs. Reva Stubblefield, curator. unanimous endorsement to the project for the preservation of the Nathan Boone County Boone log homestead, built about Historical Society 1837 near Ash Grove. The Society has a membership of Mrs. Virginia Botts presented the an­ 200, with five different types of swers to a questionnaire, " Know Your membership available. Blanks for County," at the meeting of the group, enrolling as a member are included in October 22, at the Community Room the Society Bulletin, issued monthly by of Columbia Savings Bank. The Dr. H. Lee Hoover, editor. Society Society voted to sponsor a marker for finances are derived from membership the old courthouse columns and 256 Missouri Historical Review

authorized the recording of oral Chariton County history by native Boone Countians, Historical Society under the chairmanship of Mrs. Mary Jordan R. Bentley, president of the Paxton Keeley. newly organized Chariton County Historical Society, reported that the Boonslick Historical Society articles of incorporation for the Society New officers elected at the annual have been signed and are in the process dinner meeting at Hotel Frederick, of being approved. After receiving Boonville, October 26, were Paul the Certificate of Incorporation the Darby, Boonville, president; Dr. L. G. building formerly used for school Abernathy, Fayette, vice president; purposes in Salisbury will be conveyed and Mrs. Lee Norbury, New Franklin, to the Society. The City of Salisbury secretary-treasurer. Lilburn A. Kings­ is giving the building to the Society. bury, New Franklin, discussed the history of John Barleycorn in the Civil War Round Table Boonslick country. of Kansas City Dr. Richard D. Mudd, medical Camden County doctor, historian, and author, spoke on Historical Society "Dr. Samuel Mudd and the Assassina­ Dave McCartney showed a film, tion of Lincoln," at the September 22 "Historic Missouri," at the October 8 meeting in Hotel Bellerive, Kansas meeting in the courthouse at Camden- City. Dr. Mudd is Medical Director of ton. the Chevrolet Iron Foundry in Sagi­ naw, Michigan, and a grandson of Dr. Cape Girardeau County Samuel Alexander Mudd, who was Historical Society convicted of conspiracy in the assas­ sination of Lincoln. The speaker has Repair on the Old Burfordville Mill, devoted many years to the task of completed by members late this clearing his grandfather of the charge, summer, included the replacement of but official recognition of his innocence broken windows, installation of new has not been declared. lights surrounding the mill and the At the October 27 meeting Dr. John laying of a new floor. Mrs. Arthur Y. Simon, Carbondale, Illinois, execu­ Thilenius served as mill chairman and tive director of the Ulysses S. Grant was assisted by Leonard R. Thomas Association, spoke on the subject and Jack Hopkins. "From Galena To Appomatox: Elihu The mill, given to the Society by B. Washburne and Ulysses S. Grant the Vandivort family, will soon have a During the Civil War." plaque to honor the donor. Martin Nothdurft and Hope Martin are in charge of a marker to be laid Civil War Round Table indicating the old toll gate at Burford­ of the Ozarks ville Bridge. Attorney Milton B. Kirby, Spring­ Special features of the Society field, addressed the group on "Sherman museum this past summer included a — War Criminal or Military Prophet," collection of rare, old fans owned at the September 9 meeting held at by Mrs. Fred Naeter and a 150-year- the Colonial Hotel in Springfield. old Grandmother's Clock, the property Everett Sanders, librarian and direc­ of the J. E. Green family, shown with tor of the Public Libraries in Springfield a collection of 100-year-old clocks. and Greene County, spoke on "Andrew Historical Notes and Comments 257

Johnson: A Revaluation," at the statue of General Andrew Jackson, October 14 meeting. Mr. Sanders, a given to the county by former U. S. World War II veteran, is a member of President Harry S. Truman were points of the Round Table and president of of interest. The group also visited Lake the Greene County Historical Society. Jacomo. The Association plans the purchase of the Ferrill Drugstore Civil War Round Table building in Liberty for use as a mu- of St. Louis The program for the October 28 Cole County Historical Society meeting at Admiral Benbow Inn, St. Louis, featured special guest speaker The Society sponsored a fall style Howard C Westwood, a member of show at Ramada Inn in Jefferson City, the Washington (D.C.) Round Table, October 1. A revue of past and present who discussed the Peace Convention styles featured wedding gowns of of 1861 and what "might have been" 1879, 1900, 1913, 1921, 1939 and 1965. had the peacemakers been successful. Proceeds from the show are to maintain the Society's museum. Clark County Historical Society Mrs. Dorothy J. Caldwell, assistant editor of the Missouri Historical New officers of the Society are James Review, spoke on "Historic Homes of Skeens, president; Arthur Brightwell, Missouri," illustrated with color slides, vice president; Stuart Hagerman, at the annual meeting, November 5, in treasurer; and Nell Bostic Hagerman, the Governor Hotel, Jefferson City. secretary. Directors elected at the meeting included Forrest P. Carson, Mrs. James Clay County Museum Association T. Blair, Sr., Donald M. Johnson, Henry G. LePage, Judge Henry Dr. Fred Morley had charge of the Westhues and Guy M. Sone for a one- program entitled "Antioch Church: year term; Foster B. McHenry, Mrs. A Sacred, Historic Landmark," for the Clem Storckman, Mrs. John A. Wil­ August 27 meeting at Antioch Church, liams, Frank Railton, Ira Lohman and Liberty. Mrs. Lily Smith, Mr. and William R. Nelson for a two-year term. Mrs. William Eldridge and Hugh Loughery also assisted in the program Concordia Historical Institute presentation. At the September 24 meeting in the The Institute sponsored a bus tour National Commercial Bank Building, to Perry County, "The Cradle of the Liberty, William Landahl, Director of Missouri Synod," on October 31. The Parks for Jackson County, discussed group visited several historic sites in the Lake Jacomo restoration. Russell the area including the landing place Stocksdale, a member of the Missouri of the Saxon immigrants, the original State Park Board, was program leader. site of Concordia College and Seminary A tour of historic Independence and and the site of the first Altenburg Jackson County was made by members parsonage and church. Members of of the Association, October 24. The the tour attended the dedication of the Jackson County Courthouse, erected Saxon Lutheran Memorial at Frohna in 1836, the 1827 log courthouse, the that afternoon and heard special guest Santa Fe trail marker, a marker naming speaker Dr. Oliver R. Harms, president Jackson County pioneers who fought of the Lutheran Church—Missouri in the Revolution, and the heroic Synod. 258 Missouri Historical Review

Dade County Historical Society Gordon L. Hopper, executive direc­ At the January, February and tor of Downtown St. Louis, Inc., March, 1964, meetings of the Society at presented a program about the plans the Greenfield Public Library programs and promotion for the redevelopment were presented on the Everton Picnic, of St. Louis at the October 15 meeting by Dr. E. H. Criswell; coal mining in at January-Wabash Park. Dade County, by Ray and Lola Scheafer; and on the Tucker and Friends of Arrow Rock, Inc. Montgomery families, by Mrs. Anna At an annual meeting, November 8 Finley. at Arrow Rock Chapel, directors Officers elected at the April 21 elected for three-year terms were C business meeting were Ray Scheafer, Wayne Elsea, Howard Adams, Mrs. president; Joe Landrith, first vice John M. Dalton and E. L. Melton. president; Allen Hughes, second vice A tour of Odd Fellows Hall followed president; Miss Tim Brewer, secretary the meeting. and treasurer; and Mrs. Lola Scheafer, assistant secretary and treasurer. Gentry County Historical Society Trustees elected were Mrs. Jewell A library film, "The Mayflower Langford, Bessie Freize and Ruth Story and Promise of Glory," was Rubenstine. shown at the October 4 meeting in the Spring and summer meetings of the King City Presbyterian Church. Society included reports on the Re- bekah Lodge of Dade County, by Mrs. Ella Whitney; caves of Dade County Greene County and Missouri, by Lon O'Dell; old Historical Society newspapers of Dade County, by Professor Warren B. Stratton, assist­ Mrs. Hilda Wallace; and Areola ant professor of Art and resident artist schools, by Mrs. Mae Hughes. at Evangel College, Springfield, pre­ A series of special events, sponsored sented a special program, "The History by the Society in observance of of the Manufacture of the Violin," at the American Landmarks Celebration, the September 24 meeting in the were held October 22-25 in Greenfield Springfield Art Museum. Professor and included exhibits of historical Stratton, a violin maker, demonstrated items displayed at various locations in some of his models. town; a parade on Saturday followed Officers and directors held a board by an address given by Dr. William meeting at the home of Everett E. Berger, associate professor of Sanders, September 21. New officers History at Drury College; and a tour for the coming year are Everett of historical places and homes on Sanders, president; Mrs. Dallas Anth­ Sunday. ony, vice president;and Miss Margaret McClure, secretary. Board members Florissant Valley are Mrs. Lucile M. Upton, Dr. LI. Lee Historical Society Hoover, Harold Haas, Edward Cor- The Sixth Annual House Tour, rigan, Fay Robb and Dr. B. B. Light­ sponsored by the Society, October 11, foot. included historic homes of the area, The Southwest Missouri State Col­ each featuring priceless antiques. Pro­ lege Interpreters Theatre presented a ceeds from the tour will be used to special program entitled, "The Molly- restore the Taille de Noyer Home, joggers," at the October 22 meeting in headquarters of the Society. the Springfield Art Museum. The Historical Notes and Comments 259 program, based on the book, Molly- History of the Jewish Community joggers—Tales of Camp Fire, by John of St. Louis." Dunckel, was arranged and directed by James Cermack and read by Cermack, Jackson County Jerry Mack Johnson, Bob Zay and Historical Society Fred Homan. Mrs. Alberta Wilson Constant, historical writer and former organizer Hickory County and director of the Society archives, Historical Society spoke on "Some Aspects of American Letters written in 1864 were read at Folklore," at the annual dinner held the quarterly meeting of the Society, September 29 at the William Rockhill June 16, at Hermitage. Mrs. Bonnie Nelson Gallery of Art, Kansas City. (Cooper) Kearney told of her early school days at Hartman Grove some Kingdom of Gallaway 73 years ago. Eugene Harryman gave Historical Society a history of the organization of Union The life of Colonel James A. Prit- Hill Christian Church. Judge E. R. chard, Mexican War captain and Crouch presented the Society with an Confederate Army colonel, was por­ 1843 will book. Mrs. Fannie Hutton, trayed by Judge Hugh P. Williamson, Wheatland, presented the Society with Miss Rae Dubray, Ron Lietz, Hugh the first glass fruit jar brought to the P. Williamson, Jr. and Banks Wagoner county in 1858. Other items of histori­ at the August 17 meeting held at the cal interest were displayed at the R.E.A. Building, Fulton. Mrs. James meeting by Mrs. Claude Carpenter Lamar gave an account of the Elkanah and Miss Franke Bartshe. Smith family, prominent early settlers Several members gave reports on the of Fulton. Selvidge, Schweissguth, Boone, Coffey At the September 21 meeting Fred and Schindler families at the Septem­ B. Schulenberg, of the Portland ber 22 meeting at the courthouse in Cement Association, showed slides and Hermitage. Mrs. Nannie Jinkens gave gave a commentary on "Magnificent a resume of the Mennonites from Missouri." His collection of pictures on Hickory County. Historical items of Missouri courthouses was of special the late Dora Lafaver, presented to interest. the Society by Mrs. Mae Delozier, James E. Moss, assistant director of were displayed at the meeting. the State Historical Society, spoke on "The Code Duello In Missouri," at Historical Association of the October 19 meeting. Greater St. Louis New officers for 1964-65 are Dr. William E. Parrish, president; Judge The November 12 meeting at Pius Hugh P. Williamson, vice president; XII Memorial Library, St. Louis Clyde R. Boyd, secretary; and Gene University, featured special guest West, treasurer. speakers, Father William B. Faherty, associate professor, St. Louis Univer­ sity, who spoke on "Ecumenic Support Kirkwood Historical Society of the St. Louis Cathedral and College About 50 members attended the in the Early Days," and Donald I. June 9 picnic dinner and business Makovsky, president of the Jewish meeting at the home of George Heege. Historical Association of Greater St. Glynn E. Clark, Campus Director of Louis, who spoke on "The Early Meramec Community College, Kirk- 260 Missouri Historical Review

wood, spoke at the September 8 meet­ organizational meeting, October 22 in ing at the City Hall, Kirkwood. the courthouse at Linneus. Dr. Brown­ lee emphasized the potentials for a Lafayette County local society and told about the Historical Society State Historical Society. A committee was appointed to set up Dr. Howard N. Monnett, dean of by-laws and the organizational struc­ faculty at the Junior College of ture for the local society and to plan Kansas City, spoke on the Civil War for future projects. Battle of Westport at the August 9 A. R. James, Brookfield, was recently meeting in Confederate Memorial chosen as temporary chairman and State Park, Lexington. Dr. Monnett Mrs. Travis Smith, Purdin, temporary is the author of Action Before Westport, published in limited edition by the secretary. Westport Historical Society. The October 4 meeting held in the Maries County Historical Society Parish Hall of the 1848 Christ Episco­ Members attending the October 22 pal Church, Lexington, gave visitors a meeting in the Methodist Parish Hall, chance to view the historic church and Vienna, were requested to bring hear the 1866 pipe organ. Special photographs, documents, clippings, or guest, Dr. Floyd C Shoemaker, other interesting items and relate the secretary emeritus of the State Histori­ historical significance of each as a part cal Society, introduced the speaker, of the evening's program. Some 900 Dr. Lewis E. Atherton, professor of items are on display at the Museum. History at the University of Missouri, who spoke on "James and Robert Aull, Pioneer Merchants; Their Historical Marion County Historical Society and Personal Significance." The Aull More than $600 has been donated for Papers were displayed at a social hour the erection of a monument at the held in the Cumberland Room of the unmarked grave of William H. Russell Lexington Library. in the Palmyra Cemetery, according to a report given at the October 7 Landmarks Association of meeting of the Society at the Mark St. Louis, Inc. Twain Hotel. Mrs. Jennie Simpson The Association is trying to save the showed a film on the Governor's Old St. Louis Post Office from destruc­ Mansion at Jefferson City. Officers tion and replacement by a new federal elected were David U. Givan, presi­ office building. Plans for remodeling dent; Charles Clayton, first vice the interior of the old post office have president; William E. Partee, second been submitted and petitions for its vice president; Robert Davidson, secre­ preservation have been circulated. tary; and Mrs. Frank Kastle, treasurer. The restoration and refurnishing of DeMenil Mansion is almost complete McDonald County and the home should be open for Historical Society public exhibition this spring. Miss Rowan Elliff, Pineville, pre­ sented a program on "The Importance Linn County Historical Society of Springs in the Life and Early Settle­ Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of ment of McDonald County, Missouri," the State Historical Society and former at the October 11 dinner meeting at Linn County resident, spoke at the the Cove Cafe near Lanagan. Historical Notes and Comments 261

Mrs. Hiram Carnell, president, set Native Sons of Kansas City aside the week of October 10-17 in Bill Vaughan, noted journalist for observance of American Landmarks the Kansas City Star, spoke on "What Celebration and urged all residents to It's Like to be a Native Son," at the visit landmarks of the area. October 7 meeting at Hotel Bellerive. New officers are Mrs. Pauline Car­ nell, Jane, president; Mrs. Doris Phelps County Dorothy, Anderson, vice president; Historical Society Bill Peterman, Pineville, secretary; and Over 500 persons took part in the Mrs. Patrick Laurie, Ginger Blue, Society's "Horse and Buggy Days" treasurer. Tour of Rolla, held August 23. The 32 historic places of interest listed for Missouri Historical Society visit included the old Rolla City Jail, Free history talks for children began Civil War Post headquarters, the at Jefferson Memorial, St. Louis, county courthouse, the old foot­ October 3, and will continue each bridge, and old business establish­ Saturday through May. ments, homes, churches and schools. The Women's Association of the The Society's historical Sites Com­ Historical Society held their seventh mittee, the past summer, sponsored a annual nonprofit regional tour, "Jour­ contest to select the design of a ney Along El Camino Real," October memorial monument to E. W. Bishop, 10, in cooperation with the Women's Rolla's founder, and chose the winning Club of Ste. Genevieve. About 15 design done by Douglas Stark. The places were visited on the tour includ­ marker will be placed near the new ing historic points of interest in Jeffer­ post office building on the old Bishop son County and historic business Home Block. houses, homes and gardens in Ste. Funds from an old-fashioned square Genevieve. Msgr. Edmund Venverloh dance held in the State National Guard gave the town history at the Church Armory, October 28, were to be used in of Ste. Genevieve. an effort to preserve old Civil War Fort Wyman. Missouri "Show Me" Club New officers for 1964-65 are B. R. Dr. Lucia Liverette entertained the Bass, president; Mrs. W. C Hayes, group with well-known opera excerpts vice president; Dr. C V. Mann, at the August 16 meeting in the First corporate secretary; Mrs. Eugene Methodist Church, Los Angeles, Cali­ Sherrell, recording secretary; and Wal­ fornia. ter W. Snelson, treasurer, all of Rolla. Mrs. Nellie Manning and her group The Society sponsored a "Horse- of entertainers presented the program and-Buggy Days" tour of St. James, at the September 20 meeting. October 18. Some 43 places of interest were visited including the Dellacella Marjorie Tayloe, native of Jasper Opera House, the Lee Anderson Home, County, Missouri, and a group of Old Dillon Post Office, Wishon Ceme­ friends featured folk songs from tery, Meramec Spring and Old St. Missouri at the October 18 meeting. James Seminary. Photographs from On December 5 the group made its the Old Album Collection were on annual visit to Santa's Village and display at the James Memorial Library Lake Arrowhead, California. throughout the day. 262 Missouri Historical Review

Pike County Historical Society sites which might be preserved in the Ninety-five members and guests vicinity of the Kaysinger Dam was attended the October 8 quarterly appointed at the October 8 meeting in dinner meeting held in the Christian the St. Clair County Courthouse, Church, Frankford. Mrs. Willard Osceola. Officers re-elected for 1964-65 Middleton, Bowling Green, read a were James D. Attebery, president; paper on the history of Antioch Church Morran D. Harris, first vice president; in Pike County and Mrs. Dorothy Walter Siegismund, second vice presi­ Caldwell, assistant editor of the dent; Geneva Bledsoe, secretary; and Missouri Historical Review, spoke on John E. L. Mills, treasurer. historic sites in Missouri illustrated with slides. A scroll of the Douglas St. Louis Westerners family history, early settlers in Pike Ernst A. Stadler, vice president of County, was presented to the Society Westerners, spoke on "Karl May, by Mrs. Charles G. Buffum, president, German Novelist of the American on behalf of the owner, Mrs. Mary West" at the October 16 meeting held Douglas Osburn, St. Helena, Califor­ at Garavelli's Restaurant, St. Louis. nia. The scroll was prepared by James Dr. Carl H. Chapman, professor of Robinson Douglas as dictated by his Anthropology at the University of father, Robert E. Lee Douglas. Missouri, addressed the group on "Imperialists of the Prairies, The Osage Platte County Historical Society Indian Tribes" at the November 20 dinner meeting. A covered dish dinner preceded the Officers for the coming year are November 11 meeting at Park Hill Clarence H. Schultz, president; Ernst Junior High School. Sidney Moore, a A. Stadler, vice president; James V. promoter of the Jacomo Lake Missouri Swift, treasurer; and J. Orville Spreen, Village restoration program, spoke secretary. and presented slides showing the progress of the project. Saline County Historical Society New officers elected are J. C. Bailey, Camden Point, president; Gordon L. W. Howard Adams, Blue Springs, Miller, Platte City, first vice president; addressed the group at the annual Ted Jones, Platte City, second vice summer picnic, held September 6 at president; Ira Hassenpflug, Parkville, the Seminole Court, Indian Foothills treasurer; and Mary B. Aker, Park­ Park, Marshall. ville, executive secretary. Trustees elected for three years are O. V. Cecil, Shannon County Darwin Martin and Clyde Newman; Historical Society those elected for two years, Mrs. At the July meeting held at Alley Edward Foster and Mrs. William Spring State Park, Mrs. Georgia Green Fickle; and Ernest Nieman and Mrs. presented a paper on the history of Helen Brenner, for one year. Alley Spring. M. F. Williams also read A second volume of cemetery records a paper on the history of early Fourth- is being compiled by the Society. of-July community picnics and Elmo Ingenthron, Forsyth, talked on possible St. Clair County functions of a historical society. Historical Society Officers elected for the coming year A committee to consult with the are Dr. Robert Lee, Eminence, presi­ Missouri State Park Board on historic dent; M. F. Williams, Eminence, vice Historical Notes and Comments 263

president; Mrs. John Colley, Eminence, Westerners, Kansas City Posse secretary; and G. G. Rollins, Winona, Guest speaker at the August 11 treasurer. meeting at Hotel Bellerive, Kansas Shannon Ennis was program chair­ City, was Don Oster, Raytown, who man for the October 7 meeting held at spoke on "Two Missouri Cities— Timber School, near Eminence. Papers Magazine Images of Kansas City and on the history of rural education in St. Louis." Shannon County were presented. In addition to publishing a Shannon Dr. William D. Aeschbacher, direc­ County Historical Review, Dr. Lee also tor of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presents on behalf of the Society, a Library, Abilene, Kansas, spoke on weekly radio broadcast from Houston "The Opening of the Nebraska Sand­ Station KBTC emphasizing the his­ hills to Cattlemen, 1870-1885" at tory of the Ozark Area. the September 8 meeting. "Western Land Policies of the Shelby County Historical Society United States and Life on the Kansas New officers elected at the second Prairie" was the title of an address Charter night dinner, October 29, at given by Orval Hemphill, instructor of the Masonic Temple, Shelbina, were American government at Shawnee Loy Jones, president; Katherine Drain, Mission North, at the October 13 first vice president; Herb Williams, meeting. second vice president; Alice Priest, Harry C. Revercomb, Kansas City, secretary; and Mrs. Ola B. Wilson, Kansas, Book Dealer, addressed the treasurer. Mrs. Joan Bierly, on behalf group on "Thirty-three Years in of the 49'ers Club, presented the Americana" at the November 9 Society with a replica of a wagon made meeting. in the early days at Shelbina. Roy Neff, speaker of the evening, gave a report on the surveying of county Westport Historical Society cemeteries. Arthur E. Lowell, of the Lowell Press, spoke on "Publishing Your Watkins Mill Association Family Genealogy," at the September Ronald Munsterman has been named 20 meeting at the Westport Presby­ superintendent of Watkins Mill State terian Church, Kansas City. Park and Book Rucker was assigned as archaeologist. The contractor, Jim McCullough of Excelsior Springs, White River Valley began work on the restoration of the Historical Society Mill building, August 31. The Society is to be commended on Future plans call for the construction its fine publication, the White River of a 30-to 50-acre lake, picnic areas, Valley Historical Quarterly, under the a camping site, rental cabins, nature editorship of Dorothy Cummings, trails and a recreation center. Branson. 264 Missouri Historical Review

COMMEMORATIVE EVENTS

Anniversaries houses. Mr. Orr in turn gave the bird houses to a representative of the Marker Unveiled county court, Presiding Judge H. C At Athens Battle Site Young, for erection on the courthouse A two-day celebration commemorat­ lawn. Decendants of the first three ing the 103rd anniversary of the Battle county court judges were then intro­ of Athens, northernmost Civil War duced. battle west of the Mississippi River, was held at Athens, Missouri, August Missouri Valley College Observes 1-2. Russell Stocksdale, Liberty, mem­ Diamond Jubilee ber of the Missouri State Park Board, Missouri Valley College, Marshall, gave the dedicatory address August 2 erected in 1889, observed its Diamond at the unveiling of the marker erected Jubilee anniversary year on September by the Clark County Historical 18. At an academic convocation at the Society. State Representative Gilbert stadium, Miss Helen Jepson, for several W. Sargent, Kahoka, served as master years a leading singer in the New York of ceremonies. State Senator William City Metropolitan Opera, received an O. Mackie, Kirksville, unveiled the honorary degree, Doctor of Fine Arts, marker. Speakers were Theodore M. and Lome Greene, star of Bonanza, Cook, Keosauqua, Iowa, and Robert a weekly television show, was awarded Eisenhart, Burlington, Iowa. The a Doctor of Humane Letters degree. Iowa National Guard gave the rifle Miss Jepson delivered the convocation squad salute and the color guard recall. address entitled, "Singing to Stardom." Guided tours, exhibits, a horse show, At a later ceremony that day, and pony races were included in the Lome Greene unveiled the cornerstone celebration. of Moreland Hall, a men's dormitory Athens Park officers are Thomas named for William H. Moreland, Rider, president; Archie Buck, vice 1909 graduate. president; Ernest French, treasurer; and Mrs. Ruth Skeens, secretary. Old Settlers Observe Middletown Centennial Saline Co. Historical Society A centennial celebration marking Presents Program on Marshall's the incorporation of Middletown was 125th Anniversary observed July 8, at the annual Old Special events in a three-day cele­ Settlers Picnic. Circuit Judge George bration commemorating the 125th P. Adams of Mexico, and attorney anniversary of the founding of Marshall Max Oliver of Montgomery City, spoke included fashion shows, special musical at a special program at the New entertainment, contests and a parade. Community Building, Middletown. At a program presented by the Saline Other special events included a parade, County Historical Society on Friday antique show and band concert. afternoon, Mrs. John R. Hall spoke on the six courthouses of the county. Deaconess Hospital Marks Alva Gauldin presented to A. H. Orr, 75th Anniversary president of the Society, bird house The Deaconess Hospital of St. Louis replicas he had made of the court­ observed its 75th anniversary the past Historical Notes and Comments 265

year. Established August 19, 1889, in a Mount Pleasant Christian Church, rented 11-room house, the institution near Fayette, observed the 110th is today one of the leading private anniversary of its founding on Septem­ general hospitals of that city. ber 20. At the special program following a basket dinner, a history Dinner Honors Centennial of the church and a musical program Of Methodist Children's Home were presented. A centennial dinner, October 5, at Union Station, St. Louis, sponsored The Greeley Presbyterian Church, by the board of directors of the St. Louis, began its 100th anniversary Methodist Children's Home of Mis­ celebration, October 4, with a special souri, celebrated the Home's 100 years worship service. Other events included of service to children in the area. an October 10 homecoming dinner Dr. Arthur S. Fleming, president of and choir program and special worship the University of Oregon, was the services on October 11 and 18. principal speaker. The 120th anniversary of the Long Branch Christian Church near Savan­ Churches nah was observed September 6. A The Holy Cross Parish Church of basket dinner at noon was followed by Baden observed its 100th anniversary, an organ concert presented by Sheryl September 6, with consecration cere­ Kephart, St. Joseph. Reverend William monies performed by the Most Rever­ L. Harper, pastor of the First Christian end Glennon P. Flavin, S.T.D., senior Church, Savannah, gave the address. auxiliary bishop of the St. Louis Archdiocese. The 100th anniversary of the Oregon Methodist Church, Oregon, was ob­ The Brauersville Immanual Luther­ served June 21 with special services an Church celebrated its 115th anni­ given by Reverend N. Clinton Chas- versary, October 4, with a basket teen, area assistant, and Dr. Thorn dinner and two special services. The Hall, district superintendent. Reverend Erwin G. Fritschel, presi­ The Reverend Dr. Bradford V. dent of the Central District of Ameri­ Powell, pastor of St. John's Methodist can Lutheran Churches, preached at Church, St. Louis, spoke at the 123rd the morning service and spoke in the anniversary dinner of the St. Paul's afternoon on "The Church and the Methodist Church, St. Louis, held World Today." Reverend Eugene A. September 29. Moll, pastor, compiled a history of the church, published in the Stover, Tri- Schools County Republican, October 1. The 100th anniversary of Shiloh- Knotts School was commemorated A special service at the Centenary by a reunion held September 13 at Methodist Church, St. Louis, on Swope Park, Kansas City. September 27, presented by Bishop Eugene Frank, marked the beginning Memorials of a month-long celebration in honor of the church's 125th anniversary. Ceremonies Held at Later commemorative events included Battle of Lone Jack Site special church services and church Representative William J. Randall program innovations. was the principal speaker at ceremonies 266 Missouri Historical Review commemorating the Civil War Battle Memorial Service Re-enacts of Lone Jack held August 16 at the Arrival of Pershing Family battle site. The traditional surrender In Laclede of the Confederate sword was por­ A memorial service and program trayed by Todd M. George, as General re-enacting the arrival of the pioneer Robert E. Lee, and J. E. Spencer, Pershing family in Laclede was held representing General Ulysses S. Grant. September 13 at Pershing State Park. Members of the Veterans of Foreign John J. Pershing, a member of the Wars post from Pleasant Hill and Boy family, helped to establish the churches Scouts marched to the cemetery and and school in Laclede and was the only six-star General of the Armies in placed wreaths on veterans' graves. U. S. history. The memorial address Dr. Ralph A. Powell, Lee's Summit was given by Rev. Dr. A. Sterling mayor and historian of the area, told Ward, director of field relations and of hardships caused by Order No. 11. professor of Church Administration B. J. George, Kansas City, served as at St. Paul Methodist School of master of ceremonies. Theology at Kansas City.

He Was Off On a "Furrin" Tour From the Hannibal Journal, September 28, 1853.

MR. EDITOR:

I believe it is customary nowadays, for a man, as soon as he gets his name up, to take a "furrin" tour for the benefit of his health; or, if his health is good, he goes without any excuse at all. Now, I think my health was sufficiently injured by last week's efforts, to justify me in starting on my tour; and ere your hebdo- modal is published, I shall be on my way to another country—yes, Mr. Editor, I have retired from public life to the shades of Glascock's Island!—and I shall gratify such of your readers as have never been so far from home, with an account of this great island and my voyage thither.

W. EPAMINONDAS ADRASTUS BLAB, Esq.

[Written by Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) for the Journal, edited by his brother, Orion Clemens.) Historical Notes and Comments 267

HONORS AND TRIBUTES L. MITCHELL WHITE RECEIVES AWARD FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE IN JOURNALISM

L. Mitchell White, co-editor and committees and on committees for the co-publisher of the Mexico Ledger was Office of Censorship and the U. S. the recipient of the 1964 University of Treasury Press Division. In 1943 he Minnesota School of Journalism award was an accredited war correspondent for distinguished service. A medallion covering news from the Yukon Ter­ and accompanying certificate symbol­ ritory and the Alaskan Military izing the award, was presented to him Highway. by Dr. Robert L. Jones, director of the University of Minnesota School of Mr. White has served as president of Journalism at the October 19 annual the Missouri Chamber of Commerce, meeting of the Inland Daily Press the Missouri Press Association, and Association in Chicago. Mr. White the Missouri Good Roads Association, served as president of the Association three terms as president of the State in 1944. Historical Society of Missouri and is now a permanent trustee of the Mr. White, who began his career in Society. 1905 working on his father's newspaper, has been its publisher since 1917 and Other awards in the field of journal­ at the age of 81, still writes editorials ism given to Mr. White include an and a daily column. As one of the award for distinguished service in founders of the Missouri Associated 1943, an honorary LL.D. degree in Dailies in 1912, he served as presi­ 1958, both from the University of dent in 1914 and as a secretary for 30 Missouri, and an Alumni Achievement years thereafter. During World War Award in 1963 from Westminster II he served on numerous state College, Fulton.

Plaque Presented to who told of plans to establish a Arrow Rock State Park as frontier newspaper museum at Arrow National Landmark Rock and Orval L. Henderson, Jr., a member of the Missouri State Park At a special ceremony held Novem­ Board, who urged the support of a ber 8 at Arrow Rock State Park, a budget request for improvements and National Park Service representative, additions to Arrow Rock and the Park. Leroy Brown, presented a plaque Special guest speaker was David designating the Park as a national D. Thompson, Jr., of the National historic landmark to Mrs. Sallie Hailey, Park Service. secretary of Friends of Arrow Rock, Inc. Arrow Rock received this honor Governor Dalton Appoints Ten because it marked the beginning of As Missouri Squires the old Santa Fe Trail. Speakers at the dedication included William Bray, On September 9, Governor John M. executive secretary of the Missouri Dalton named ten new appointees to Press Association and journalism pro­ the Missouri Academy of Squires, a fessor at the University of Missouri, program begun in 1960 by the late 268 Missouri Historical Review

Governor James T. Blair in an effort archivist, was honored for her many to honor outstanding Missourians on years of work in the Society and her a statewide basis. efforts to preserve the historical One of the newly appointed Squires heritage of the St. Charles area at was L. Mitchell White of Mexico, the annual dinner meeting, September cited for his many services to his 20, sponsored by the St. Charles community and state, not only as Chamber of Commerce. editor and publisher of the Mexico Evening Ledger, but also for his Rev. Suelflow Honored activities in many other fields of human For Archival Administration betterment. Mr. White is a past president and permanent trustee of the The Reverend August R. Suelflow, State Historical Society and has been director of the Concordia Historical an active and influential member Institute, St. Louis, has been named for many years. a Fellow of the Society of American Archivists for his significant contribu­ Six other members of the Society tions in the field of archival adminis­ added to the Academy of Squires were: tration and preservation. He has Mrs. Raymond A. Young, Columbia, served as director of the Institute, cited for being a moving force in the Department of Archives and History community, state and nation for edu­ of the Lutheran Church—Missouri cation and libraries; Dr. Frederick A. Synod since 1948. Middlebush, Columbia, for his service of 19 years as president of the Uni­ versity of Missouri; Mrs. G. Baird Three Missourians Named Fisher, Osgood, for leadership in To Sports Hall of Fame restoring Arrow Rock Tavern; Laur- Three Missourians were named for ance M. Hyde, Jefferson City, for the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame and contributions to the welfare of his honored at a banquet held in Columbia, state as lawyer, businessman, public October 24. Miss Helen Stephens, a official, farmer and U.S. Senator; and resident of Ferguson, was the first Morton B. May, St. Louis, for contrib­ woman to be named. She was con­ ution to the betterment of metropoli­ sidered the best U. S. woman sprinter tan St. Louis through cultural and of the 1930s and the holder of many civic activities. world and Olympic records. Jim Conzelman, longtime college and pro­ Mrs. Olson Honored fessional football player and coach As St. Charles Historian of St. Louis, was also named along Mrs. Edna McElhiney Olson, St. with the late professional golf star, Charles County Historical Society Horton Smith. Historical Notes and Comments 269

GIFTS CHARLES ALLONBY, Neosho, donor: Five photographs pertaining to Corsicana, a once prosperous town in Barry County.

MRS. KATHERINE FRICK EBELING, Warrenton, donor: The Pulse, Central Wesleyan College Annual, 1923, 1927 & 1928. The College Star, later the Central Wesleyan Star, a college periodical, Vols. 6-20, 1888- 1903. These gifts were in memory of Prof. John H. Frick and Dr. A. W. Ebeling, father and husband. WILLIAM LLOYD ELDER, Marshall, donor; through Mrs. Henry Hamilton, Marshall: Four volumes, record books of A. H. W. Sullivan, M.D., Miami, Missouri, include notes on weather and events dating from 1891-1903 and 1919-1935. DR. H. LEE HOOVER, Springfield, donor: Two booklets: Old First Church, 1844-1944 and Old Calvary Church, 1849-1949. Photographs of historic interest to Southwest Missouri. L. A. MCCOY, Red Bluff, California, donor: One Missouri Defense Bond, $3.00, dated 1861. One Day Book, 1841, incom­ plete. Ten deeds, 1845, 1856, 1866, etc. RUTH MCDANIEL, Liberty, donor: Single issues of the Nevada Southwest Mail (1882), Daily Democrat (1881), and Vernon County Democrat (1880). Certificate of Discharge from Confeder­ ate Army (1861). Webster's Elementary Spelling Book (1866). Montana Gold Rush letters (1860s). Photographs of people and places in Nevada and Vernon County, 1880-1920. MRS. VIRGINIA POOLE MIZE, Mississippi City, Mississippi, donor: Microfilm copy of: Civil War Diary of Avington Wayne Simpson of Polk County, Missouri, who served in the Fifth Missouri Regiment, Company A. MRS. GEORGE ROZIER, Jefferson City, donor: Geological maps of Ozark and Clark counties. MRS. MINNIE TRIMBLE, Columbia, donor: Book: Compendium of History and Biography of Linn County Missouri (Chicago, 1912). B. B. WATSON, Palmyra, donor: A group picture taken *at First Avenue Methodist Church in Louisville, Kentucky, at the time Bishop William Fletcher McMurry was in charge of the Board of Church Extension at Louisville. ALICE WILCOX, New York, New York, donor: A water color painting, "Old Homestead," by Miss Wilcox.

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: Typescript records of Traw, Hammer, Darrow, Hopkins and Caviness Cemeteries in Camden County. 270 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Boonville Daily News August 19, 1964—An illustrated article, "100-year-old Diary Tells of War in Central Missouri," related passages from the diary of an Iowa volunteer stationed in Missouri, 1861-62. September 30—A picture story, "Howard County's Heritage," was illustrated with photos of the 1925 New Franklin Catholic Church Congregation; class of 1928-29; Boon's Store, 1924; Franklin Junction, and Palace Hotel and railroad yard at New Franklin about 1904.

Camdenton, Central Mo. Leader October 6, 1964—A short history of the Camdenton Branch of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was written by Goldie Munro.

Centralia [Illinois] Sentinel September 27, 1964—"Big Massacre at Centralia [Missouri]!"

Clinton Daily Democrat August 6, 1964—"No Bowling Ball in Artesian Well," by Haysler A. Poague, traced the history of flowing artesian water in Henry County. October 8—"The Story of the Big Dam," by Haysler A. Poague, related the 30-year history of the Kaysinger Dam Project.

Clinton Eye June 11, 1964—"T.V. Shows Could Have Henry County Setting," by Haysler A. Poague traced the wagon train settlement of the county and noted the Sedalia Cattle Trail across the county and cattle drives to California.

Columbia Daily Tribune September 30—An article by Rose DeW'ever, "Bringing the Past to the Present," described the State Historical Society's Newspaper Collection, its value to historical researchers and genealogists, and the work of newspaper librarian, Kenneth Holmes.

Columbia Missourian August 2, 1964—The birth of William Clark on August 1, 1770, and his role in Missouri history was noted in "Trail-Blazer Clark Passed Near Columbia on Noted Trek," by Carolin Chapman. September 6—An illustrated article by Gail Gernstein, "Only the Jewells Welcome," related a brief history of the Jewell family cemetery located near Columbia, and the George Jewells, early Boone County family. October 1—An article by Walter Shemwell, "Crops Now Cover Site of Old Indian Village," noted the discovery of an 800 to 1000 A.D. Indian skeleton by James Price, archaeology student at the University of Missouri, on a farm near Naylor. A description of the Indian Village at the site was included. October 10—An illustrated article, "History of Highest State Tribunal Color­ ful," by John Kretschmer. Historical Notes and Comments 271

October 18—An illustrated article, "Lutheran Church's Missouri Synod Celebrates 125th Anniversary in Beautiful Saxony Hills," by Charles Weiss.

Kansas City Star August 9, 1964—An illustrated article by Alvin McCoy, "The First Kansas Citian Was an Elephant Hunter," described prehistoric inhabitants of the Kansas City area. August 9—"Laughter in the Pews As Fourth Season Unfolds in Arrow Rock," by Giles M. Fowler, gave the history of the summer Lyceum theater at Arrow Rock and described plays presented in 1964 in the minature Gothic church. August iJ—" Chautauqua Meant Culture, Before Motor Car Era," by Will Townsend. August 25—In the article, "When ' Devil's Fences' Bounded Missouri Farms," Judge Hugh P. Williamson recalled neighborhood disputes caused by crude surveys of boundary lines and land titles. September 6—Variety Grove, the 1840 Luther Mason Home at Lake Lotawana near Kansas City, was described and its history related by Elizabeth Lunt. October 10—An illustrated story of Princeton's annual October celebration was published under the title "Calamity Jane Returns And Clocks Turn Back," by Ayres Blocher, Jr. October 25—"Thousands Witnessed Debut of A Depot," by Calvin Manon; "Jarvis Hunt Designed a Grand Building," by Don Hoffman; and "Efficiency Marks Railroading Today With Passing of The Wonderful Era of Steam and Bell," by William H. Radford presented a history of Union Station and railroad transportation in Kansas City to mark the 50th anniversary of the Station.

Kansas City Times August 6, 1964—Robert Pearman in "At Home and in Capital, a Family Made History," related the history of Francis Preston Blair and his two sons, Francis (Frank) Preston, Jr., and Montgomery. August 22—"A Century Ago This Week, First Train Left City," by Calvin Manon, related the enthusiasm, hardships and disappointments in the laying of a 270-mile line of track for the Pacific [Missouri Pacific] Railroad from St. Louis to Kansas City, 1864-65. September 12—In an illustrated article, "Before He Was 20, F.X. Aubrey Blazed to Fame," H. Jay Sharp presented a fictionalized account of the Santa Fe trail and trade. September 15—"Boone County Staked the Most on M.U. Dream," by Clyde Neibarger, related a short history of the University of Missouri at Columbia. October 28—"General Blunt May Have Won at Newtonia," by Mary Cozad, gave an account of the Civil War battle at Newtonia.

Marshall, The Daily Democrat-News July 20, 25, August 3 & 4, 1964—A series entitled "Early Physicians of Saline County Worked Together For Public Health," "Continuing Short Biographies of Medical Doctors in Saline," "This Revised Second Installment of Medical History Corrects Error," and "Short Biographies of More Medical Doctors Who Practiced In Saline," were written by Dr. G. A. Aiken. August 6, 7 & 8—A series on covered bridges in the county, written by J. L. Buntin, appeared under the titles, "Early Day Covered Bridges Built in Saline 272 Missouri Historical Review

Were Self-Supporting," "One Covered Bridge Placed At Site of 1833 Blackwater Ferry," and " W. B. Napton's 1912 Report on Two Bridges is Quoted by Buntin." August 8, 10, 11, 12, 15 & 17—Mrs. John R. Hall wrote a series of articles on "History of County Government." August 15—A history of county newspapers, compiled by Ronald Clemons, was published under the title, "Only Four Newspapers Survive of About 70 Started in Saline County." August 21, 22, 24, 29, 31 and September 1 & 5—A history of Saline County's various types of communication was written by Mrs. Helen Jackson and appeared in a series under the titles: "History of Communications in Saline Amazing Progress Story;" "Miami Had The First Telephone System Established In Saline;" "Malta Bend First Connected To Marshall Through Miami Line;" "One Relay Tower In Bell System Located In Saline At Orearville;" "Mid- Missouri Telephone Company Has Carried Out Bid Expansion;" "Telegraph}7 Came To Saline County Three Decades Before Telephone;" and "Ham Operators Give Outstanding Service To Public In Emergencies." September 1, 2—"History of Missouri Valley During Seventy-five Years Since Founding," and "Valley's First Honorary Degrees Conferred at Chapel Dedi­ cation," a series on Missouri Valley College, Marshall, condensed from a Master's degree thesis by Nellie F. Parsons. September 9, 14 & 28—"This is the Start of Shackelford Area History," "Tile Factory, Coal Mining and Fish Raising Once at Shackelford," and "Infor­ mation About More of the Families in Shackelford Area," a series by Mrs. Garnett Jones. September 9 & 30, October 14 & 15—A series of old photographs from the Mis­ souri Valley College archives, Marshall, recalled college life, ball teams and graduating classes of the past. * September 15—Events at the laying of the cornerstone at Missouri Valley College, April 10, 1889, were described in "Lexington Man Who Was At Laying of Cornerstone Tells of That Event" and "Cornerstone Day Copy Found of Democrat-News." October 2—A brief biography of Dr. Matthew Walton Hall, written by John R. Hall, his grandson, was reprinted from a Missouri State Society of Daughters of the American Revolution brochure. October 5—The history of a Saline County church, "Deed Record of 1889 Is Believed Start of Nelson Methodist Church," by Mrs. Harry G. Smith, Nelson. October 7, 15, 26 & 31—"Josiah Baker, Jr., Filed Plat of Original Town of Slater in 1878;" "Railroad Picnic of Residents of Slater In July 1914 Is Re­ counted;" "Slater Was Named For Director of C & A At Construction Time;" and "Some Business And Professional Slater Men Before And After 1900," a series by Allen B. Soper, Jr. October 27—"Short History of Saline County's Court Houses In Four County Seats," was the published talk of Mrs. John R. Hall, October 16, for the Saline County Historical Society's program at Marshall's 125th anniversary celebrarion.

Mexico Evening Ledger August 4, 1964—The column, "Meandering with Mitch," noted recent publica­ tions in the Missouri Historical Review dealing with Mexico and local citizens. August 10—"Ledgerland Historic Sites Included in State Catalogue." Historical Notes and Comments 273

New London, Ralls County Record October 15, 1964—"Will Observe 50th Anniversary of Center Christian Church Sunday," by Mrs. Oliver Howard, related a history of the church.

Noel, McDonald County Press October 15, 1964—uNoe\, Queen City of S.W. Missouri Ozarks," by Mrs. Pauline Carnell.

Paris, Monroe County Appeal October 1 & 8, 1964—A two-part article, "The American Landmarks Cele­ bration," by Ralph Gregory, curator of Mark Twain Shrine, was published in observance of American Landmarks Week, September 28-October 4.

Pineville Democrat October 8, 1964—A history of Havenhurst Mill and Dam was written by Mrs. Pauline Carnell.

St. Charles Journal September 17, 1964—Mrs. Edna McElhiney Olson related the history of Paulding, an old resort town, and described the Kenner Inn formerly located on the old Boone's Lick Road in an article entitled "Ghost Town in County." September 24—"A Venerable Woman," by Mrs. Edna McElhiney Olson, presented a short biography of Mother Phillipine Duchesne, founder of the Sacred Heart Academy, St. Charles, in 1818.

St. James Leader-Journal October 8 & 15, 1964—"1870 'Tour' Sets Pace of Historical Program Here" and "Final Plans Made For Historical Tour Sunday" include a reprinted descrip­ tion of St. James from the Rolla Weekly Herald of November 1, 1870.

St. Louis American September 22, 1964—The origins of "ragtime" music in St. Louis, the role of St. Louis in Civil rights history, St. Louis folklore, and a profile of J. Milton Turner, the first Negro to serve in the U. S. diplomatic service, were featured in the Bicentennial Edition.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat August 9, 1964—Photographs of the Olive Street residential area of 1872 and the Casino Resturant built by Henry Shaw, were featured in "Looking Backward." August 16—George R. Brooks described the " Great Steamboat Race" between the Robert E. Lee and the Natchez, June 30-July 4, 1870. September 20—An illustrated article, "Crisis at the Headwaters," by David Brown, described the 1804-06 Lewis and Clark Expedition and noted the comple­ tion of an oil painting by Ken Ralston depicting a major incident of that expedi­ tion. The painting will be permanently displayed at the St. Louis riverfront mem­ orial's Museum of Westward Expansion, to be located underground beneath the Gateway Arch. September 20—Old public markets of St. Louis were illustrated and described in the "Looking Backward" Section. September 27—"Early Aviation," by George R. Brooks, 274 Missouri Historical Review

October 8—Joseph Schneider's beer garden and "The Geyer House" in St. Louis were illustrated in the section, "Looking Backward." October 25—Events in St. Louis in the "Roaring Twenties" were described by George R. Brooks. November 1—"Spirit of St. Louis," by George R. Brooks, described the historic transatlantic flight of Charles A. Lindbergh, 1927.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch August 23, 1964—An illustrated article in color, "Ecclesiastic Artistry," by Robert E. Hannon, described interior mosaics, soon to be completed in the St. Louis Cathedral. The mosaics are from one of the largest, and most magnificent collections in the world. August 30—"She Swung a Hatchet for the Pure Life," by Dickson Terry. Autobiographical sketch of Carry Nation. October 4—An illustrated article,"Memorabiliaof Past Campaigns," described exhibits of St. Louis political conventions displayed by the Missouri Historical Society at the Jefferson Memorial Building, October-December 31.

Savannah Reporter and Andrew County Democrat September 10, 1964—"Long Branch Christian Church [near Savanah] Has Served Community for 120 Years," by Mrs. E. J. Nold. Shelby County Herald, Shelbyville May 27, June 10, July 15, 29, August 26, September 2 and 23, 1964—A series, "Early Agriculture in Shelby County," by O. T. Coleman.

Springfield Leader-Press October 1, 1964—"Marks of Our Past," by Lucile Morris Upton, noted several Springfield historic landmarks.

Springfield Sunday News and Leader October 18, 1964—"National Cemetery's Old Records Microfilmed to Aid Researchers," by Lucile Morris Upton.

Tarkio Avalanche August, September, October, 1964—A series of articles on Atchison County history, by Dick Altman, have appeared for the past several months. Recent titles have been: "Legends of Bill Lewis Are Varied, Colorful," "Half of County's Men are Victims of Fever," "Early Atchison Lawmen Fought Liquor, Gambling," "Everyday Life of Early County Citizens Detailed," "Mother's Murder of Son Brings 1862 'Justice'," "Famed 'Hanging' Judge Once Served in Atchison," "Parker Becomes Jurist In a Lawless Territory," "'Planned Colony' Founded By German Immigrants," "German Colonists Fail To Establish Socialism," "Build­ ing of Mill Marks Beginning of Rock Port," "Pioneer Gives Account of North­ west Missouri," "Belongings of Settlers Revealed in Court Files."

Tulsa [Oklahoma] Sunday World July 5, 1964—An illustrated article, "Death Passed Them By," by Charles Allonby described the Tipton Ford Train W7reck near Neosho, August 5, 1914. Historical Notes and Comments 275

August 23—"Even the Ghosts Have Left the Place," by Charles Allonby, described the once-flourishing town of Corsicana in Barry County.

Washington Citizen September 10-October 25—"The Life of Frederick Muench," an autobiography translated from the German by Ralph Gregory, was published in weekly installments.

The Washington Missourian July 30, 1964—An illustrated article, "Ferry Boat Built in 1864 Served Washington Area," described the Bright Star and related some of the history, connected with the boat. September 10—Ralph Gregory, Franklin County historian and custodian of the Mark Twain State Park, has translated into English the complete auto­ biography of Frederick Muench. The preface to this work appeared under the title, "Head of German Settlers Tells of Struggles in His Autobiography." September 24 & October 1, 8, 15, & 29—The history of St. Francis Borgia, Washington, by Father Herman Joseph Fister, O.F.M., was related in several installments entitled "Catholic Church Here Dates Back to 1833; First Service Was in the Iberius Tavern;" "Build School at Main and Elm Streets in 1859, Rebels Invade Town 100 Years Ago;" "Third and Present Church of St. Francis Borgia;" "Old School Building Has Served Many Purposes in 80 Years;" and "Grade School and Sisters' Convent." October 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25, & 29—A series of Civil War articles by Ralph Gregory describes Confederate General Sterling Price's 1864 Raid into Missouri.

Detected Marshfield Mail, September 1, 1910. It was at a Fourth of July meeting in the little city. The Mayor, William Smith, rose, and at dignified length read the Declaration of Independence. There was a pause; then from one of the mayor's old schoolmates came the loud whisper: "Bill never writ that. He ain't smart enough."

Uncle Sam's or Cousin Sally's? From the Columbia Missouri Statesman, June 28, 1861. U. S. and C S.—The United States are known as Uncle Sam and the Con­ federate States as Cousin Sally. Under whose banner will you rally, Uncle Sam's or Cousin Sally's? 276 Missouri Historical Review

MISSOURI HISTORICAL DATA IN MAGAZINES

Agricultural History, October, 1964: "The Politics of Desperation: William A. Hirth and the Presidential Election of 1932," by Richard O. Davies. Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, October, 1964: "Alderman Jim Pender­ gast," by Lyle Wesley Dorsett; "Lincoln's Attorney General ViewsJ:he Seces­ sion Crisis: Edward Bates's Letters to Wyndham Robertson," by Marvin R. Cain; "Judge John Marshall Clemens," by Roswell P. Henderson and Ralph Gregory; "Lewis and Clark and Du Pratz," by Paul Russell Cutright; "George Caleb Bingham and 'The County Election'," by George R. Brooks. Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly, October, 1964: "History of St. John and St. James Church [Ferguson]," by Steve Allen. Kansas Historical Quarterly, Autumn, 1964: "Price's Raid and the Battle of Mine Creek," by Edgar Langsdorf. Kirkwood [Missouri] Historical Review, September, 1964: "Kirkwood High School, 1865-1910," Part I, by Cara B. Dawson. Louisana History, Summer, 1964: "The Engineers and the Mississippi," by Walter M. Lowrey. Montana, the Magazine of Western History, Winter, 1964: "The Cowboy Artist [Charlie Russell] Seen in Childhood Memory," by Elizabeth Greenfield. Museum Graphic, Winter, 1964: "The House of Beauvais,""The Little Convent," "Doctor Martin's School," and "Bacon House," by Bartlett Boder. Ozarks Mountaineer, October, 1964: "'Benton County Enterprise', Warsaw's Old Ozarks' Newspaper," by Alma Jones Laugeson. Shannon County Historical Review, October, 1964: "readin' 'n' 'ritin' 'n' 'rith- metic," by Shannon W. Ennis; "Teachers and Students Have Fond Memories of Shannon County's Old Country Schools," by M. F. Williams; "The Spell­ ing Match," by Edna Staples; "To the Old Log Schoolhouse," by William A. French; "The Timber School," edited by Lillian Wallace; "The Pie Supper," by Lea Lee; "Higher Education on Lower Big Creek," by Nan Ellerman Williams; "Jesse James Slept Here," by Melissa Norton; "A History of the Eminence Public School As Written by a Student Fifty Years Ago," edited by Luther Rowlett. White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Summer, 1964: "Up and In Line At Day Break; Considable Skermish [Civil War Diary of Taylor Bray],"by Gene Geer. Word and Way, October 22, 1964: "The First Baptists in Missouri," by Doran C McCarty. Historical Notes and Comments 277

ERRATA On page 109 in the October, 1964, issue of the Review the name of Major James S. Rollins was erroneously listed as Major John S. Rollins. On page 141 of the October issue of the Review the death date of Tom K. Smith was erroneously given as June 19. Mr. Smith died on June 20. Mr. Smith became the president of the Boatmen's National Bank in 1929 and remained president until 1947 when he became chairman of the Board of Directors. He remained chairman until 1961 when he became the honorary chairman, retiring from this position in 1962. Incorrect information was given on page 115 of the October issue of the Review regarding the French 75 gun displayed in the World War I Collection at the Harry S. Truman Library in Independence. Veterans of Battery "B" 129th Field Artillery Regiment of St. Louis met at the Library last July 11 and viewed the gun, but it was obtained from the museum collection at Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, Illinois, through the efforts of the late Major General Ralph E. Truman and his wife.

Thankful for Small Privileges Mexico Intelligencer, March 21, 1889

While the work of flipping the Democrats out goes vigorously on at Washington it is comforting to note that Postmaster General Wannamaker has declined to remove a Democratic elevator boy unless charges other than political could be brought against him. Let us be thankful that if we can't run the government we are to be permitted to run the elevators.

Prices Were Low Missouri Statesman, (Columbia) September 21, 1860.

Russell, Majors & Waddell have freighted from the Missouri river to Fort Union, New Mexico, twenty-five hundred tons of merchandise since spring, principally flour, bacon and corn, at prices ranging from ten cents to eighteen, employing in the transportation of the freight 1,500 men, 200 mules, 1,050 wagons, and 12,480 head of cattle. 278 Missouri Historical Review

IN MEMORIAM

DR. FRANK LUTHER MOTT the University of Missouri in 1942, the Dr. Frank Luther Mott, Dean third dean in the school's history. He Emeritus of the University of Missouri also had the title of professor of School of Journalism, author, historian, Journalism at the University and and Pulitzer Prize winner, died Octo­ continued classroom teaching until ber 23 in Columbia. Dr. Mott was his retirement as professor-emeritus born in Keokuk County near What and dean-emeritus in 1956. Since Cheer, Iowa, April 4, 1886, to Quaker 1956 he had been concerned mainly parents, David Charles Mott and with the graduate work of the school. Mary E. (Tipton) Mott. Two years Dr. Mott's career as a creative writer later his father left farming to become began with the publication in 1917 of the editor of a weekly Iowa news­ Six Prophets Out of the Middle West. paper. Dr. Mott learned to set type by Altogether he wrote more than a hand and began his career in journal­ dozen books and edited about the same ism as he worked with his father on number in collaboration with others. the Tipton (Iowa) Advertiser and later For Volumes II and III of his four- on the Audubon (Iowa) Republican. volume History of American Magazines He entered Simpson College at Indian- he received the Pulitzer Prize for ola, Iowa, and worked as a reporter on history in 1939. The first volume, the El Reno, Oklahoma Daily American covering the period 1741-1850, was to help pay his way through college. published in 1930. The fourth volume After three years at Simpson College, was published in 1957 and for this he he transferred to the University of received the Bancroft Prize and the Chicago, where he received a Bachelor 1958 National Research Award of of Philosophy degree in 1907. He Kappa Tau Alpha, journalism scholas­ joined his father as co-editor of the tic fraternity. Sigma Delta Chi, Marengo (Iowa) Republican and in professional journalism fraternity, hon­ 1914 became editor and publisher of ored him with research awards in the Grand Junction (Iowa) Globe. He 1939 and 1958. Dr. Mott also wrote received an M.A. degree from Colum­ American Journalism, a history of bia University in 1919. While working United States newspapers from 1690 to for his master's degree he taught 1940; Jefferson and the Press; Golden English at the Marquand School for Multitudes, a history of best-sellers in Boys in Brooklyn. He then returned America; The News in America; and to Simpson College as professor of Five Stories. His collection of auto­ English and in 1921 he became an biographical essays, Time Enough, was assistant professor of English at the published in 1962. He was author of a State University of Iowa. He was number of short stories published promoted to associate professor in in national magazines. 1925 and in 1927 became professor of He edited News Stories of 1933, Journalism and director of the School News Stories of 1934, Good Stories, of Journalism. Dr. Mott received his and Interpretations of Journalism and Ph. D. degree from Columbia Univer­ was co-editor of Benjamin Franklin sity in 1928. He remained at the and Headlining America. In 1925 he University of Iowa until he was named served as joint editor of Midland Dean of the School of Journalism at magazine with its founder, John T. Historical Notes and Comments 279

Frederick. A new anthology, Missouri used by generations yet unborn. He Reader, was compiled and edited by was our most distinguished Iowa Dr. Mott last April. author." Other tributes to his work Dr. Mott was awarded honorary and achievements from Journalism degrees by Simpson College in 1939, schools, students, editors and friends by Boston University in 1941; by throughout the nation all reflect the Temple University, Philadelphia, 1945; warmth of Dr. Mott's personality and Marquette University, Milwaukee, and his achievements in many fields. 1958. A memorial service was held in his While dean of the School of Journal­ honor November 1 at the Memorial ism at the University of Missouri he Student Union Auditorium, University served as chief of the journalism of Missouri. Dr. Mott is survived section of the U. S. Army's American by a daughter, Mrs. Waldo R. Wedel, University of Biarritz, France, from Washington, D. C July, 1945, to January, 1946, giving special journalistic training to men DR. WILLIAM L. BRADSHAW serving in the Army. In 1947 he was sent by the War Department to Japan Dr. William L. Bradshaw, retired to advise members of General Douglas dean of the School of Business and McArthur's staff and Japanese news­ Public Administration at the Univer­ paper leaders about education for sity of Missouri, died September 21 at journalism. his home in Columbia. Dr. Bradshaw Dr. Mott had served as editor-in- was an authority on state and county chief of Journalism Quarterly and as government and his opinion on politi­ chairman of the National Council for cal matters was sought on the national, Research in Journalism. He was twice state, and local levels. In 1943 and president of the American Association 1944 he served as a member of the of Schools and Departments of Journal­ Missouri Constitutional Convention ism. He was a member of the Board and made over 100 speeches urging of Directors of the Missouri Writers the adoption of the 1945 state consti­ Guild and served as a trustee of the tution. In 1962 he was chosen chair­ State Historical Society of Missouri man of a committee of 23 named by from 1948 until his death. Governor John M. Dalton to study the need for calling a new constitu­ Dr. Elmer Ellis, president of the tional convention. University of Missouri, called Dr. Mott "one of the greatest scholars in He helped re-activate the Missouri the United States." President Ellis Municipal League and served as its commented that Dr. Mott's scholarly secretary, 1933-1935, and as director activity had continued up to the time for three more years. He served six of his death and that he left several years as chairman of the Missouri projects unfinished. Dean Earl F. Savings and Loan Commission under English of the School of Journalism the appointment of Governor James T. said: "In Dean Mott's death we have Blair, Jr. In 1961 he was selected as a lost one of the foremost journalism member of the Missouri Academy of educators of all time and certainly the Squires by Governor Blair for his profession's most distinguished histor­ "distinguished career as a political ian." William J. Petersen of the State scientist and dean of the School of Historical Society of Iowa wrote "Dr. Business and Public Administration." Mott has left a monument to posterity Dr. Bradshaw had a wide variety of of his fine scholarly work which will be interests. Elected to the Columbia 280 Missouri Historical Review

City Council in 1934, he served two Administration in 1946 and upon his terms. In 1956 he was chosen "Citizen retirement in 1961 was given the title of the Year" by the Optimist Club. of Dean Emeritus. At that time, Alpha In 1959 he was appointed an honorary Kappa Psi, professional business fra­ member of the Missouri Real Estate ternity, gave a portrait of Dr. Brad­ Association. He served as a member of shaw to the University in recognition of the Board of Trustees of Christian his service to the school, to the state, College, Columbia, from 1954 to 1963. and to student organizations. Since 1956 Dr. Bradshaw had served He is survived by his wife, Doris as a vice president of the State Histori­ Crump Bradshaw, a son, William L. cal Society of Missouri. He had been a Bradshaw, Jr. and a foster son, John member of the Society for 28 years and Jutton. A memorial scholarship has a life member since 1953. been established in his honor at the He was the author of numerous book­ University. lets on state government and a contrib- tor to political science magazines. EDWIN J. STARK Dr. Bradshaw was born March 23, Edwin J. Stark, president of the 1896, in Versailles, Missouri, the son of Stark Brothers Nurseries and Orchards W. L. and Hannah Daniels Bradshaw. Company died October 13 in Pike He attended high school at Barnett County Hospital, Louisiana. He was Institute in Morgan County and was born in Louisiana, September 28, 1898, graduated from Warrensburg Normal the son of Eugene W. and Ann With- School, now Central Missouri State row Stark. He was educated at the College, in 1915. He received his B.S. Louisiana public schools, Culver Mili­ degree in Education at the University tary Academy and the University of of Missouri in 1917. During World Missouri. For all of his life he was War I he served as private, second associated with the Stark Brothers lieutenant and first lieutenant in Nurseries. Beginning in 1928 he served field artillery, returning to the Univer­ as assistant secretary and treasurer. sity to receive a Master's degree in In 1935 he was elected to the board of 1924. He was awarded the Ph. D. directors and was in charge of propaga­ degree from the University of Iowa tion and production until he was elec­ in 1930. ted president of the company in 1953. He began his teaching career at At the time of his death he was a Olean High School in 1915 and 1916. member of the board of directors of From 1925 to 1927 he was assistant the Bank of Louisiana, president of the professor at the University of Puerto board of trustees of the Missouri State Rico and taught in the 1925 summer Fruit Experiment Station at Mountain session at Central Missouri State Grove, a member of the board of cura­ College. In 1927 he came to Columbia tors of the University of Missouri, a as an instructor in political science and colonel on Governor John M. Dalton's public law at the University of Mis­ staff of colonels, and president of the souri. He was promoted to assistant Press-Journal Publishing Company. professor in 1930, to associate professor Mr. Stark was a veteran of World in 1933, and to full professor in 1941. War I. In 1945 he received the Merit Award Through the years he had been active of the Missouri State Teachers Associa­ in civic affairs and various fund- tion for outstanding public service. raising campaigns, including the one Dr. Bradshaw was appointed Dean of for building a new addition to the the School of Business and Public Pike County Hospital. He had served Historical Notes and Comments 281

as past president of the Western Asso­ GAULT, HONORABLE HENRY, Gaines­ ciation and the American Association ville: October 3, 1908-August 2, of Nurserymen; he was a past member 1964. Dairy farmer and carpenter; of the board of trustees of Hannibal- former school teacher and Ozark LaGrange College, past president of County Assessor; County Representa­ the Missouri USO, and Pike County tive, 1962-64. defense chairman from 1942 to 1946. He was an active member of the Pike HABENICHT, OSCAR, St. Louis: Aug­ County Historical Society and of the ust 24, 1888-December 21, 1963. State Historical Society of Missouri. HAHN, HERBERT F., St. Louis: August 27, 1891-June 12, 1964. ANDREWS, ORREL M., St. Joseph: December 9, 1888-June 26, 1964. HEIMBACHER, HENRY, St. Louis: September 12, 1882-February 15, 1963. BARNES, MRS. P. M., Valley City, North Dakota: May 28, 1896-August HOWELL, WILLIAM R., Shelbina: 22, 1964. December 13, 1891-January 28, 1963.

BEAUME, LOUIS LA, St. Louis: July HUNTER, HARRY S., Kirkwood: 31, 1873-November 9, 1961. December 26, 1901-February 14, 1964.

BREUER, Louis H., Rolla: August JOBE, DAVE C, Jefferson City: 10, 1879-August 26, 1964. March 31, 1902-September 19, 1964.

BROUSTER, MRS. C M., St. Louis: KOBLITZ, OSCAR E., Moberly: July May 20, 1876-August 29, 1964. 24, 1885-October 14, 1964.

BROWN, MINNIE, Kansas City: LACY, W. G., Shawnee Mission, Kan­ October 30, 1884-August 13, 1961. sas: January 12, 1897-June 28, 1964.

CARTER, MRS. NELSON, Mexico: MAGEE, CARL E., Kirksville: Nov­ July 18, 1899-May 7, 1964. ember 21, 1888-March 13, 1963.

CHUBBUCK, JULIA S., San Diego, MARSH, HONORABLE OSCAR L., California: November 21, 1881-July Aurora: February 14, 1909-September 20, 1964. Her uncle, E. J. Chubbuck, 3, 1964. Undertaker; Representative was one of the founders of the State of Lawrence County, 1956-64. Historical Society. MARTIN, MRS. LEWIS, Clinton: DEGARIS, DR. CHARLES F., Okla­ May 20, 1889-January 23, 1964. homa City, Oklahoma: 1886-1963. MCGEE, LOUIS B., Kansas City: DORR, RAY, Bevier: April 10, January 20, 1902-June 14, 1964. 1906-October 21, 1963. MCNATT, JOHN HARDING, St. Louis: FIKE, MRS. H. R., Bakersfield, Calif­ June 16, 1905-Febuary 5, 1964. ornia: January 3, 1887-June 24, 1964. MILLER, CLARENCE E., University GABRIEL, J. H., Pine Lawn: Febru­ City: January 11, 1880-July 30, 1964. ary 6, 1885-July 26, 1963. MYERS, MRS. JOSEPHINE, Kansas GALLOP, C ROUSS, Mexico: Novem­ City: September 10, 1899-June 25, ber 13, 1897-August 6, 1964. 1963. 282 Missouri Historical Review

NAUMANN, MRS. GEORGE C, St. TALBOT, W. L., Fayette: June 30, Louis: March 29, 1894-February 26, 1891-April 27, 1964. 1964. WHITE, MRS. REBECCA, Potosi: REID, RAYMOND, Montgomery City: May 6, 1874-July 27, 1964. March 28, 1890-July 31, 1964. WINGATE, MRS. MATTIE, Overland: SMILEY, GEORGE B., Hannibal: April 24, 1891-September 1, 1964. 1866-March 6, 1964.

SWARTZ, MRS. ANNA L., Edina: WINTERNHEIMER, RAYMOND, Ball- August 6, 1879-June 23, 1964. win: May 22, 1910-April 19, 1964. Historical Notes and Comments 283

BOOK REVIEWS Frontier Iron, The Maramec Iron Works 1826-1876. By James D. Norris (Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1964).] 206 pp. Indexed. Illustrations, Bibliog­ raphy. $4.25. To this reviewer four themes stand out in Professor James D. Norris's study of the Maramec Iron Works. Acknowledging both the Turner land and rurally oriented interpretation of frontier history and the more recent theories emphasizing the role of the urban-based merchant and banker, financier and speculator, Norris presents as a previously neglected factor the "industrial strand in our history, particularly the role of the manufacturer in the develop­ ment of the American West." (p. iii) A second theme concerns the technical aspects of the iron industry, including the methods of securing raw materials, the construction of plants and equipment, the actual production processes, and the problems of marketing and transportation. Although stemming directly from these, two addi­ tional themes are developed that are significant in their own right. The operation of the Maramec Iron Works reveals the role of the entrepreneur in American economic and business life. The fourth theme, as interpreted by this reviewer, relates the transition of one American business firm from a merchant-capitalist control to industrial capitalism. The author presents a strong case to prove the influence of the Maramec Iron Works in shaping the social and economic nature of the area in which it was located. Established on an undeveloped frontier in Missouri some seventy-five miles southwest of St. Louis, the company literally dominated the area during the years of its operations from 1826-1876. The company brought in settlers, it was a major wholesaler and retailer of consumer goods, it provided a major market for local products and labor, and it was a semi- banking institution. Transportation in the area developed around the company operations. A paternalistic operation, the company helped to provide schools, churches, and other general civic improvements. When the iron works were closed the company village disappeared, and the town of St. James reverted to a sleepy country town. Although the line of distinction between recent urban frontier studies and the role of the manufacturer appears to be quite fine, Norris has enlarged the area of investigation in frontier history, 284 Missouri Historical Review

and he has paved the way for additional studies of individual frontier industries. The technical processes and problems of iron production are described in a detailed narrative supported by pictures and draw­ ings. Although Norris has done a highly competent job, this probably will be the most difficult part of the book for most readers to comprehend. To establish an iron works, which required "some of the most advanced technology of the nineteenth century," (p. v) there was needed in frontier Missouri, as Norris states, "a combination of capital, skilled labor, and entrepreneurial daring." (p. 4) This study clearly reveals Thomas James, merchant-capitalist of Chilli­ cothe, Ohio, as fulfilling the traditional concepts and role of the entrepreneur as he guided the policy of innovations necessary to make the Maramec Iron Works a success under frontier conditions. Jus* a« clearly, Norris traces the transition to industrial capitalism as the management of the firm passed to William James, third son of Thomas, in the 1840's. William styled himself a manufacturer and the firm moved toward increasing specialization to fill the needs of industrial users of iron, with its diverse production of items for the local trade decreasing in relative importance. The value of this study would have been increased if Professor Norris could have shown more fully how the company management viewed the role of the state in economic development. A reviewer should not, however, demand more than the author's source material probably made it possible for him to produce. This is a solid historical work. The source material, including a massive collection of company records, will satisfy the professional historian. The documentation is well done. Professor Norris has placed a tremendous amount of business and economic history into a narrative of only 172 pages.

Central Missouri State College Perry McCandless

The West of William H. Ashley. Edited by Dale L. Morgan (Denver: Old West Publishing Co., 1964), 341 pp. Indexed, Illustrated, Maps. $35.00. Dale L. Morgan is an outstanding authority on the history of the American West. His contributions in the areas of the Rocky Mountain fur trade, early exploration and overland emigration generally have been acclaimed with warmth. His most recent work, The West of William H. Ashley, enhances his reputation as a Historical Notes and Comments 285 leading editor of primary source material pertaining to the trans- Mississippi West. In his Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West published in 1953 Morgan promised that he would produce a documentary work on the American fur trade concentrating on Ashley. Now after a decade of further research he has published this excellent volume which will stand as an indispensable documentary history of the fur trade and of mountain men during Ashley's era. Ashley's name certainly is not unfamiliar to Missourians, nor indeed to the entire West. As a prime mover in the growth of Missouri from territorial wilderness to statehood, he was instru­ mental in developing commerce and industry, and his activities prove him a man of education as well as ability. Coming to the Louisiana Territory about 1802, Ashley entered the fur trade in 1821 at a time when he served the newly organized state as its first lieutenant-governor. His fur trading exploits, his daring adventures, perils and enterprises in the Rocky Mountains captured the imagina­ tion of the entire Nation and brought to his name the aura of romance. Although an ephemeral business and the economic down­ fall of many, Ashley succeeded in reaping a fortune from the fur trade. ' 'Ashley Beaver" signified the finest grade of beaver known to the market. At Ashley's instigation the profitable rendezvous system of collecting furs became popular, and because he demon­ strated that the journey to the mountains could be made easier and safer by an overland route his fame spread. The energies he unleashed and helped to shape changed the history of the West and thus Morgan assigns Ashley's name to designate an era in Western history. The richness and complexity of Ashley's manifold story is demonstrated in the astonishing array of documents Morgan has assembled and edited. He has marshaled in one volume a great deal, although not all, of Ashley's papers relating to fur trade and exploration, and has injected another dimension by adding letters to and from Indian agents, military officers, Congressmen, rival fur traders, and Ashley's own men, as well as newspaper articles and other contemporary documents. The emphasis rests upon Ashley as fur trader and entrepreneur and neglects that facet of the man who was also politician and public servant both on a state and national level. Morgan arranges the documents chronologically and divides them into two sections. Book I, "The Bloody Missouri" develops the turbulent history of Ashley's partnership with Andrew Henry, 286 Missouri Historical Review

his defeat at the hands of the Arikaras in 1823, and the early exploration and development of the rich trapping grounds of the Rockies. Book II, "Beyond the Continental Divide," deals pri­ marily with Ashley's expedition to the mountains beginning in November, 1824, and lasting nearly two years. Morgan skillfully links the documents together with a scholarly narrative that bridges the gaps in the primary sources and brings unity as well as excitement to the story. In remarkable essays and by way of introduction Morgan provides an excellent biographical sketch of Ashley and a succinct account of fur trade and exploration in the West before the Ashley period. The material is annotated with a prodigious 793 footnotes which in themselves constitute an abundance of information for the historian. The results of Morgan's twenty years of "investigation and meditation" come into bloom with this magnificent book. Few will disagree with him when he writes in the preface that "The West of William H. Ashley is such a book as I would have liked to lay my hands upon when I entered the field of Western history twenty-five years ago." The editor has drawn heavily from the resources of numerous public and private archives, especially from the Missouri Historical Society at St. Louis and the National Archives. Much of the evi­ dence presented is new. Particularly significant is a fragment of Ashley's diary, discovered by Morgan and properly identified as Ashley's own, in the collection of the Missouri Historical Society where it had been placed in the William Sublette papers because a former owner had mistakenly inscribed in it "Diary of William Sublette." Unfortunately, Morgan learned of the Ashley letters in the collections of the State Historical Society of Missouri at Colum­ bia too late for inclusion in this volume. Especially pertinent is a 44-page letter in Ashley's handwriting dated December 1825, describing his experiences during a tour of the Rockies, 1824-1825. The book is excellently produced. Reproductions of sketches and watercolors by George Catlin and Charles Bodmer, and facsimiles of key documents, are well chosen and enliven the folio size volume. The book will have wide appeal as a source of primary research material fundamental to Western history, but the price of the regular edition at $35, as well as the deluxe edition at $65, will prohibit its general acquisition.

State Historical Society of Missouri James E. Moss Historical Notes and Comments 287

Mark Twain and Elisha Bliss. By Hamlin Hill (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1964). 214 pp. Indexed.

One of the most recent of the perennial spate of published works about the life and writings of Mark Twain is the documented study of his relationship with Elisha Bliss, head of the American Publish­ ing Company. Dr. Hill focuses attention on Twain's development from a journalist to an author as he published Innocents Abroad, Roughing It, The Gilded Age, Sketches New and Old, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and A Tramp Abroad under the guidance of Elisha Bliss. From research based upon four major collections of unpublished Mark Twain material, Dr. Hill concludes that Twain's performance as an author, as well as his decision to become one, was determined by Bliss's American Publishing Company and its subscription clientele. He observes that all that was needed for Mark Twain, the journalist, to become Mark Twain, the author, was "a catalyst, a spark, that would show him how to combine his desires to write enduring literature, to earn an impressive income, to adapt his journalistic background, and to continue writing the humor that came from natural instinct. ..." Dr. Hill concludes that Bliss supplied this spark. With an impressive array of carefully researched data Dr. Hill sets out to prove that Bliss's publication of Innocents Abroad was crucial to some extent in determining the direction of Twain's subsequent career. Bliss wrote to Twain on November 21, 1867, suggesting that he write a subscription book. Twain wTas flattered and at the same time puzzled, for apparently he did not know what a subscription book was. After investigating the possibilities of the subscription method he signed a contract January 24, 1868, for the publication of a book for which he was to receive a royalty. The unprecedented success of Innocents Abroad, which in the first decade after publication sold more than 125,000 copies, provided a powerful incentive for Twain's later books. But when Twain made his first contract with Bliss he entered a publishing world not respected by the literary author. In the next ten years he became increasingly aware of the animosity which the regular book trade bore toward the subscription author and that he was sacrificing prestige for profit and popular appeal. In 1868 the boom in door-to-door book peddling, which lasted for thirty years, was just beginning. Bliss is described as one of the most energetic 288 Missouri Historical Review

of the book publishers who sold books by this crassly commercial method. Canvassers, carefully versed in the "Book Agent's Guide," fanned out over the countryside. Contracts for purchase were signed by the customer on the basis of sample dummies. The required number of copies were later supplied on a cash basis and delivery was made on a second visit. Favorite subjects for the subscription press were travel accounts, Civil War reminiscences, religious works and topics connected with current events. The Gilded Age, published by Bliss's company in 1873, was the first novel published by a subscription company. Novels usually were not long enough to meet the requirements of the subscription book. In his earlier works, Twain borrowed passages and even pages from other authors to fill out the inter­ minable quota of manuscript. Dr. Hill's study reveals that Twain not only adapted his writing to meet the requirements of subscription length but he modeled his books to appeal to the special subscription readers. They were the readers he had known as a journalist—people very similar to Twain himself in background, taste, and moral judgment. Twain gave them experiences outside the realm of their everyday lives, deftly alternating humorous anecdote with descriptive and informational material. As he strove to reach his quantitative goal his many anecdotes created a form which has been described as nearer to "picaresque fiction than to history." His irreverence toward European standards, his bold use of novelty and topicality, and his curious intermingling of sensationalism and piety delighted sub­ scription readers. Correspondence between Bliss and Twain shows the stormy relationship between publisher and author. Dissension arose over publication dates, choice of material, illustrations, advertising techniques, and the payment of royalties. Bliss, an amazingly shrewd critic, perceptive to the tastes of his readers and to the quali­ ties in Twain that consituted his genius, was inclined to follow his own judgment with scant consideration for Twain's suggestions. For several years Twain suspected that he was not receiving his full share of the royalties as provided by contract. At the same time, Dr. Hill comments, he probably realized that he was doing much better than any of his literary friends publishing in the regular book trade. Between 1869 and 1879 Bliss sold more than 330,000 of Twain's books and gave the author some $73,000 in royalties. Shortly after Bliss's death in 1880, Twain learned as a certainty that Bliss had swindled him. He made his final break at that time Historical Notes and Comments 289 as a stockholder and publishing author of the American Publishing Company, i Dr. Hill concludes that Twain's relationship with Bliss not only shaped his popular image and his personality, but also the funda­ mentals of his technique as an author. This conclusion should be considered in its proper perspective in relation to the many other influences which various research studies have shown shaped the destiny of Mark Twain, the author and the man. "Helpful Hints on How to Become a Successful Agent," a typical agent's guide, and "A Bibliography of American Publishing Com­ pany Books" are included in the Appendix. Dr. Hill is assistant professor of English at the University of New Mexico.

State Historical Society of Missouri Dorothy Caldwell

A Cure for the Blues. By Mark Twain (Rutland, Vermont: Reprinted by Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1964). 116 pp. $2.95. Reprinted in a separate volume for the first time is the Mark Twain sketch which originally appeared in the £1,000,000 Bank- Note, in 1893. The sketch was also included in The American Claimant and Other Stories, published in 1905. In this reprint, Charles V. S. Borst has written an illuminating introduction. He describes the circumstances which aroused Twain's interest in The Enemy Conquered; or Love Triumphant, by Samuel Watson Royston, printed privately in a small edition in 1845, the year Royston graduated from Yale University. George W. Cable visited Mark Twain at his home in Hartfofd and soon after his arrival he contracted measles. During his illness, Twain's friend, Professor Francis Bacon of Yale University, loaned Royston's story to Cable. Cable later delighted his audience at a literary soiree at Twain's home by reading aloud some of the more grandiloquent passages from The Enemy Conquered, a tale of impassioned lovers fleeing from a forbidding parent. Twain was so entranced that he asked Cable to loan him the copy, but Cable resolutely took it with him when he left Hartford. Borst describes Twain's difficulties in securing a copy of the work which he later immortalized by his burlesque of its pompous prose. Substituting the name of "G. Ragsdale McClintock" for the real name of the author, Twain remarked, "There is a strange originality about McClintock; he imitates other people's styles, but nobody 290 Missouri Historical Review can imitate his, not even an idiot. Other people can be windy, but McClintock blows a gale; other people can blubber sentiment, but McClintock spews it; other people can mishandle metaphors, but only McClintock knows how to make a business of it." At the conclusion of his satirical comments on "McClintock's" work, Twain inserted the full text of The Enemy Conquered. In the introduction Borst comments that the work reveals Twain as a deliberate craftsman who insisted, both in his judgment of his own work and that of others on "clearness of statement, directness . . . style, good style—no barnacle on it in the way of the unnecessary." In the reprint Borst includes a review of The Enemy Conquered which appeared in the Yale Literary Magazine in 1845. The con­ temporary review which extols the work in a florid effusion com­ parable to "McClintock's" very own, offers interesting contract. The volume was printed in Japan. The jacket design is by H. Doki and the book design and typography by Kaoru Ogimi. State Historical Society of Missouri Dorothy Caldwell

A Lot of Horsepower Parked by Meter St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 10-11, 1964. SPRINGFIELD, MO. (AP).—The old and the new way met here thursday. During the 5 p.m. rush hour, homebound workers were amazed at the sight of a little old man astride a buckskin pony, weaving his way through traffic and obeying the signal lights. A short time later, police were dumbfounded when they saw the pony tied to a parking meter. The rider was gone but he had thoughtfully inserted a coin in the meter before leaving. The rider returned and claimed his mount before the meter time expired. "It's just as well that he did get back before overtime parking went into effect," an officer said. " I wouldn't have known where to put an overtime parking ticket on a horse." Historical Notes and Comments 291

BOOK NOTES 100th Anniversary Report, St. Joseph Lead Company is a color­ fully illustrated, 24-page booklet prepared as an annual report for the stockholders of the St. Joseph Lead Company for distribution in March, 1964, the beginning of the company's second century. A history of the company is traced from its incorporation on March 25, 1864, in St. Francois County, Missouri, through economic crises, World Wars and labor disputes, its expansion into other states and countries and into other areas of raw materials, up to the present day industry, now considered as one of the great lead and zinc mining companies of the world. Maps, pictures, charts and diagrams illustrate this story. Eleven principal operating properties are described. Three of these are lead mines and mills in Missouri, located at Flat River, Indian Creek and Viburnum, and a fourth is in the process of development at Fletcher. Two zinc mines and mills operated in New York State; an iron mine near Bonne Terre, Missouri, owned jointly with Bethlehem Steel Corporation; a lead smelter at Herculaneum; a zinc smelter in Pennsylvania; and two lead-zinc- silver mines in Argentina and Peru are all included in this section of the report. The development of new and highly efficient tools by the com­ pany partially explains St. Joe's prosperity. Six of these important technological advances are illustrated and explained.

A small, 19-page booklet, Brewed in St. Louis, The Story of an Industry, traces the history of brewing in St. Louis from its early beginnings in the early 19th century to the present decade. Jacques St. Vrain and Victor Habb opened one of the first commercial breweries in Bellefontaine, north of the village of St. Louis, in 1810, and in 1838, Adam Lemp introduced lager beer, the genuine German beer requiring long and cool fermentation. The many caves of St. Louis were extremely important to mid-19th century brewers. Beer gardens flourished in St. Louis from the late 19th century until the passage of the Volstead Act in 1919. Before prohibition St. Louis brewing boasted an annual payroll of nearly $7,000,000, provided jobs for thousands of St. Louisans and purchased $15,000,000 annually in supplies. A new era of brew­ ing opened April 7, 1933, with the repeal of Prohibition and 292 Missouri Historical Review

St. Louisans saw an increase in beverage production along with a decrease in the number of breweries. The booklet is handsomely illustrated with reproductions of the original ink sketches done by St. Louis Artist Don Langeneckert for the Falstaff Museum of Brewing in St. Louis. A brief note about the Museum is included. Sources for this history were taken from newspaper accounts since 1809 and from records in the St. Louis Public Library, St. Louis Mercantile Library and the reference Library at the Museum.

American Traveler's Guide to Negro History, published by the American Oil Company, Chicago, is an expansion of the booklet published by the company in 1963 to commemorate the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation. Formerly entitled American Traveler's Guide to Negro Monuments, the title was changed because the 1964 issue includes some sites that are not by strict definition, shrines or monuments. They are places that have special relevance to the part Negroes have played in the nation's history. Included in the more than 50 places located in 21 states and the District of Columbia are the George Washington Carver National Monument, Diamond, Missouri, and the Old Courthouse in St. Louis. A brief sketch of Carver's life and the description and location of the Monument, the first national monument created in honor of a Negro, are included. The history of the Dred Scott case, first tried in the Old Courthouse in St. Louis in 1847, is presented. A pencil sketch of Carver and a picture of the rotunda and galleries of the Old Courthouse are used as illustrations. Outline maps of Missouri and of the other states included in the booklet, indicate the approxi­ mate location of the sites.

Hay Fever a Problem to Phone Operator St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 29-30, 1964 St. Joseph, Mo.—A St. Joseph telephone operator took information from a customer placing a long distance call. "Do you have an area code, ma'm?" " No honey. It's not a cold at all. It's my hay fever." Things like that keep night operators alert and smiling. mz

HISTORIC MISSOURI COURTHOUSES

CHARITON COUNTY COURTHOUSE The Chariton County Courthouse, Keytesville, was built on the site of the 1834 courthouse, burned September 20, 1864, by bush­ whackers. George Todd and John Thrailkill, with 130 men, sur­ rounded a Union garrison of 35 stationed in the fortified brick court­ house. The garrison surrendered and the courthouse, containing many of the county records, was burned. County business was transacted temporarily in the Keytesville Methodist Church. On February 7, 1866, the county court appropriated $40,000 to build a new courthouse. Levi Oldrich was the builder with Hale T. Chellis serving as superintendent. At the time of completion in 1867 the sum of §2,900 was paid for seating and furnishing the building. There have been repairs and alterations through the years. In 1909 the roof was repaired, metal ceilings were installed, and concrete floors were laid in the hallways. In 1947 the west entrance was closed and the hallway leading to it was remodeled for use as a vault; the east stairway on the north end of the building leading to the circuit courtroom was closed and the hallway converted to a small office. A north and a south stairway remain. Long, narrow arched windows, paired brackets under the eaves and on the cupola, triple arched windows above the main entrance and on the cupola, arched recesses above the second-story windows and a hip roof are distinctive features of the Italianate-style two- storied brick structure. The recessed, fanlighted front entrance and the central pediment on the facade reflect earlier classical styles. Few changes have been made on the exterior. Chariton County was organized from Howard County in 1820 and the first courts were held at Old Chariton, laid out in 1817 one mile above the junction of the Missouri and Chariton Rivers. First meetings were held in a log house owned by General Duff Green and Sabret Johnson. Later court sessions were held in a two-story brick house on the public square. The site proved unhealthful and after several floods Old Chariton was abandoned. Keytesville, the present county seat, was laid out in 1832 on land donated by James Keyte, a Methodist minister. HISTORIC ST. LOUISANS

Henry Shaw

Henry Shaw became one of St. Louis' most noted benefactors. The Missouri Botanical Garden, his gift to the city in the mid-19th century, was a major contribution to St. Louis artistic and scientific development. Born in Sheffield, England, July 24, 1800, the oldest child ot Joseph and Sarah Hoole Shaw, he received much of his education at Mill Hill, a private school near London. Henry, who had inherited his mother's quiet disposition and love for beauty, found his favorite place of study in the garden among the trees and flowers. After leaving school at 17, he assisted his father in the manufacturing business, acquiring a rigid code of commercial ethics. Shaw journeyed to St. Louis in 1819 and, with a small stock of cutlery, established a business in his second-story apartment, perhaps the first hardware store in the city. Supplying essential items to prosperous fur traders added to business growth, but Shaw's ability to get along with the French people, his reputation as a man of undoubted integrity and his reasonably conservative habits also contributed to his financial success. In 1839 when his books showed a net gain of $25,000, he sold his business and retired. Shaw traveled 11 years abroad and while visiting famous Euro­ pean gardens in 1851, conceived the idea for his own botanical project. He hurried home to his St. Louis country estate, Tower Grove, where he established a public garden and worked the rest of his life. A large herbarium, library, museum and famous sculptures added significance to the garden, the only one of its kind in America when given to the city and opened to the public in 1860. In 1867 an additional gift of land to the city established Tower Grove Park adjacent to the Garden. Included in Shaw's numerous other projects were his writings on botanical subjects and the collection, editing and preservation of famous botanical works. He endowed a school of botany at Washing­ ton University in 1885 and offered his grounds for research. His contribution to the Missouri Historical Society in 1886 marked the foundation of the Society's library. When Shaw died, August 25, 1889, his property was entrusted to a permanent board of trustees for maintenance of the Garden. According to his wishes, he was buried in a mausoleum in the Garden; his country residence became a museum. The Garden is toclay over one mile long and contains over 12,000 species of plants. Here is located the first fully climate-controlled display greenhouse in the world, known as the Climatron.