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Regional Internationalization of Turkish Higher Education: Turkey’S Higher Education Policies Towards Kosovo, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Regional Internationalization of Turkish Higher Education: Turkey’S Higher Education Policies Towards Kosovo, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina REGIONAL INTERNATIONALIZATION OF TURKISH HIGHER EDUCATION: TURKEY’S HIGHER EDUCATION POLICIES TOWARDS KOSOVO, MACEDONIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SERVET KÖKSAL IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AUGUST 2014 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences ------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Meliha ALTUNIŞIK Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ------------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Ayhan DEMİR Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ------------------------------------- Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana ÇİTAK AYTÜRK (METU, IR) ------------------------------------ Assist. Prof. Dr. Evrim BARAN (METU, EDS) ------------------------------------ Assoc. Prof. Dr. M.Levent İNCE (METU, PES) ------------------------------------ Assoc.Prof.Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI (METU, EDS) ------------------------------------ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat ÖZDEMİR (Hacettepe, EDS ------------------------------------ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname : Servet KÖKSAL Signature : iii ABSTRACT REGIONAL INTERNATIONALIZATION OF TURKISH HIGHER EDUCATION: TURKEY'S HIGHER EDUCATION POLICIES TOWARDS KOSOVO, MACEDONIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA KÖKSAL, Servet Ph. D., Department of Educational Sciences Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı August 2014, 421 pages This study aimed to investigate the scope of the educational relations between Turkey and the three Balkan countries, Kosovo, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, to identify the expectations of these countries from Turkey and the rationales behind Turkey's practices realized towards these countries in a comparative perspective. In this regard, cross-border higher educational activities of Turkey were investigated under the concept of internationalization. The study was designed as a general qualitative study. Interviews, fieldnotes and document analysis were implemented as data collection techniques. Purposeful sampling was used for the selection of the participants. A total of 53 participants were interviewed from government, non-government and academic institutions. In this context, the study displayed the level of cooperation between Turkey and the countries concerned as insufficient and the educational relations to be in slow progress. In addition, it was identified that the expectations were mainly related to the aspects of internationalization (mutual recognition of the education systems, facilitating the student mobility etc.). Finally, analysis of the data revealed that the higher education policies of Turkey were not pioneered by academic rationales only, but also were motivated by various political, economic and social/cultural rationales. Based on these findings, it is concluded that Turkey and these countries build their internationalization policy and practices on different rationales, they attribute different meanings to their relationships in education. Keywords: qualitative study, internationalization in higher education, rationales of internationalization, Balkan countries iv ÖZ TÜRK YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMİN BÖLGESEL ULUSLARARASILAŞMASI: TÜRKİYE'NİN KOSOVA, MAKEDONYA VE BOSNA HERSEK’E YÖNELİK YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM POLİTİKALARI KÖKSAL, Servet Doktora, Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Ağustos 2014, 421 sayfa Bu çalışma, Türkiye ve üç Balkan ülkesi olan Kosova, Makedonya ve Bosna Hersek arasındaki eğitim ilişkilerin kapsamını araştırmayı, bu ülkelerin Türkiye'den beklentilerini ve Türkiye'nin bu ülkelere yönelik gerçekleştirdiği uygulamalarının ardındaki gerekçeleri karşılaştırmalı bir bakış açısıyla belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye'nin sınır ötesi yükseköğretim faaliyetleri, uluslararasılaşma kavramı altında incelemeye alınmıştır. Çalışma genel nitel çalışması olarak tasarlanmıştır. Veri toplamak amacıyla mülakatlar ve saha ziyaretleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve doküman analizi uygulanmıştır. Katılımcıların seçimini teminen “amaçlı örneklem” yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Devlet kurumları, sivil toplum örgütleri ile üniversite öğretim üyelerinden oluşan toplam 53 kişi ile görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada, Türkiye ile ilgili ülkeler arasındaki işbirliği seviyesinin yetersiz olduğu ve eğitim ilişkilerinin yavaş ilerlediği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, bu ülkelerin Türkiye'den beklentilerinin genellikle uluslararasılaşmanın boyutları (karşılıklı eğitim sistemlerinin tanınması, öğrenci hareketliliğinin kolaylaştırılması gibi) ile ilgili olduğu görülmüştür. Son olarak, çalışmada elde edilen verilerin analizi, Türkiye'nin Balkanlara yönelik yükseköretim alanındaki faaliyetlerinde sadece akademik gerekçelerin öne çıkmadığı, çeşitli siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal ve kültürel gerekçelerin de etkili olduğunu açığa çıkarmıştır. Bu bulgulara dayanılarak şu sonuca varılmıştır, Türkiye ve Balkan ülkeleri uluslararasılaşma politikalarını ve uygulamalarını farklı gerekçelerle oluşturmakta ve eğitim alanındaki ilişkilerine farklı anlamlar yüklemekteler. Anahtar kelimeler: nitel çalışma, yükseköğretimde uluslararasılaşma, uluslararasılaşma gerekçeleri, Balkan ülkeleri. v I dedicate this work to my son Özgür vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all of those who helped and encouraged me to finish this study. A special thanks is naturally reserved to my academic and thesis advisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı, without whose support I could have never been able to complete this thesis. The successful completion of this thesis depended in great part on his continuous moral support, encouragement and constructive suggestions. His guidance greatly eased the burden of long lasting graduate study and his deep knowledge on internationalization and valuable advice facilitated the tedious research in this field. I would like to thank the distinguished members of the thesis examining committee Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çıtak, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Özdemir, Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Levent İnce and Asst. Prof. Dr. Evrim Baran. Their valuable critique and illuminating suggestions paved the way for an interesting intellectual journey. 53 individuals attended the interviews and their answers and remarks constitute the foundations of this thesis. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the interview participants who were very kind in taking the time out of their busy schedules to answer the interview questions and for providing feedback on my thesis topic. By sharing their valuable views, experience and information they have provided and helped me grasp and explain the phenomenon entirely. My cordial appreciation goes to my friends and colleagues, Ceylan Ustaibo from the Embassy of Turkey in Kosovo, Dilek Muriç and Orhan Salih from the Embassy of Turkey in Macedonia and Erdoğan Özdemir from the Embassy of Turkey in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They generously offered all the help they could give during my visits to these countries and in finding access to the right people for the interviews. I would like to offer my sincere thanks to my son, Özgür, especially for his patience. I was lucky to have his support during the entirety of my doctoral studies. Lastly, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to everybody whose names I was not able to recount. Their contributions to this study will always be remembered. No financial support was received from a public or private institution during this thesis research and all costs incurred in the context of this study were met by the researcher herself. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM …………………………………………………….................................... iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ....................................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xx LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………………… xxi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ……............................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Internationalization in Higher Education .................................................... 5 1.1.2 Internationlization of Higher Education of Turkey ..................................... 6 1.1.3 Regionalization in Higher Education
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