DOCSLIB.ORG

History of the Tourist Guide in Egypt Heba Magdy Khalil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of the Tourist Guide in Egypt Heba Magdy Khalil JFTH Vol. 18, Issue 1 (2021) ISSN: 2314-7024 E-ISSN: 2682-2180 History of the Tourist Guide in Egypt Heba Magdy Khalil Associate Professor- Tourist Guiding Department Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Egypt Abstract Egypt is a very well-known tourist destination 1. Introduction: starting from the Graeco-Roman period till Egypt is a very well-known tourist destination; nowadays. The Tourist guide is the most whose monuments attracted the visitors since a influential person the visitor will meet in his long time ago. This is confirmed by the graffiti journey. The researcher tries here to trace back and the papyri, which prove that this tourist this profession in Egypt starting from the activity was known since the Pharaonic period ancient times and spot the light on its and continued during the Graeco-Roman era. development throughout the ages. During the The first known foreign visitors, who visited ancient times, it seems that the role of the the ancient monuments and engraved graffiti guide was played by the priests precisely on them, were a party of Greek mercenary inside the temples (religious and therapeutic soldiers, who visited Egypt early in the sixth tourism), while the bilingual persons used to century BC. They went up to Elephantine guide the tourists in the archaeological sites. during the reign of Psammetichus II; they The travelers' writings that dates to the journeyed on to the second cataract, and at medieval period have no reference to the Abu-Simbel carved their names on the colossal tourist guides. It was not until the seventeenth statues in front of the rock-temple. However, century that the tourist guide started to appear the real flood of foreign people to see the in the travelers' writings. During the reign of ancient monuments of Egypt began after Mohamed Ali and his successors, the Alexander's conquest and continued till the dragomans used to accompany the tourists in end of the Roman period. Those visitors were their travels, till they were replaced later by either the Greeks and Romans who lived in professional tour guides. The research also Egypt or those who came from their countries referred to the effort made by the state to for sightseeing in Egypt. The most faraway organize this job through issuing regulations travelers who visited Egypt during the Graeco- and establishing an academic study to enhance Roman period are from Marseille in France the skills of the tourist guides. (Magdy H., 2006). Keywords: Tourism, interpreter, dragoman, tourist guide. The Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Vol. 18, Issue 1 (2021) 121 History of the Tourist guide in Egypt Heba Magdy Khalil The most important tourist destinations for the temple of Isis at the island of Philae captured cultural tourism in Egypt during the Graeco- the imagination of countless travelers to Egypt Roman period are: the tomb of Alexander the from the early times. These visitors flew to the Great at Alexandria, the ancient lighthouse of island starting from the Ptolemaic period. The Alexandria, the sphinx and pyramids at Giza island of Philae continued to attract the plateau, the region of El-Fayoum, the colossi pilgrims for so long till the sixth century AD. of Memnon at Thebes, and the Valley of the (Magdy H, 2006). Kings at Thebes. Egypt also knew the therapeutic tourism, as The tomb of Alexander the Great in many temples were very famous for being Alexandria was visited important personalities, healing-centers, such as: the Asklepion of such as: Julius Caesar, who visited Memphis, Temple of Seti I at Abydos, the Alexandria in 45 B.C. and paid his respects to Temple of Deir el-Bahari, and the sanatorium the legend that he idolized. Emperor August: of Dendara. During the Graeco-Roman Period, his visit is described by Suetonius and Lucian. Egypt preserved her role as an educational He dedicated a wreath to the body of center of the ancient world, therefore many Alexander. It was reported also that he bent Greek eager to come to Egypt, particularly to over to kiss the great conqueror, Augustus Alexandria, to recieve their education. The accidentally broke Alexander's nose. fame of the library and its Mouseion was the Augustus's guides offered to take him next to reason that made the scientists and students of the tombs of the Ptolemaic dynasty which all nationalities flow to Alexandria in order to were located nearby. To that Augustus instruct themselves in all areas of sciences. answered that he came to see a king and not Some of those scientists stayed at Alexandria, dead people. Caligula: he paid a visit to the and held positions at the library, others came Sema and left with Alexander's cuirass. only to study and attend what we call today Septimus Severus: He eventually closed the "Conferences" or "Somposiums", and returned tomb to the public because he was nervous home, such as: Euclid1, Apollonius of Perga2, about its safety under the hoards of tourists Philitas3, Aristophanes4, Aristarchus5, who rushed to visit. Caracalla: He visited the tomb in the third century A.D, as he believed 1 Euclid is the most prominent mathematician of that he was Alexander's reincarnation. This antiquity, who is best known for his treatise on emperor reportedly dedicated a treasure of mathematics The Elements. Little is known about his life except that he was taught at Alexandria in Egypt, offerings to the body of Alexander, among worked under the reign of Ptolemy I and founded a which was a mantle, rings, and other jewellery school at Alexandria. 2 (Magdy H., 2006). Appolonius of Perga was born in the second half of the third century B.C (about 262 BC) in Perga, Pamphylia, Greek Ionia (now Murtina, Antalya, The Colossi of Memnon were the most Turkey). He studied at Alexandria with the students of important tourist attraction in Egypt during the Euclid. He became very famous during the reign of Roman period. On which travelers used to Ptolemy III, as he was called "the greatest geometry scientist". Little is known of his life but his works have engrave their names as a memory of their visit, had a very great influence on the development of starting from the time of Nero and on. The mathematics, in particular his famous book Conics introduced terms which are familiar to us today such as most important visit was the one made by parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. Emperor Hadrian. There was also the religious 3 Philetas was originally from the island of Cos. tourism in which the visitors came to pay He was the author of a miscellaneous glossary, called "Glossai Atoktoi". He played an important role in the homage to the gods in their temples. The field of poetry, as we can say that he was the founder of The Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Vol. 18, Issue 1 (2021) 122 History of the Tourist guide in Egypt Heba Magdy Khalil Memnon of Side6, and Galian7 (Magdy H., A letter (CXIV) from Cleander to Hydaspes 2006). about a journey to Delphi, in the sixth year of the Peloponnesian War, mentioned: As long as there were tourist activities in "In the morning one of the Periegetai, whose ancient Egypt, there must have been tour profession is to show the antiquities of the guides. In ancient Greece, which was place, made us an offer of his service, which considered also a tourist destination in ancient they do to all strangers immediately after their times, the travelers mentioned the presence of arrival" (York P., 1800). the guides. These travelers used two words to refer to the guides: ἐσζεγεηὲ (exegetes), and But what about ancient Egypt? πεπιεγεηαι (periegetai). Rarely, we find the word exegetes, as it was only mentioned by 2. Literature review: Pausanias in Pausanias journey to Greece and Although there are some books that dealt with in an inscription from Olympia (SIG 1021.20) (Pretzler M., 2004). The most common word is tourism in Egypt during the different ages, periegetes. In epigraphy the richest source for there wasn't a specified study dealt with the such term happens to be from Olympia (3rd BC tour guides. There is only one article that dealt nd with the history of tour guides in Egypt: – 2 AD). Elsewhere than in Olympia, epigraphic periegetai are rare. In literature the Khattab M. et al (2018), "The historical best evidence for the periegetai is from development of the tourist guidance Plutarch. Lucian wrote: a character says: profession", International Journal of Heritage, Tourism, and hospitality, vol. 12 (2). "I was going around the colonnades in the sanctuary of Dionysius, examining each one of However, it is not satisfactory nor the painting, and right away two or three comprehensive, specially in the concern of the people ran up to tell me all about them for a development of this proffession in Egypt during the ancient periods and during the era small fee". (Pausanias, 2001). before the nineteenth century. The mentioned article also misses some information that could lead to a more interpretation to the the "Alexandrian Poetry School". He was tutor to the development of this profession. son of Ptolemy I of Egypt, and also taught Theocritus and the grammarian Zenodotus. 4 Aristophanes came from Byzantium. He was 3. Tourist Guides in Ancient Egypt: specialist of the Attic comedies and a pupil of Callimachus. Concerning the two Greek words that appeared 5 Aristarchus came from the island of in Greece refering to the guides: εξεγεηαι Samothrace and was born in 310 BC. He was the most eminent grammarian, who was known as "The Prophet".
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cultural Heritage Management and the Archaeology of the Coptic Church
    University of Winchester Egypt’s Hidden Heritage: Cultural Heritage Management and the Archaeology of the Coptic Church Daniel Heale ORCID 0000-0001-9149-6192 Doctor of Philosophy 07/2016 This Thesis has been completed as a requirement for a postgraduate research degree of the University of Winchester This study is respectfully dedicated to the memory of the late Pope Shenouda II, who took a great personal interest in my PhD project and supported it in every way MPhil/PhD THESES OPEN ACCESS / EMBARGO AGREEMENT FORM This Agreement should be completed, signed and bound with the hard copy of the thesis and also included in the e-copy. (see Thesis Presentation Guidelines for details). Access Permissions and Transfer of Non-Exclusive Rights By giving permission you understand that your thesis will be accessible to a wide variety of people and institutions – including automated agents – via the World Wide Web and that an electronic copy of your thesis may also be included in the British Library Electronic Theses On-line System (EThOS). Once the Work is deposited, a citation to the Work will always remain visible. Removal of the Work can be made after discussion with the University of Winchester’s Research Repository, who shall make best efforts to ensure removal of the Work from any third party with whom the University of Winchester’s Research Repository has an agreement. Agreement: I understand that the thesis listed on this form will be deposited in the University of Winchester’s Research Repository, and by giving permission to the University of Winchester to make my thesis publically available I agree that the: • University of Winchester’s Research Repository administrators or any third party with whom the University of Winchester’s Research Repository has an agreement to do so may, without changing content, translate the Work to any medium or format for the purpose of future preservation and accessibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Egyptian Tourism Through Tourism Governance
    The 2016 WEI International Academic Conference Proceedings Barcelona, Spain MANAGING EGYPTIAN TOURISM THROUGH TOURISM GOVERNANCE Dr. Yasmine Ramzy Arab Academy for Science Alexandria, Egypt Abstract Egypt depends on the tourism sector as a main contributor to the country’s GDP and has been engaged in attempts to revive the ailing sector that has been reeling from years of political turmoil. Egyptian tourism has been hit by years of political upheaval and militant violence. Before 2011, Egyptian tourism was a rising star in the struggling economy. To deal with the tourism crisis, the Egyptian authorities agreed to allocate $5 million to support the sector. They agreed to launch a massive campaign to promote internal tourism. However, this is not enough, better management techniques should be adapted in Egyptian tourism industry. Tourism governance could be a useful tool for managing Egyptian tourism. The study overall objective is to analyze governance and positioning of local actors face to manage tourism, in order to establish parameters for more effective tourism management, giving answer at questions like What are the various issues of governance planning in relation to the development of Egypt as sustainable tourism destination?, and what is the level of commitment of stakeholders to get effectively and efficiently management? Keywords: Egyptian Tourism, Tourism Governance, Stakeholders Partnership 1. Introduction: Egyptian tourism has been hit by years of political upheaval and militant violence. Before 2011, Egyptian tourism was a rising star in the struggling economy. During this period, the share of tourism revenues in Egypt’s account receipts reached the 20 %. Tourism had become the largest single source of foreign exchange earnings for the Egyptian economy.
    [Show full text]
  • SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENT in TOURISM in EGYPT (SITE) END -OF-TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Cultural Heritage Tourism in Egypt and Memphis, Egypt’S
    NAVE, RED MONASTERY, SOHAG, EGYPT, JULY 2018 SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENT IN TOURISM IN EGYPT (SITE) END -OF-TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Cultural Heritage Tourism in Egypt and Memphis, Egypt’s Ancient Capital: A Plan for Site and Community Development October 29, 2018 This publication was produced at the request of the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared under The QED Group, LLC Egypt SIMPLE Project. Team leader and lead author, Robert Travers and other contributors including Richard Gaeta, Monica Hanna, Ahmed Ibrahim, Nivine Ramses, Soheir El Sherif, and Nesma Saleh. SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENT IN TOURISM IN EGYPT (SITE) END-OF-TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Cultural Heritage Tourism in Egypt and Memphis, Egypt’s Ancient Capital: A Plan for Site and Community Development October 29, 2018 Task Order AID-263-I-15-00001/72026318F00007 Submitted by: The QED Group, LLC 1820 N. Fort Myer Drive, Suite 700 Arlington, VA 22209, USA Tel.: +1. 703.678.4700 www.qedgroupllc.com Egypt Office: The QED Group, LLC 1A Nadi El Etisalat off Ellaselky Street, New Maadi, 11435, Cairo, Egypt Office: +2090 2 25226697 DISCLAIMER: The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. CONTENTS ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IV PROJECT BACKGROUND IV PURPOSE IV METHOD AND DATA COLLECTION IV FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, EMERGING RECOMMENDATIONS – CHTE (ARCE) V FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, EMERGING RECOMMENDATIONS – MEMPHIS,
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Newsletter
    Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Newsletter Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities June 2021 Issue 18 Egypt Fully Vaccinated All Tourism Staff in Red Sea and South Sinai And Welcomes Vaccinated Tourists Arriving at All Its Ports Egypt has fully vaccinated all staff working at both Red Sea and South Sinai governorates, two of the country’s tourism hotspots as hotels and resorts gear up for the safe return of holidaymakers this summer. "Staff working in establishments including hotels, resorts, cafes, restaurants, bazaars and tourism transportation in the Red Sea and South Sinai governorates have received COVID19- vaccine", the Ministry of Health and Population announced at a press conference held on 3 June, in Sharm El-Sheikh and attended by the Minister and the Ministers of Health and Population and Civil Aviation. Starting June 23, Egypt allows vaccinated travelers who received a coronavirus vaccine that is approved by the World Health Organization and the Egyptian Drug Authority to enter the country, provided that it’s been 14 days since the second dose. Travellers who are fully vaccinated but arriving from countries affected with variant COVID19- will do a rapid (ID now) test upon arrival. Travelers who don’t have a vaccination certificate will have to submit a -ve PCR test result. Umrah Portal Law Issued An Official Visit to Berlin Part 2 of the Promotion Music in Ancient Egypt Campaign in Arab Market p. 2 p. 3 Launched p. 5 p. 12 1 Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities Newsletter - Issue 18 - June 2021 1 News Umrah Portal Law Issued to end brokerage On 20 June, President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi issued a Law to establish The Egyptian Portal for Umrah.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Tourism Statistics and the Development of Tourism Satellite Accounts
    Egyptian Tourism Statistics and The Development of Tourism Satellite Accounts Prepared for the USAID/DATA Project Ministry of Planning Egyptian Arab Republic Dr. Joy E. Hecht Consultant on Environmental Policy and Accounting Tel: 1-202-494-1162 Email: [email protected] URL: http://users.rcn.com/jhecht/professional Cairo, Egypt April 2005 Executive Summary This report describes the results of a mission to Egypt organized by the USAID DATA project in March and April 2005. The purpose of this consultancy has been to assess the current status of Egyptian tourism statistics, how they hold up to international norms, and the feasibility of developing tourism satellite accounts. The international framework for tourism statistics has been developed through the efforts of the World Tourism Organization. It is organized around the Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA), an extension of the national accounts to track the role of cross-industry tourism activities in the economy. The framework provides definition of key concepts, defining who is considered a tourist and which products are considered “tourism characteristic,” and identifying the sectors in the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) that are responsible for producing tourism characteristic products. Ten data tables form the core of the TSA; these are included in Annex B to this report. While Egypt’s tourism statistics do not meet the international norms, they are not negligible. The major sources include: Household income and expenditure survey. Carried out every five years, it asks limited questions about expenditure on domestic and outbound tourism. Inbound tourism expenditure survey. Carried out every two years, it asked reasonably detailed questions through 2002; in 2004 it was greatly simplified and is less useful than previously.
    [Show full text]
  • (2020). Sustainable Tourism in Egypt: Opportunities and Challenges
    Research Topic Sustainable Tourism in Egypt: Opportunities and Challenges Master Thesis Geneva Business School Master in International Management Submitted by: Samer BASSIUNY Geneva, Switzerland Approved on the application of: Professor Keltoum IRBAH Professor Damien BEZANÇON 1 Declaration of Authorship “I hereby declare: That I have written this work on my own without other people‟s help (copy- editing, translation, etc.) and without the use of any aids other than those indicated; That I have mentioned all the sources used and quoted them correctly in accordance with academic quotation rules; That the topic or parts of it are not already the object of any work or examination of another course unless this has been explicitly agreed on with the faculty member in advance; That my work may be scanned in and electronically checked for plagiarism.” Date: 08/06/2020 Name: Samer Mohamed Hany Bassiuny Signature: Samer Bassiuny 2 Acknowledgments First and notably, I would like to take this occasion to express my deepest gratitude to, My mom and dad who believed in me, supported me and made me the person that I am today To my family and friends who showed their support and believed in me My supervisor Professor Kelthoum Irbah, who encouraged me, supported me and believed in my research as well as giving me pronounced supervision. The Dean Professor Damien Bezançon, who approved my research paper and believed in the topic. Dr Elham Fouda and Mr Amr El Ezaby for giving me their time to conduct with them my interviews 3 Abstract The purpose of the following paper will be to comprehend and grasp how resorts and hotels in Egypt use their local resources and local supplies to be more sustainable.
    [Show full text]
  • Protected Areas of Egypt: Towards the Future
    TA TA TA PROTECTEDAREAS OFEGYPT: TOWARDSTHEFUTURE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Nature Conservation Sector June 2006 protectedareas ofegypt: towardsthefuture Technical support provided by: NCSCB and IUCN Financial support provided by: Italian Development Cooperation, UNDP, IUCN Protected Areas of Egypt: Towards the Future Prepared and published by: Nature Conservation Sector Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs 30 Misr Helwan El Zarai Road Maadi, Cairo, EGYPT Tel: (202) 5248792 Fax: (202) 5271391 www.eeaa.gov.eg Supervisor: Dr. Moustafa Fouda, Director, Nature Conservation Sector Text preparation: Mary Megalli, with contributions from Mindy and Sherif Baha El Din, John Grainger, and NCS staff Picture credits: Dan Paleczny - DP Gabriel Mikhael - GM Mary Magali - MM Mike James - MJ Mindy Baha El Din - MBD Nature Conservation Sector- NCS Omar Atum - OA Sherif Baha El Din - SBD Tarek Amin - TA Cover photograph courtesy of Mary Megali Design and layout: Joanne Cunningham Technical support provided by: NCSCB and IUCN Financial support provided by: Italian Development Cooperation, UNDP, IUCN NCS 2006 © The text of this publication may be produced in whole or in part and in any form for educational and nonprofit uses, without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The NCS would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this report as a source. No use of this publication may be made
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Tourism Sector in Egypt
    Implications of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Tourism Sector in Egypt Author Dr. Mohaya Zaytoun With the Cooperation of Ahmed Heiba Maha Abdel Hakim January 2010 (i) Implications of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Tourism Sector in Egypt Copyright © International Labour Organization 2011 First published 2010 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country International Labour Organization Implications of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Tourism Sector in Egypt By Mohaya Zaytoun with the cooperation of Ahmed Heiba and Maha Abdel Hakim; ILO DWT for North Africa, Egyptian Cabinet Information and Decision Support Center Cairo: ILO, 2011 1 v. ISBN: 9789221252436 (print); 9789221252443 (web pdf) International Labour Office; ILO DWT for North Africa; Egyptian Cabinet Information and Decision Support
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf (300.98 K)
    International Academic Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management Helwan University Volume 2, No.2, 2016 ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Culinary tourism in Egypt: a tourist perspective Mona Abdelbadie Elmoghazy and Maii Baher Omar Department of Tourism Studies, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Helwan University Abstract Over the past few years, culinary tourism has gained increasing importance in tourism industry. This relatively new market offers destinations numerous marketing opportunities. However, investigating culinary experience and its effect on tourist satisfaction and perception of a destination is under researched. The current study aims to assess Egyptian local food image attributes and its potential impact on both tourist food experience satisfaction and revisit intentions. For this purpose, self-administered questionnaires were distributed to a sample of (418) international tourists. Results revealed that there is a relatively high acceptance among tourists that “Egyptian food attributes” dimension is the main image of Egyptian local food. Regression analysis indicated that “food environment” dimension is an important food image that affects tourist’s overall satisfaction. Given that there is no specific scale developed for this purpose in Egypt, the main implication of the current study is to provide a measurement scale built on previous research that identifies and assesses attributes of local cuisine from tourist’s viewpoint. The current study offers valuable implications as well for destination marketers, managers and businesses that would help them develop and market a new type of tourist attraction and offer unique and memorable culinary experience. Key words Culinary tourism, tourist satisfaction, revisit intentions, culinary tourist, Egyptian cuisine. Introduction Food is becoming a main part of experiencing a destination’s culture and history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Development of the Tourist Guidance Profession
    International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality Vol. (12), No. (2/2), September, 2018 By: Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University, Egypt The Historical Development of the Tourist Guidance Profession Mahmoud Ali Tousson Khattab Wahid Omran Tamer Essa Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University Abstract The research aims to develop a positive mental image about the nature of work of a tourist guide, and to discuss the historical development stages of the profession of tour guidance in Egypt, starting from the ancient Egyptian era through the Greek and Roman times until today. The researcher also elaborates on how a tourist guide has changed in the modern era, from someone who just directed foreigners in archaeological sites to a well-educated person who has sufficient knowledge of archaeology and history. Additionally, the researcher highlights the periods when tourist guides had a prestigious status in the Egyptian society, and the time when their economic conditions started to deteriorate. He also talks about the establishment of the first association of tour guides which was followed by the founding of the first syndicate of tour guides. Moreover, the researcher mentions the important role of a tourist guide in the Egyptian modern history and the extent to which it influenced tourism in Egypt. He assured that the absence of efficient tourist guides would definitely lead the whole tourist sector to collapse. Therefore, he concluded that it is necessary to protect and improve the profession of tour guidance in Egypt by removing any legislative obstacles it faces, and by providing Egyptian tourist guides with the convenient social, economic, and healthy conditions of living they deserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism Development and the Environment on the Egyptian Red Sea
    Tourism Development and the Environment on the Egyptian Red Sea Coast by Zainub Ibrahim A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies in Geography Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2009 © Zainub Ibrahim 2009 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Tourism has become one of Egypt‘s main sources of income and has undergone rapid privatization and subsequent growth. This has resulted in numerous policy and implementation gaps including those in environmental policy. Egypt‘s natural resources are thus threatened by this unsustainable tourism growth. This study analyses the impact of the tourism privatization movement in Egypt on the distribution of environmental responsibility between the private and public sectors and the environmental consequences. Changes in the roles of the private and public sectors in tourism and other roles, priorities, and agendas that each stakeholder may have are considered in this thesis. In order to gather information for this study, Egyptian laws and legislations pertaining to the areas of the environment, tourism and investment were examined. Secondary data from government sources about tourist numbers and characteristics, and about investment trends in Egypt were also obtained and examined. A series of interviews of key informants from the public sector, private sector, and NGOs were also conducted in the Egyptian capital city, Cairo, and on the Red Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies
    Journal of Indonesian Tourism and p-ISSN: 2355-3979 Development Studies e-ISSN: 2338-1647 Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies EDITORIAL BOARD Chief Editor Luchman Hakim Ecotourism – Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia Team Editor Akira Kikuchi Yusri Abdillah Department of Environmental Faculty of Administrative Sciences University of Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia University of Brawijaya, Indonesia Soemarno Soemarno Rukavina Baks Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture University of Tadulako, Indonesia University of Brawijaya, Indonesia Hasan Zayadi Iwan Nugroho Department of Biology Widyagama University – Indonesia Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Devi Roza K. Kausar Sciences Faculty of Tourism Islamic University of Malang, Indonesia Pancasila University, Indonesia Managing Editor Muhammad Qomaruddin, Jehan Ramdani Haryati Aditya Dedy Purwito Editorial Address 1st floor Building E of Graduate Program, Brawijaya University Mayor Jenderal Haryono street No. 169, Malang 65145, Indonesia Phone: +62341-571260 / Fax: +62341-580801 Email: [email protected] Website: jitode.ub.ac.id Journal of Indonesian Tourism and p-ISSN: 2355-3979 Development Studies e-ISSN: 2338-1647 TABLE OF CONTENT Vol. 3 No. 2, April 2015 Plants as Natural Dyes for Jonegoroan Batik Processing in Jono Cultural Tourism Village, Bojonegoro, East Java Nurizza Fauziyah, Luchman Hakim .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]