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Frogs as Host-Parasite Systems I Frogs as Host-Parasite Systems I An Introduction to Parasitology through the Parasites of Rana temporaria, R. esculenta and R. pipiens 1. D. Smyth* and M. M. Smyth * Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology Imperial College, Unirersity of London M © J. D. Smyth and M. M. Smyth 1980 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980978-0-333-28983-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1980 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Associated companies in Delhi Dublin Hong Kong Johannesburg Lagos Melbourne New York Singapore and Tokyo British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Smyth, James Desmond Frogs as host-parasite systems. 1 1. Parasites-Frogs I. Title II. Smyth, M M 597'.8 SF997.5.F/ ISBN 978-0-333-23565-2 ISBN 978-1-349-86094-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-86094-4 This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement The paperback edition of this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, reso~.. hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser Contents Introduction and Aims vii 2.3 Protozoa in the alimentary canal 7 2.4 Protozoa in the kidney 13 Acknowledgements IX 2.5 Protozoa in the blood 14 3. Trematoda 19 Part I Frog Parasites and their Biology 3.1 Note on procedure 19 I. Examination for parasites: basic procedures 3.2 Commonly occurring trematodes 19 3.3 Examination of living trematodes 20 1.1 Frogs as hosts I 3.4 Monogenea 23 1.2 Preparation of frogs for dissection I 3.5 Digenea: Identification 24 1.3 Preparation for parasite collection 3 3.6 Digenea: Paramphistomidae 1.4 Summary of practical procedures 3 28 1.5 External examination: skin and associated 3.7 Digenea: Gorgoderidae 29 3.8 Digenea: Lecithodendriidae cavities 3 38 1.6 Internal examination 4 3.9 Digenea: Hemiuridae 40 3.10 Digenea: Cephalogonimidae 42 3.11 Digenea: Plagiorchiidae 42 2. Protozoa 6 4. Cestoda 2.1 Examination of living protozoa 6 56 2.2 Making rapid, stained 'smears' of protozoa 6 4.1 Identification of adult cestodes 56 v VI CONTENTS 4.2 Adult cestodes III R. temporaria and R. Part 2 Techniques and Experimental Methods 81 esculenta 57 4.3 Adult cestodes in R. pipiens 57 8. Experimental methods: Protozoa 81 4.4 Larval cestodes 61 8.1 Fixation and staining 81 8.2 In vitro culture 82 8.3 Trypanosomes: the haematocrit centrifuge 5. Nematoda 62 technique (of Woo) for examining small quantities of blood 84 5.1 Examination of nematodes 62 8.4 Staining blood films 85 5.2 Identification of nematodes 63 8.5 Opalinids and ciliates: induction of sexual 5.3 Order: Rhabditida 64 reproduction 85 5.4 Order: Strongylida 66 5.5 Order: Oxyurida/Ascaridada 68 9. Experimental methods: Trematodes 87 5.6 Order: Spirurida 68 9.1 Cercariae release and encystment 87 9.2 Demonstration of argentophilic 'papillae' in 6. Acanthocephala 73 cerariae ( = chetotaxie) 88 9.3 Egg embryonation and hatching of trematode eggs 90 7. The ecology of Rana species in relation to their 9.4 Demonstration of the nervous system in parasite fauna 76 trematodes by the indoxyl acetate method 7.1 Basic ecology of Rana temporaria 76 for esterase (e.g. cholinesterase) 90 7.2 Basic ecology of Rana esculenta 77 9.5 Demonstration of egg-shell precursors in 7.3 Basic ecology of Rana pipiens 78 trematodes 91 7.4 Ecological factors and the parasite fauna of R. 9.6 In vitro culture of lung flukes and lung tissues 93 temporaria and R. esculenta 79 References 95 7.5 Ecological factors and the parasite fauna of R. pipiens 80 Index 102 Introduction and Aims The aim of this book is to introduce students to parasi­ species of frog commonly used in biological laboratories in tology, using the frog and its parasites as a model host­ Europe and North America-Rana temporaria, R. esculenta parasite system. Classes in zoology and vertebrate phys­ and R. pipiens. It is not our intention to deal with all the iology have long used a frog as a basic animal type and its parasites recorded from these hosts, but to provide basic anatomy and physiology have been thoroughly studied; yet data, and a comprehensive bibliography, on those proto­ its contained parasites are often overlooked and students are zoan and helminth species most likely to be routinely generally unaware of the additional wealth of biological encountered; arthropod parasites (which are rare) are briefly material available. mentioned. Data on frog parasites are scattered in numerous Parasitology is a complex discipline with ramifications journals and to our knowledge have not previously been into many other biological fields. The study of a single host­ brought together in one volume. Some valuable surveys of parasite system such as the frog, with its rich fauna of frog parasites have been made by Combes 19, COX 22, Lees 91 , parasites, can, however, introduce students to many of its Mazurmovich 104, Reichenbach-Klinke and Elkan 145, branches-taxonomy, morphology, cytology, physiology Vojtkova 174, 177, 182 and Walton l85, 186. A comparable and ecology. Furthermore, amphibian parasites often serve volume on the parasites of the African toad, Xenopus laevis, as superb experimental material, providing the student with is in preparation 166. an introduction to some basic techniques in cell biology and physiology, as well as to the principles of experimental APPROACH parasitology. This text deals primarily with the parasites of the three The first part of this book deals with the examination of a Vll viii INTRODUCTION AND AIMS frog for parasites. Data are given on the morphology, examine their local species and record the parasites found; taxonomy and life cycles of the commoner species, and this additional data could make a valuable contribution to simplified keys are provided where relevant. Rarer species, teaching and research in parasitology. Most of the tech­ or those not commonly encountered, are not described in niques and procedures described here can readily be carried detail but are included in the tables. The ecology of the frog out in laboratories where only the simplest equipment is and its relationship with that of the parasitic fauna are available. It is assumed that the student is familiar with the discussed where appropriate. general anatomy and dissection of a frog as this has not been The second part provides procedures for simple exper­ dealt with in detail here. iments, such as: life cycle studies; egg and cyst hatching; in F or details of practical proced ures for the main tenance of vitro culture; cytology and histochemical tests; parasite living frogs in the laboratory, the following should be differentiation and development. consulted: Bardsley and Harmsen 5, Von Filek 42 and Naceet Although this volume deals with R. temporaria, R. al. 122 esculenta and R. pipiens, the principles and techniques involved are readily adaptable to other amphibian species. It London, 1980 J.D.S. is hoped that workers in different countries will continue to M.M.S. Acknowledgements Our special thanks are due to Miss Sue Venner for her Neuchateloise des Sciences Naturelles; Bulletin of the meticulous preparation of a number of the illustrations, University of Nebraska State Museum; Cambridge particularly the life cycle drawings; and to Mrs. Gwen University Press; Canadian Journal of Zoology; Folia Adams for her generous help, especially in typing the Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Purky­ manuscript. nianae Brunensis; International Journal for Parasitology; Most of the illustrations of organisms have been redrawn Journal of Morphology; Journal of Parasitology; Keigaku from original sources to conform to a uniform style; Publishing Co., Japan; McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.; acknowledgement is made to the authors in legends. We are Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; indebted to the publishers and editors of the journals, listed Parasitology; Parasitologiya; Proceedings of the below, for permlSSlon to use illustrations: Acta Helminth%gical Society of Washington; Protistologica; Parasit%gica P%nica; Acta Tropica; American Mid/and Revue Suisse de Zo%gie; Scripta Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalist; Angewandte Parasit%gie; Anna/es de Para­ Naturalium Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis; Charles C. sitologie Humaine et Comparee; Appleton-Century-Crofts, Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A.; Transactions of the Inc. N.Y.; Archiv fur Protistenkunde; Archives de l'Institut American Microscopical Society; University Park Press, Pasteur du Maroc; Bulletin de I'Academie Polonaise des "Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.; nstnik teskosloven­ Sciences, Serie des Science Biologiques; Bulletin de la Societe ske Spole'tnosti Zoologicke; Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde. ix .
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