DOCSLIB.ORG

Approved Las Cienegas Resource Management Plan and Record of Decision

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Approved Las Cienegas Resource Management Plan and Record of Decision U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Arizona State Office Tucson Field Office July 2003 Approved Las Cienegas Resource Management Plan and Record of Decision The Bureau of Land Management is responsible for the balanced management of the public lands and resources and their various values so that they are considered in a combination that will best serve the needs of the American people. Management is based upon the principles of multiple use and sustained yield; a combination of uses that take into account the long term needs of future generations for renewable and nonrenewable resources. These resources include recreation, range, timber, minerals, watershed, fish and wildlife, wilderness and natural, scenic, scientific, and cultural values. BLM/AZ/PL-03/010 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................1 Las Cienegas National Conservation Area Act .......................................................................... 1 The Sonoita Valley Planning Partnership................................................................................... 3 Changes to the Proposed Las Cienegas RMP/Final EIS............................................................. 5 Protest Resolution.................................................................................................................... 5 Governor Consistency Review ................................................................................................ 5 Section 7 Consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)............................ 5 APPROVED RMP LEVEL DECISIONS .....................................................................................................6 Desired Future Conditions .......................................................................................................... 6 Land Use Allocations................................................................................................................ 12 Special Designations................................................................................................................. 21 Land Tenure Adjustments......................................................................................................... 25 Management Actions ................................................................................................................ 26 DECISION RATIONALE...........................................................................................................................70 Desired Future Condition Objectives........................................................................................ 71 Alternatives Considered............................................................................................................ 74 Environmentally Preferred Alternative..................................................................................... 76 IMPLEMENTATION..................................................................................................................................76 Adaptive Management.............................................................................................................. 77 Administrative Actions ............................................................................................................. 77 Requirements for Further Environmental Analysis .................................................................. 77 Monitoring & Evaluation.......................................................................................................... 78 PLAN MODIFICATION.............................................................................................................................82 Plan Maintenance...................................................................................................................... 82 Plan Amendments ..................................................................................................................... 83 Plan Revision ............................................................................................................................ 83 ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................... Inside Back Cover APPENDICES Appendix 1: The Las Cienegas NCA Act ............................................................................A1 - 1 Appendix 2: The Sonoita Valley Planning Partnership Case Study.................................... A2 – 1 Appendix 3: Errata Sheet for the Proposed RMP/EIS........................................................ A3 – 1 Appendix 4: Standard Land Use Plan Decision Numbering Convention........................... A4 – 1 Appendix 5: Biological Opinion Summary ........................................................................ A5 – 1 Appendix 6: ACEC Management Prescriptions ................................................................. A6 – 1 Appendix 7: Las Cienegas Acquisition Strategy ................................................................ A7 – 1 Appendix 8: Integrated Vegetation Treatment Program ..................................................... A8 – 1 Appendix 9: Monitoring Protocols ..................................................................................... A9 – 1 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... R - 1 i. MAPS Map 1: Las Cienegas NCA and Sonoita Valley Acquisition Planning District..................... 2 Map 2: Minerals Management ............................................................................................ 14 Map 3: Utility Corridors...................................................................................................... 15 Map 4: North Half – Route Designations ............................................................................ 17 Map 4 South Half – Route Designations ............................................................................ 18 Map 5: Recreation Management Zones .............................................................................. 19 Map 6: Arizona Trail Route ................................................................................................ 22 Map 7 Grazing Management.............................................................................................. 23 Map 8 Special Designation Areas ...................................................................................... 24 Map 9 Administrative Sites................................................................................................ 27 Map 10 Vegetation Treatments............................................................................................. 29 Map 11 Fence Modifications ............................................................................................... 37 Map 12 Pronghorn Habitat and Fawning Area .................................................................... 39 Map 13 Road Right-of-Way Acquisitions............................................................................ 42 Map 14 North Canyon Motorized Trail Route..................................................................... 48 Map 15 Designated Recreation Sites ................................................................................... 49 Map 16 Existing and Planned Range Improvements ........................................................... 60 Map 17 Livestock Crossing Lanes and Watering Areas ...................................................... 61 TABLES Table 1: Land Ownership: Las Cienegas NCA and Sonoita Valley Acquisition Planning District ...................................................................................................................... 3 Table 2: Pool Habitat and Cover Requirements for Selected Segments in Cienega Creek.. 10 Table 3: Desired Recreation Opportunity Settings ............................................................... 20 Table 4: Livestock Grazing Allocations ............................................................................... 25 Table 5: Designated Road Crossings on Cienega Creekand Empire Gulch ......................... 32 Table 6: Special Recreation Permit Guidance by Recreation Zone...................................... 45 Table 7: Primary Recreation Activities by Zone................................................................... 46 Table 8: Route Maintenance Guidance by Zone................................................................... 50 Table 9: Summary of Anticipated Fencing, Empire-Cienega Allotment.............................. 57 Table 10: Summary of Anticipated Empire-Cienega Allotment Water Developments .......... 58 Table 11: Livestock Crossing Lanes and Watering Areas, Empire-Cienega Allotment ......... 59 Table 12: Vegetation Communities and Associated Wildlife Species .................................... 73 Table 13: Comparison of Vegetation Production under Three Rainfall Regimes and Forage Consumption by Livestock..................................................................................... 75 - ii - INTRODUCTION Las Cienegas National Conservation Area Act The approved Las Cienegas Resource Management Plan (RMP) is a plan for managing The Las Cienegas NCA and SVAPD were 49,000 acres of public land, resources and uses designated by Congress and signed into law by within Las Cienegas National Conservation Area the President on December
Load more

Recommended publications
  • March 2021 Volume 22, Issue 1 EMPIRE RANCH FOUNDATION NEWS
    March 2021 Volume 22, Issue 1 EMPIRE RANCH FOUNDATION NEWS P.O Box 842 * Sonoita, Arizona 85637-0842 * (888) 364-2829 www.empireranchfoundation.org Ranch in 1876 and had begun the de- Thanks! Edward Vail Stories velopment of the Total Wreck silver The response to our year-end appeal to mine. help the Foundation renovate the New Upon his arrival in Arizona Ned Ranch House was fantastic! Over $8,000 became the assayer of the Total Wreck has been added to the renovation fund. Mine and later purchased and managed We also received our first four-year the Rosemont Ranch on the east slope pledge. Please consider making a pledge of the Santa Rita Mountains. He partic- for this exciting project. Email ipated actively in Vail family ranching [email protected] or operations in Arizona and California call 888-364-2829. throughout his life. A lifelong bachelor, COVID19 still limits our ability to Edward “Ned” Vail, beside his car on the he was fondly known by his nieces and host events, volunteer workdays, and Empire Ranch, ca 1920 (photo: M. V. nephews as “Tio.” He died at the age of docent tours. The Ranch House remains Woolley) 87 on October 14, 1936 in Tucson. open to visitors. When circumstances Edward “Ned” L. Vail was born Sep- In the 1920s Ned began to write permit, we hope to institute a greeter tember 19, 1849 in Liverpool, Nova reminiscences of his experiences in ear- program. Trained volunteers would be Scotia, Canada, the eldest son of ly Arizona, many of which were pub- stationed outdoors on weekends to an- Mahlon and Elizabeth Boyle Vail.
    [Show full text]
  • The EMPIRE RANCH HOUSE a Brief History
    to his sister in London, England, Hislop described the house as having The EMPIRE RANCH HOUSE “two bedrooms, kitchen, and a storeroom.” At the back of the house was a corral for holding the cattle and protecting stock from thieves and preda- A Brief History tors at night. The breezeway between the rooms, sometimes referred to by the Spanish term “zaguan,” provided the only entry into the corral. Beams Aug. 2013 Rev. and latillas used in constructing the original, flat roof are still visible from the inside of the breezeway. Hislop’s letter also said that the house had no windows or doors, meaning that there were only window and door open- ings, no furnishing, and that “plaster was needed.” The two men installed window panes, doors and a wooden floor themselves. Although Vail had acquired some carpentering skills while working in the Nevada goldfields, neither of the men was experienced in working with adobe mud or plaster. To accomplish this task they hired two Native American adobe masons. In 1881 Vail returned to New Jersey to marry his longtime sweetheart, Mar- garet Newhall, and bring her back to the Empire Ranch. As a wedding present to his bride, Vail had a half-hexagon bay window built into the north wall of the living room. Rooms were added to the house to accommodate a grow- ing staff and the family that Vail and Margaret planned to raise. Empire Ranch Vaqueros circa 1890 In the late 1870’s, a rear addition of rooms for offices and staff were added, Photo Courtesy Laura (“Dusty”) Vail Ingram and a gable-roofed Victorian addition followed.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing up a Tomboy on the Empire Ranch, Part I
    Growing up a tomboy on the Empire Ranch, Part I By Betty Barr This article was originally printed in The Bulletin in two parts, July 18 and 23, 2003. It is posted on the Empire Ranch Foundation website with Betty Barr’s permission. This material is copyrighted and may not be further reproduced without permission of the author. It was a windy day in early December 1914, and several murderers had been spotted near the Empire Ranch in Sonoita. The young rancher, Banning Vail, along with a group of deputies, had set out on the manhunt when word was received that Vail’s first child was about to be born in Tucson. Leaving the posse, he hurried to town to welcome his daughter into the world. Vail laughingly observed that the baby must be thirsty, she was bawling so loudly she sounded “dusty.” The nickname stuck, and as Dusty Vail often remarked, the name suited her a lot better than the ladylike, Laura, that she was christened with. It was later learned that the man who replaced Vail on the posse was killed and the family always credited Dusty with saving her father’s life. Growing up on a ranch in the early twentieth century was an exciting adventure for Dusty Vail Ingram, a little girl who idolized her dad and loved horses. The fearless tomboy was up on a horse at age six. One day when no one was around she lugged her saddle up on the fence, then dropped it down on the horse and hopped aboard. All went smoothly until she returned from the ride and leaned down to unlatch the gate.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Empire Ranch
    HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE RANCH by Gregory Paul Dowell A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment off the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1978 Original typescript thesis converted by the Empire Ranch Foundation to a Word document in 2011 with permission granted by Gregory Paul Dowell STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by, the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: _______________________________ APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ______________________________ ____________________ HARWOOD PERRY HINTON Date Professor of History Dowell, Gregory Paul History of the Empire Ranch, 1978 ii PREFACE Ranching in southern Arizona assumed a measure of permanence in the 1870s. With the slackening of the Apache threat, a number of cattle growers filtered into the valleys south of Tucson to start ranches and supply beef to mining camps and military detachments.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic and Riparian Herpetofauna of Las Cienegas National Conservation Area, Empire-Cienega Ranch, Pima County, Arizona
    AQUATIC AND RIPARIAN HERPETOFAUNA OF LAS CIENEGAS NATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA, EMPIRE-CIENEGA RANCH, PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA Philip C. Rosen, Assistant Research Scientist School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 520-621-3187 ph 520-670-5001 fax [email protected] and Dennis J. Caldwell, Caldwell Design 2109 N 2nd Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85705 [email protected] Final Report to: Bureau of Land Management Tucson Office 12661 East Broadway Tucson, AZ 85748 For Cooperative Agreement AAA000011 Task Order No. 6 (BLM, AZ State Office – CESU-FLPMA, University of Arizona) AZ068-1120-BV-SSSS-25-2B 1 September 2004 LAS CIENEGAS AQUATIC AND RIPARIAN HERPETOFAUNA – ROSEN & CALDWELL 2004 2 Aquatic and Riparian Herpetofauna of Las Cienegas National Conservation Area, Empire-Cienega Ranch, Pima County, Arizona 1 September 2004 Philip C. Rosen and Dennis J. Caldwell Executive Summary Las Cienegas National Conservation Area encompasses the Empire and Cienega ranches, including the headwaters and intact cienega-stream of Cienega Creek. This area supports the most intact natural major valley bottom wetland in Arizona, and provides a window to the original environment of other valleys in southeastern Arizona. We intensively inventoried the amphibians and reptiles of the cienega and its riparian environs, and extensively surveyed those in the surrounding xeroriparian and upland environments. These environments, not including species in outlying, rocky environments, support a rich herpetofauna with 38 species verified and an expected
    [Show full text]
  • Las Cienegas National Conservation Area 2010 Managers Report
    National Landscape Conservation System FY 2011 Annual Manager’s Report Figure 1 Sacaton grass dominate the view of Mt. Bruce, photo taken at the Audubon Research Ranch, Las Cienegas NCA Las Cienegas National Conservation Area 1 I. Introduction Period of Report: October 1, 2010 through September 30, 2011. Unit Name and Contact Information: Las Cienegas National Conservation Area (LCNCA) Tucson Field Office 3201 E. Universal Way Tucson, AZ 85756 (520) 258-7200 Las Cienegas National Conservation Area website Manager’s name: Markian Rekshynskyj Associated Field, District, and/or State Offices: Field Office: Tucson Field Office District: Gila District State: Arizona State Office Establishing authority: Public Law 106-538, Dec. 6, 2000 Acreage of public land: 41,972 acres of Public Land in Las Cienegas NCA Estimated annual visitation: FY 2011: 26,000 visits 2 Figure 2 Las Cienegas National Conservation Area general map showing only the main roads. 3 1. Natural and Heritage Resources Conditions a. Natural resources trends LCNCA contains 5 major Natural Resources: • Native Grasslands • Cienega Creek Riparian Area • Outstanding Biological, Ecological, Cultural, and Paleontological Resources • Historic Empire Ranch Headquarters • Appleton-Whittell Research ACEC Upland Habitats Figure 3 The Uplands of LCNCA after the Cinco Fire (Photo by H. Swanson) Of the five rare vegetation community types found at Las Cienegas NCA, semi desert grassland is the most abundant and covers about 94% of the total area. This grassland is part of a larger complex of semi desert grasslands within the Apache Highlands Ecoregion which includes central and southern Arizona, southern New Mexico and northern Mexico. Over the past 130 years grasslands in this borderland region have experienced dramatic changes including a reduction in perennial grass cover, shrub and tree encroachment, soil erosion, and fragmentation.
    [Show full text]
  • LCNCA Visiting Policies
    Commonly Asked Questions - Visiting Policies Empire Ranch Headquarters & Las Cienegas National Conservation Area (LCNCA) For all general inquiries, call Bureau of Land Management Tucson Field Office, (520) 258-7200, located at 3201 E. Universal Way, Tucson, AZ 85756. Hours: Monday through Friday, 8am-4pm. Information is also provided on the BLM Las Cienegas NCA website. For specific questions about group activities, permits or general land use, contact: Catie Fenn, Outdoor Recreation Planner, BLM Tucson Field Office, 520-258-7204. Commonly asked questions How do I get to the Empire Ranch? Las Cienegas National Conservation Area is located 45 miles southeast of Tucson. From Tucson, drive south on Interstate 10 to scenic highway 83, exit 281. Head south on State Highway 83, between milepost 40 & 39, turn east into the LCNCA entrance, noted by the “Historic Empire Ranch” sign. Where can I obtain a map? Maps are available at the BLM’s Tucson Field Office. Are there tours of the Empire Ranch Headquarters? The Empire Ranch Foundation provides tours on the second Saturday of the month at 11am and 1pm. For more information, contact the Empire Ranch Foundation at 888-364-2829 or visit the Foundation’s web page. For large, private group tours, you may need a Bureau of Land Management Special Recreation Permit (SRP). Please see “Do I need a Permit?” below. When is the Empire Ranch Headquarters open to visit? The Empire Ranch Headquarters is located within Las Cienegas National Conservation Area (LCNCA). This is public property and is open to the public for self-guided touring on a daily basis, 365 days a year.
    [Show full text]
  • Azu Td Box233 E9791 1949
    The history of the cattle industry in southern Arizona, 1540- 1940 Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Wagoner, Jay J., 1923- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 17:13:16 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551155 54941 1451 THE HISTORY OF THE CATTLE INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, 1540-1940 V y Wagoner A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of History and Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Graduate College, University of Arizona 1949 L7. -c r j ^ n :*:i OAor-oAPr . ; i^iivnioc ::i nl"onr A snd -o o‘>' .77C AA'-iA-j:; t-u-r^/oB IoA jj-zi/j %":oz'c.::- z:z;e-:r.v i-o I'O 0.-7 fd 70 A 7C"i;0n,0-:T> ^OO-AA A'U. v Zi. ■ iv 7 fid: H yC’j’.vr ;;,oO i..; iv ; V;: :X ; . - ■ v ' •■ "' - ;.'Li : if.' *'*•* •.. * - », ^ » *. hsro'j.osiA t? V Ov. ; ; V noo.'oA{■' »-• -L , Aor *«rrzov oo A" V h r m / / 9 V ? 6 2- TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page INTRODUCTION . 1 I. THE SPANISH PERIOD . .. 3 II. MEXICAN LAND GRANTS AND APACHE DEPREDATIONS, 1820-1872 . ............. 39 III. RANGE AND MARKETING PROBLEMS OF THE SEVENTIES AND EIGHTIES.......
    [Show full text]
  • Schaefer-1979.Pdf
    THE ANAMAX PROJECT HISTORY OF THE ROSEMONT AREA IN THE SANTA RITA MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA by Jerome Schaefer ✓ Cultural Resource Management Section Arizona State Museum The University of Arizona November 1979 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES iii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Trends, Events, and Innovations affecting Historic Activity . 1 2. DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS 7 Population Trends 7 3. ROSEMONT CAMP AND THE ROSEMONT MINES 11 Life in Rosemont 15 Transportation 16 The Hotel 17 The Rosemont School '21 The Rosemont Store 21 Entertainment 22 The Rosemont Ranger Station 23 4. OTHER MINES 25 Narragansett Mine and New Rosemont 25 Helena Mine 26 5 RANCHING HISTORY 28 General Trends 28 The Scholefield or Hidden Spring Ranch 29 The VR Ranch 30 Lopez's Ranch 31 Chapo's Ranch 32 Martinez Ranch 32 St. Helena Ranch and_the-St.,Helena,Cattle Company 33 Outlying Range Management Installations 33 6. PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 34 APPENDIX A, Catalogue of Primary Documents 39 REFERENCES 50 ii LIST OF FIGURES 1. Chronology of events in the history of Rosemont and environs . 2 2. Copper prices and production in the Helvetia Mining District . 5 3. Population trends in the Rosemont, Helvetia, and Greaterville Districts 8 4. Historic localities in the ANAMAX Exchange area 12 5. Plat of the claim of Charles W. Welch, Assignee of Leonard Lewisohn 18 6. Undated photograph of Rosemont, looking west 19 7. The hotel, store, warehouse, smelter, and assayer's office in 1900 20 8. Miner's tent house Helvetia at the turn of the century 36 9. Homes of Mexican miners in Helvetia at the turn of the century .
    [Show full text]
  • Heart of the Empire. Historic Structure Report
    - D R A F T - [version 1. 1 J HEART OF THE EMPIRE )iISTORIC STRUCTURE REPORT EMPIRE RANCH, ARIZONA Laura Soulliere Harrison, Architectural Historian National Park Service Paul J. Neidinger, Historical Architect National Park Service December 31, 1992 I� .' ....:::::::;- �� \ --1 -==:-. \ HEART OF THE EMPIRE EDITORIAL NOTE The Heart of the Empire Historic Structure Report was never finalized. The primary author, Laura Soulliere Harrison informed the Empire Ranch Foundation that funding to complete the report was not available so that this draft version 1.1 is the final work product of her efforts. Nevertheless, the draft report contains much valuable information about the history of the Empire Ranch and the architectural features of the Empire Ranch headquarters. As a result the draft report has been converted from a typescript manuscript to this pdf version, page numbers have been added to the existing content, and the photographs used in the Illustration section of the report have been enhanced whenever possible. Alison Bunting ERF Archivist/Historian July 2020 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface .................................................. iv Introduction............................................. 1 Chapter I: Administrative Data .......................... 3 Chapter II: Historical Data .........•......•............. 4 The Land of the Empire .....••••...................... 4 E.N. Fish. ........................... ............... 4 The Empire Property .......... .............................6 The Beginnings of and Empire: Walter Vail
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
    NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 (March 1992) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES MULTIPLE PROPERTY DOCUMENTATION FORM This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. X New Submission Amended Submission ======================================================================== A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ================================================================================= Cattle Ranching in Arizona, 1540-1950 ======================================================================== B. Associated Historic Contexts ================================================================================= (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) 1. Cattle in the Arizona Economy: An Overview. 2. The Spanish Colonial and Mexican Periods, 1521-1848. 3. The Early American Period, 1848-1880. 4. The Boom Period, 1880-1893. 5. The Foundation of the Modern Cattle Industry, 1893-1950. 6. Indian Cattle Raising: Case Studies of the San Carlos and Tohono O’odham Reservations, 1920-1950. 7. Southern Arizona Ranch House Architectural Context 8. Northern
    [Show full text]
  • A County Government Perspective Julia Fonseca
    A County Government Perspective Julia Fonseca Pima County, Arizona is a medium-sized While floodplain regulations don't protect Western county where only 25% of the land is riparian habitats, land acquisition can. Many privately held. Uke many Western counties, counties in the West have vigorously opposed private land is often found along the larger federal land purchases, particularly along floodplains. Many of the towns in Pima streams. But Pima County has supported fed­ County, including Tucson, originated along eral acquisition of floodplains on a variety of these floodplains. Since 1974, federal regula­ grounds. We think that keeping floodplains tions have set the framework for how Pima natural upstream of Tucson makes sense. County manages floodplain development. Why? Because broad, well-vegetated flood­ plains act somewhat like dams. They slow Since the floodplain regulations went into down the velocity of water and allow floods effect, the population in the unincorporated to spread out harmlessly on undeveloped County has tripled in size, and a great deal of public land before hitting downstream urban the riparian habitat that was in the floodplain areas. Ifthe upper watersheds were channel­ has been lost to housing, businesses and road­ ized, flood peaks downstream would in­ ways. That rapid growth has sparked the de­ crease. Upper watersheds also recharge the sire among environmental and neighborhood urban aquifer downstream-an ecosystem ser­ groups to see riparian habitat preserved dur­ vice that often goes unrecognized. In addi­ ing development. These groups often believe tion, Pima County residents seem to like the that we floodplain managers can prevent recreation and natural open space that public floodplains from being developed, and hence land can provide.
    [Show full text]