THE ANAMAX PROJECT HISTORY OF THE ROSEMONT AREA IN THE SANTA RITA MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA

by Jerome Schaefer ✓

Cultural Resource Management Section Arizona State Museum The University of Arizona

November 1979

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES iii

1. INTRODUCTION 1 Trends, Events, and Innovations affecting Historic Activity . 1

2. DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS 7 Population Trends 7

3. ROSEMONT CAMP AND THE ROSEMONT MINES 11 Life in Rosemont 15 Transportation 16 The Hotel 17 The Rosemont School '21 The Rosemont Store 21 Entertainment 22 The Rosemont Ranger Station 23

4. OTHER MINES 25 Narragansett Mine and New Rosemont 25 Helena Mine 26 5 RANCHING HISTORY 28 General Trends 28 The Scholefield or Hidden Spring Ranch 29 The VR Ranch 30 Lopez's Ranch 31 Chapo's Ranch 32 Martinez Ranch 32 St. Helena Ranch and_the-St.,Helena,Cattle Company 33 Outlying Range Management Installations 33 6. PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 34 APPENDIX A, Catalogue of Primary Documents 39

REFERENCES 50

ii LIST OF FIGURES

1. Chronology of events in the history of Rosemont and environs . . . . 2

2. Copper prices and production in the Helvetia Mining District . . . 5

3. Population trends in the Rosemont, Helvetia, and Greaterville Districts 8

4. Historic localities in the ANAMAX Exchange area 12

5. Plat of the claim of Charles W. Welch, Assignee of Leonard Lewisohn 18

6. Undated photograph of Rosemont, looking west 19

7. The hotel, store, warehouse, smelter, and assayer's office in 1900 20

8. Miner's tent house Helvetia at the turn of the century 36

9. Homes of Mexican miners in Helvetia at the turn of the century . . . 37 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Soon a large open pit copper mine, mill, and dump will permanently alter the surface of the Rosemont area on the eastern slopes of the Santa Rita Mountains. The rich copper-bearing deposits that are now the focus of the ANAMAX Mining Company have attracted miners since the 1870s. The early miners shared this country with the ranchers who were attracted by other natural resources--the rich grazing lands and numerous springs for their cattle. The archaeological sites left by these early pioneers and their descendents reflect two of the major economic forces which today continue to shape Arizona's history and culture.

This report documents the history of ranching and mining in the Rosemont area which will be given to the ANAMAX Mining Company, by the Coronado National Forest in exchange for other lands. As part of the testing phase of the ANAMAX project, this historical framework will aid in the evaluation of archaeological resources which are threatened by the proposed open pit mining operations. Included in the report is an outline of political and economic trends affecting the mining and cattle industries in the Santa Ritas, an outline of major demographic patterns, histories of each mine and ranch in the effected area, and a statement on the problems and potential for using the historical records in interpreting archaeologi- cal remains. Fihally, the primary documents pertaining to the Rosemont area are catalogued in Appendix A. These documents are referred to throughout the text.

Trends, Events, and Innovations affecting Historic Activity

The history of ranching and mining in the Rosemont area can only be understood within the context of processes taking place on the national and regional level. Political, economic, and technological changes affecting the entire world were sometimes felt in Rosemont, manifested by changing patterns of local population growth, maintenance, and decline, and by chang- ing Intensities of economic activity.

A summary of relevant historical events appears in Figure 1, with an emphasis given to mining. The upper time line traces national and regional events which had an impact on the locale ecomomy and settlement pattern. . Stippled,amas indicate major events of some duration, such as war and eco- nomic depression. The lower time line is a detailed history of mining. Events labelled above the line refer directly to the Rosemont district. Events labelled below the line refer to the Helvetia and Greaterville areas predominantly. The stippled portions of the lower time line denote periods of intense mining while checkered areas indicate intermittant activity. Areas that have been left clear denote periods of little or no mining. 1

TIME LINES OF HISTORIC EVENTS

6 •OSP e. 4e0c;6 \ oa e 4 t:!1S' OP ,61c c>';/‹ef,..,e Ne.e; c' o' ,,,.. \oz 0 ,P •aP) \2CP e,„'1,2' ,.:' e ,d," , ,e,,,,;\ :R":,ef' .\,z," ,4\N 6P <( l' 2P •-• 2, \0 6,02.‹, 6 4k, 42' (2.' eP ..' w as tea t)( ( eP *.' \ " <)" \ 6k < 0 (N 2,a \ \ 6 ir ,,,P R . ,c)(4- 40 ,,,,,,? e' 4;N r <'› 4, :r cD• qz., .e o`

MAJOR NATIONAL AND REGIONAL EVENTS

e at' OC \ 2 / , ,,e'C'C .(4- eP\ IP' lacy (P 41). .t6 ea - 6 e9( t. \6 2:c •C c:c. o . rP\o' teat',,c' NiA •6" .: \ (5P . <,P) e .' i`z • cs 6( ,,•<)e a \ oe 6,,,,• 26 \ o •,a a , ' eo \Is\ ',6° 2::\ 'C GfiP - S's C c,6 S , p e" 4 act' \(.se'e:':S2' • •('a A lcFg) (P \ s ' 'P s ° \ ( Sc\ \.,. .. 4P c> ,c '"P ';° ,:-.,,'; e , ((■ to .ct,6 2> 2a e o'' ..,F.4, .4\ 0"' ,5-. ,:,S, NN K, '‘ (‘e>4 $ a ..0 ea"' 4;" ` l. efP ..2P (.0:( e (!P -a6 4. za „, e t • ( a - C te''IC , C> ,.,c,e c, , ,,,, \(‘ 40 .( - -0• . "c!A. ° ,p, eoat T".' R.P e . ,,° -40,`"‘ e:( ,. a( - (2 4> (> al,P:c s • t::1 '.P et' ex 1P ce -(P se\ oas tf .i., 1.9. ss4 \e l- „(.6 ca 46cs ROSEMONT HISTORY re CP R, 1111111111111•11EMISMINI OTHER MINES & EVENTS (Jo •2' \ oC ea ep.-\ '''\ K., •64: (7, s \ 1,6 Q•C' ...a \ <•R. 2i ° ,,,4V 6 (>''' C 6 ' C6) `62. '''' Key to lower time line 2' CC). ..' .( , e o 6 ...‹,c cp' 1i4v,,,.P \\\eOe. = intense mining e paeg \z u 't 4 .e, . 0 cP,e: a e QR ,i,.\ 0 V NO) \ s'dr at' ° 0 = intermittent mining G°\J ? e:c Ns'e'•,r,N e,\• CP V-4 i'•2.°Y4 = little or no mining •2;\

111[1111111111111 Mill it 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960

Figure 1 3

Specific events in Rosemont's history are fully treated in the text below and are of secondary concern for this discussion. Rather, I will here relate general trends of mining activity to national and regional history. Ranching history is less dynamic in the Rosemont area and while not shown in Figure 1, it is discussed fully in Chapter 4.

It was the lust for gold and silver which first attracted Europeans to Arizona. In 1539 Friar Marcos de Niza and Estevan traveled the southwest looking for the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola and their mineral wealth. The Coronado expedition to the Pueblos the following year proved that no such riches existed. Miners from Mexico found that indeed such wealth did exist but that it could not be simply taken from the indigenous population as the conquistidores had done, Instead, they exploited the rich silver mines of southern Arizona and the Indian population as well. In 1705, Father Kino described the silver ores of the Santa Rita deposits. Through the 1700s Spanish mines were operated in the Santa Rita, Cerro Colorado, and Ajo regions,

The first American mining followed the Gadsden purchase in 1852 when southern Arizona south of the Gila River and southern New Mexico were sold by the Mexicamkto become a new territory of the United States, Soon after in 1856, the Santa Rita silver mines near Tubac were opened. Exploration of the Santa Rita and Cerro Colorado mountains produced many a glory hole and shaft mine in the late 1850s. Notable among the larger operations were the Mowry Mine in the Patagonia Mountains, the Gila Dome Placers near

Yuma, and the Heintzelman Mine in the Cerro Colorado Mountains. .

The Civil War curtailed many mining operations after 1861 because the Army had to be withdrawn and Apache raids grew more frequent. The massacre of the Santa Rita silver miners must have scared many miners off their claims, Following the Civil War and the Apache campaigns from 1871 to 1886, many of the miners returned to the mountainsof southern Arizona. Most of the ranchers and early prospectors had returned to the Rosemont area by the mid to late 1870s and they had to contend with Apache raids until Geronimo's surrender (Docu- ment 27).

The procedure by which miners located, patented, and worked their claims was set forth in the 1872 federal mining laws (Thompson 1915). These laws also allowed for local mining customs to prevail when they did not con- flict with federal statutes. All through Arizona and the Western United States, miners working the same area organized themselves into communally recognized mining districts. At periodic meetings they set forth and enforced the rules for making claims and for personal conduct. By 1881 there were fifty districts distributed throughout the ore-bearing regions of Arizona. The number of districts has increased through time until over two hundred districtS and localities can be counted today. A the start of Rosemont's development, it was already part of the Helvetia Mining District and subject to the rules set forth at the annual district meeting. These rules were a conglomeration of practices developed by Cornish, Mexican, and California miners (Shinns 1885). The minutes from a similar group in Greaterville, recorded from 1883 to 1886,are still preserved 4

(Document 60), Both local and federal laws were intended to promote unhampered development of American mineral- resources. To this aim, -the-- laws have remained substantially unchanged throughout the history of mining in the Santa Rita Mountains.

It was not until 1879-1880 that two events spurred the rapid develop- ment of the large Santa Rita copper deposits. The first was the invention of the electric light which soon after increased the demand for copper electrical products. The second and most important event was the exten- sion of the Southern Pacific Railroad (S,P.R.R.) to Tucson, Vail, and Pantano (Myrick 1975). The first period of intensified mining began in 1879 as news of the coming railroad spread. Soon equipment could be brought in and ore shipped out from Vail station. However, by 1883 the price of copper was dropping so fast (see Figure 2) due to increased production in other regions that work virtually halted in the Santa Ritas. The improvement of the S.P.R.R. to Vail in 1899 guaranteed against further flood damage and helped to decrease costs of development (Myrick 1975). By 1894 the increasing copper prices encouraged new investments and the first boom in Rosemont copper mining began. After the establishment of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1905 we have accurate records of copper production in the area (Figure 2).

The early prospecting and mining in the Santa Ritas was small compared to developments in other areas. After the Civil War, falling gold prices accelerated silver and copper mining. The Silver King mine near Superior lead all the others in production between 1876 and 1886. It was followed by the Tombstone and Graveyard claims discovered by Ed Schiefflen in 1877, which operated extensively between 1880 and 1888, The uncontrolable flood- ing in the mines finally stopped most production and lead to the eventual demise of the once prosperous mining town. It was also in this period that the small silver mines in the Santa Ritas and the gold placer deposits near Greaterville were most extensively worked.

As silver deflated in value between 1884 and 1893,greater attention was paid to copper development. Even still, many copper mines produced enough gold and silver to pay for all transportation and processing costs. Gold mining also went through a revival, shifting westward to Yuma and Mohave counties.

Arizona copper mining made considerable headway in the late 19th century over - the older Michigan and Montana mines. The copper produced in the Santa Rita area was small compared to other districts, however. The largest producers from the 1890s until 1930 were in Bisbee-Douglas, Globe- Miami-Ray-Superior, Morenci-Clifton, and the Jerome-Clarkdale regions (Elsing and Heineman 1936). It is in these areas that one finds, the large company owned mining towns with their urban facilities. In contrast, the Rosemont area produced smaller amounts in scaled-down operations requiring fewer workers. The settlements were also more dispersed, with only Helvetia and Greaterville developing some of the public institutions associated with aggregated communities. AVERAGE ANNUAL COPPER PRICES 1860-1960 (LEFT SCALE) ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF COPPER IN THE HELVETIA DISTRICT (RIGHT SCALE AND HISTOGRAM)

Millions of Pounds

3.0

Cents

50_. 2.5 PRODUCTION

PRICES

40 2.0

30 1.5

20 Rosemont 1.0

10 - 0. 5

18 0 1:70 1::0 1:90 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960

Figure 2 6

Copper production ground to a halt soon after the 1907 - 1908 indus- trial depression. Teddy Roosevelt's stand on natural conservation and gov- ernment control of big business produced a panic on the stock market. Banks, trust companies, and the New York copper interests were the first to fall (Turner 1963:787). A new revival in mining did not begin until 1915 as World War I brought increased demands for copper and other base metals. Mining activity was great enough to produce an extensive camp at "New Rosemont" but it only lasted until 1920. The end of this third and last great period of mining was not due this time to external forces but to local environmental factors; the ore bodies simply ran out. Intermittent mining of smaller deposits followed until The Great Depression eliminated all working capital and most demand. World War II brought the country out of its economic woes and produced more demand for base metals. This resulted in a period of intermittant mining in the 1940s. These final operations were very small and consisted of only a handful of workers. The area remained virtually abandoned except for the ranchers and their cattle.

Today, with steadily increasing copper prices and improved open pit mining techniques to extract lower grade ore, the Rosemont area may soon see a revival in industrial activity and population size. CHAPTER 2

DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS

Population Trends

The Federal censuses provide general growth curves for the population of the Santa Rita mining districts. The population was enumerated every decade, but only in the years 1900, 1910 and 1930 were the specific populations of Rosemont defined. The most consistent curves from decade to decade cover the Rosemont, Helvetia, and Greaterville districts combined (Figure 3). This curve closely follows the partially reconstructed pattern for Rosemont itself. One presumes that the general population trends for the entire region would affect the Rosemont area, as miners and ranchers from surrounding regions would pass through to use the hotel, store, and other facilities.

It should be kept in mind that the decade-long intervals between censuses are not necessarily periods of steady growth or decline peaking in' 1900, as seems to be indicated by the overall graph. Population fluc- tuations were probably great, determined by the economic condition of the mining companies and the changing intensity of mining activities. For example, the population curve does not show the drop in employment follow- ing the explosion of the Rosemont smelter in 1895. Nor does the effect of the 1915 influenza epidemic appear.

The earliest enumeration of the area was the Eighth Decennial U.S. Census in 1860 when 20 people were recorded in the Santa Rita Silver Mines area (Document 63). There were 4 Anglos and 16 Mexicans, all males, living in 6 dwelling units. Five structures in the area were unoccupied. These figures are probably approximate since the Santa Ritas were not hospitable at this time due to the presence of the Apaches and one might not expect the census takers to venture far afield. However,the numbers do reflect a restricted population in the Santa Ritas at this time.

With the return of miners andwanchers,and the Army to protect them after the Civil War, the census shows a marked increase but still limited population in 1880. The census then made more distinctions between the different areas of the Santa Ritas and we can identify three which encom- pass the study area (Document 64): the Santa Rita Mountains (224D), the Empire Ranch and vicinity (350A), and the Santa Rita Mountain Placers (350B-351B). The latter area is certainly Greaterville. The census enu- merates a total of 154 people. The 116 from Greaterville provide us with

7 900 — POPULATION TRENDS IN THE ROSEMONT, HELVETIA, AND GREATERVILLE DISTRICTS

Source: Federal Decennial Censuses 1860-1930

800 _ Dotted lines indiate estimates

700 ^

600

500

a

0 400

4- 0

-2 300

200

100

Rosemont is hatched

,747',/W; , /// //1 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930

Figure 3 our first detailed picture of the heterogenous nature of Santa Rita miners. There were 35 Anglos and 81 Mexicans. Of the former, many originally came from England and Ireland, with others from Germany, Italy, Scotland, Sweden, and France. Foreigners or immigrants greatly outnumber the native born Americans, reflecting the pioneering character of the southwestern frontier. Mining was a challenging and unpredictable enterprise, and those who pursued it desired new roots in the American economy. The thirty-five male miners in the population were between the ages of 22 and 50. Fourteen of the men lived in family-oriented households, indicated by the 14 women listed as wives or housekeepers. Also included in the population were eight laborers, three servants, and twenty-two children.

The enumerations from the 1890 census burned in the tragic 1922 Department of Commerce fire in Washington, D.C. Even the published sum- maries do not distinguish Helvetia, Greaterville, or Rosemont as minor civil divisions of Pima County,so that no relevent figures are available for this period. We may assume, however, that with increasing mining activity and the development of Rosemont by the Lewisohn Brothers the populatron was on the increase.

The Twelfth Census of the United States in 1900 provides the most detailed information on Rosemont and surrounding communities, when the Santa Ritas were at their peak population. The schedules list the names and relationships of people living in every household, their ages, occupations, country of origin, date of immigration, education, and status as houseowners or renters (Document 65). Of the 959 people who lived in the Santa Ritas, there were 213 in Greaterville, 134 in Rosemont, and 612 in Helvetia. in latter sections of this report the 1900 census will be used to reconstruct the social, economic, and residential patterns of Rosemont and its neighbors.

By 1910 all three Santa Rita communities had declined, signifying the decreased production of the Rosemont Mining and Smelting Company and Helvetia Copper Company. Helvetia was down 26 percent to a population of 454. Greaterville's population dropped 39 percent to 130 individuals and Rosemont fell 49 percent to only 68 inhabitants. The overall decline to 652 people meant a 24 percent population reduction (Department of Commerce 1910).

This trend continued at a reduced rate to 1920 by which time the population had declined 13 percent to 566 residents. The Helvetia and Rosemont districts were combined into one precincts° that no specific counts of these communities can be obtained until the 1920 census schedules are released to the public. The Greaterville precinct may also include new territory since the population actually went up to 248 people, according to the census summaries (Department of Commerce 1920).

Census districts were changed again in 1930 as the population decreased at a much more accelerated rate. There were only 40 people in the Vail- Helvetia precinct while the Greaterville-Cotton precinct contained only 10

236 inhabitants. These numbers signify a 51 percent drop in population since the last census was taken (Department of Commerce 19301, The decline was even more extreme in the RosemOnt area itself.

After 1930 the Greaterville-Helvetia-Rosemont areas are no longer distinguished in the decennial census because there were no longer any aggre- gated nucleated communities in the Santa Ritas, The hills and canyons were abandoned to the few remaining ranchers and mine prospectors. Isolated copper mines were worked between 1940 and 1950 in the Helvetia area and the Banner Mining Company sent out exploratory crews in the 1950s and 1960s. The VR Ranch and Hidden Valley Ranch continued to be worked. Rosemont has now come full swing back to the population size and distribution of the early 1800s, CHAPTER 3

ROSEMONT CAMP AND THE ROSEMONT MINES

From about 1880 to 1910 the site at the bottom of Wasp Canyon was the focus of mining activity on the eastern slope of the Santa Ritas (Figure 4). The claims later known as the Rosemont group were first located and developed between 1879 and 1894 by L.J. Rose and William B. McCleary (Document 27). During this period a small settlement known as McCleary Camp grew up at the junction of Wasp and Barrel Canyons. On December 21, 1894, Rose and McCleary incorporated their claims into The Rosemont Smelting and Mining Company. About this time, they also acquired the Furnace, Rose, Post, and Mohawk Claims from William Shaw (Documents 28 and 29).

The newly formed company employed Mexican miners and laborers as they had before, and took on Rose's son-in-law, a Mr. Monihan, as their bookkeeper (Document 30). A small smelter was installed to extract the copper but within a year the company was in debt and adding to their troubles, the smelter blew up (Document 27).

In 1896, McCleary and Rose sold their operation to the Lewisohn Brothers. They were one of four New York families that dominated the European and American metal markets. Like their conterparts, the Guggenheim and Phelps-Dodge families, the Lewisohns owned copper refineries and invested in copper mining (Navin 1978:83-85, 304-307). The negotiations to acquire the mines are documented in the files of Francis Henry Hereford, a promi- ant Tucson attorney who represented the Lewisohns (Document 14). Residing at Rosemont at this time was George L. Thompson who appears to have been the manager of the Rosemont camp and through whom most of the communications between Hereford and the Lewisohns took place. These letters show that sev- eral individuals held some resemblance of a legal title to the Rosemont claims, even though most of the claims had been incorporated as the Rosemont Smelting and Mining Company. This apparently was the result of sharing stock in the company and ambiguous aspects of mining law. Titles were acquired from the following people:

George Stevens: the Coconino, Hilo Consolidated, Old Put, and Consolidated mines. L.J. Rose: The Copper Bell, The Furnace, Post, Rose, and Mohawk Mines. W.B. McCleary: the Hilo Consolidated, Old Put Consolidated, Moultrie, Furnace, Potomac, York, Amole mines, and the Oregon and Copper Mill sites which are the claims of the Rosemont Smelting and Mining Company.

11 12 .

1■41artinez Ranch

Figure 4. Historic localities in the ANAMAXExchange Area. 1 5

Life in Rosemont

The recently released 1900 census schedules provide us with the most detailed picture of Rosemont's population when the town was at its peak Although. Helvetia and Greaterville are not within the Anamax exchange bound- ries, the schedules from these districts allow us to reconstruct life in the larger population centers of the Santa Ritas. Facts about ethnic com- position, age and sex profiles, numbers of households, and types of occupa- tions can be gleaned from the census lists. Together with other documentary sources,_such as the ledgers of the Helvetia store, the census data are the most valuable source we now have to develop a general model for use in archaeological research. Every individual is accounted for, and each house- hold is enumerated. While it will certainly be impossible to relate each to a specific archaeological locus, the census data are a guide to the degree of fit between archaeologically recorded data and actual demographic char- • acteristics.

The ethnic mix of Rosemont is quite characteristic for a mining town in southern Arizona at the turn of the century. Eighteen of the twenty-eight households were Mexican, encompassing 87 individuals. Two Mexican girls also resided in Anglo households as servants, while twelve vaqueros and ranchhands also lived at the Empire Ranch. Thus 101 people, or 75 percent of Rosemont's populace were of Mexican heritage. Most were miners or in families of miners; a minority were vaqueros, or cowboys. Other occupations included a fruit peddler, two packers of mining supplies, and three servants. Notable members of the Mexican community were Adolfo Verdugo who ran the stores in Rosemont and Helvetia; Bartolo Barcelo, listed as the butcher of Rosemont who is known from other sources as the business partner of Verdugo (Tucson Citizen, June 15, 1899:4); Blas Lopez, a stock breeder, Juan Lopez, who may be associated with Lopez's Ranch, and Marida Salizar, a widow of 40 who-"kept boarders and sewed".

The Anglo community of Rosemont remained as heterogeneous as in 1880. They came from all over the United States and Europe, including Pennsylvania, North Carolina, New York, Wisconsin, Texas, England, Wales, and Germany. A few of the notable households and local citizenry should be mentioned. William Kemp, his wife, and daughter all immigrated from England via California to live in Rosemont. While Kemp's occupation is not given in the census, he probably was a miner like so many other British and Welsh inhabitants of the Santa Rita Mountains. He may have been a supervisor as he later became presi- dent and eventual manager of Federal Copper Company in Sonora, Mexico (Arizona Daily Star, March 31, 1930). The Kemps kept two boarders, as many households were apt to do: William Batchfield from England and Edward Vail, the cattle rancher who founded the nearby VR Ranch. Evidently Edward Vail had not yet built, or did not live at VR Ranch whose base property was patented in 1908.

William S. George was a copper miner in Rosemont who had immigrated from England in 1870 and later became an American citizen. He lived there with his wife and three children. In the City of Tucson and Southern Arizona Business Directory (Connell 1902:145) he is listed as the Postmaster of Rosemont. 16

There were no recorded Indians in Rosemont but a small number of Yaqui, Mayo,and Opata were found to be living in Greaterville. The clos- est Orientals were a Chinese cook at the Empire Ranch and eleven Chinese in Helvetia pursuing such traditional occupations as cook, restauranteur, and launderer.

Rosemont had 56 children under the age of 14. This is an especially large number(accounting for 43 percent of the population) compared to the 190 children or 31 percent of the Helvetia populace. Most children between the age of 5 and 13 went to school, but only one 14 year old and one 16 year

old still attended. Three children ages, 11, 12, and 14, .were servants in Rosemont households while two 14 year old boys worked as vaqueros. There was also a 14 year old office boy in the Rosemont store. Apparently children grew up quickly in the frontier. Rosemont was very much a family-oriented community in marked contrast to our conventional view of a wild mining,camp occupied by solitary miners. This domestic character must have developed between 1890 and 1900 as the mining operation expanded.

There was very little socio-economic stratification at Rosemont. The mining engineers and managers are not explicitly listed in the census and may have lived elsewhere. The few notable families are described above. Some families had greater resources, indicated by their ability to retain servants. Single men lived as boarders in other people's homes, and there is as yet no indicatiOri that the hotel was in operation in 1900, although it is shown on the 1898 plat. There is no hotel manager mentioned nor are there long lists of single male boarders as described in Helvetia and Greaterville. Only Marida Salazar, a 40 year,old widow, is said to keep boarders although none are listed in her household.

Transportation

The trails, roads, and train routes of Arizona played a definitive role in the history of Rosemont. The economic viability of both mining and ranching were dependent on the ability of the transportation systems to bring in supplies and manpower, and to take out the natural resources.

Up until 1879, the Rosemont inhabitants were totally dependent on horses and wagons travelling on dirt roads, Supplies had to be brought all the way from Tucson and up the dirt trails that ran along most of the major washes. As a result, flash floods during the summer and winter monsoons periodically halted most wagon traffic.

With the coming of the railroad in 1880, mining activity increased considerably and transportation facilities were improved. Probably around 1894 a stage coach line was established between the railroad station at Pantano andthe Rosemont Camp. In 1899, plans were drawn up to run a direct 17

stage line between Tucson and Rosemont although it is not known if the plans were implemented (Tucson Newspaper 1899). Already Helvetia, on the other side of the Santa Rites, had a tri-weekly stage bringing miners to that boom town (Myrick 1975:329),

The transportation system was most crucial for the actual mining operations. Once the ore was pulled out of the mine, it was sorted and broken up by hand, and transferred to mule or horse driven ore wagons. The dangerously steep roads connected the mines with the smelter at Rosemont. From 1894 to 1895 Rose and McCleary's smelter reduced ore to a high con- centrate "matte". The method of shipping the matte out of Rosemont is recorded (Tucson Newspaper 1899, see page 14). Twelve-horse teams hauled the ore to Vail's Station on dirt roads, bringing back coke for the smelter on the return trip. Before the Lewisohn Brothers' smelter was constructed the ore was shipped by SPRR to the Tucson smelter and after it closed, to the El Paso smelter (Blake 1897-1898).

Some innovative and energy intensive methods were employed by the larger Helvetia mines. In 1894 and 1895 they packed their ore on mules to the Rosemont smelter on the other side of the Santa Ritas. [Schrader (1915) gives the dates 1884 - 1885 for the Mohawk smelter at Rosemont which is not documented in any other sources and may be a misprint. Myrick (1975:329) also follows these dates.] In 1899 Helvetia opened their own 175-ton smelter. That same year they also constructed a narrow guage railroad with a steam-driven engine to haul ore from the mines to the smelter (Myrick 1975:3290. The matte from the smelter was then taken by wagon to the S.P.R.R. station in Vail. The daily records from that operation during 1900 and 1901 are still preserved in the Arizona Historical Society (Document 62).

Few changes occurred when the mines reopened in 1915 following the mass closings in 1907. The workers in New Rosemont continued to break up the ore from the mines, taking it down the mountain and out to Vail. A narrow guage rail was built connecting the mines with the road down Wasp Canyon. However, horse driven ore wagons were still used throughout the period of extensive mining. The automobile was introduced around 1915 as a touring car by the wealthier ranchers. However, it never was used by the poorer workers or in the mining operation until the later periods of small-scale,intermittant mining.

The Hotel

Very little historical data has survived from the hotel. It was built before 1898 when it appears on the Roskruge Plat Survey (Document 33, Figure 5). It appears in an early, but undated photograph from the Coronado National Forest Photographic Archives in Tucson (Figure 6) and in a photograph thought to date to about 1900 (Figure 7). The interior plan is described by Ruperto Lopez who used to attend dances there in 1916 (Lopez 1979). Upon entering the two-story structure, one came into a long O -o O) r- rr CD ALTA MONT I 0 -h I 0) -s rt c_ CD CD o — •—• 0 = 0 -h ()

CD 0 cn 0 M 10 0

CD VW Id M (f) 0 10

cn N1 0 U) z— z QC) AI M cD cn k-0

Figure 6. Undated photograph of Rosemont looking west. In the center foreground are the hotel (right) and store/warehouse (left). Behind them are the bunkhouse (right) and stables (left). Seen in the upper right behind all the build- ings are the two stacks of the smelter.. Figure 7. Rosemont, Circa 1900. Note hotel at right, store'and warehouse at center; and assay office and smelter 21

rectangular room in the center of the hotel which served as the bar and dance hall. From the entrance, halls led off to both sides and down each side of the long hall. There were four rooms on each side connected by these corridors.

We do not know who the earliest proprietors of the hotel were but from 1906 to 1908 Mr. J.J. Stone was the manager as well as the postmaster and agent of the Rosemont Mining and Smelting Company. The post office was located in the hotel, as expected, and it may also be that Mr. Stone ran a small store in the central hall from 1907 to 1910 (Enzenberg 1979).

After 1910 the hotel was in the hands of George P. Scholefield who moved from his ranch at Hidden Spring. He lived here with his wife and grandchild and in 1913 is known to have provided board for his son Carl, the Forest Ranger, and for Dixie Walker who taught school in Greaterville (Walker 1979). The hotel was probably abandoned around 1919 when the Narragansett mine closed and most people left the area.

The Rosemont School

Certainly by 1900 there were enough children at Rosemont to warrant the establishment of a school. Many of those under the age of 13 are listed in the 1900 census to be "at school". However, the first definite record of a school at Rosemont is the 1905 Government Land Office (GLO) map (Docu ment 66). The school was short-lived, probably closing by 1908 after the demise of the mine and smelter. After 1908, all of the children in the area attended school in Greaterville (Dixie Walker 1979).

According to a GLO Map made in 1905, the school was built a few hundred feet south of Rosemont Junction, between Barrel Canyon Road and the stream bed. The school was not specifically identified in the original ANAMAX archeological survey but is probably site HP18-S5-L4. There is extensive trash scatter, two cement foundation slabs, and a large cement cylinder with a conical noof,.possibly a cistern. Since cement floors are rare in the Rosemont area, it is quite reasonable to suggest that this was the school or perhaps some other public building.

- The Rosemont Store

The store and warehouse were originally located a few hundred feet south of the hotel in the Ajax Consolidated Mill Site. They are clearly shown on the 1898 plat of the Lewisohn claim and less clearly in two early photographs from about 1900 (Figure 4, see other photo in Hammack and Debowski 1979). Their foundations are still readily apparent on the sur- face just below the hotel (Site X88-S1-L1, Features 3 and 4). An earlier identification at Site HP18-S4-L1 is probable incorrect (Hammack and Debowski 1979). The store operated until about 1908 after which time it moved to the hotel. 22

Two partners ran the store, Aldolph Verdugo and Bartolo Barcelo. Both previously owned other stores in Tucson and were involved in various real estate and mining transactions. An 1899 newspaper article describes their activities:

A. Verdugo of the firm of Verdugo and Barcelo, merchants at Helvetia and Rosemont, is in Tucson transacting business with other merchants.

Mssrs. Verdugo and Barcelo represent the respective companies operating the mines in the above-named camps, where they do monthly business of about $10,000, the goods being purchased in Tucson through L. Zeckendorf and Co....(Tucson Citizen June 15, 1899:4)

After Rosemont's demise, Adolpho Verdugo continued to live in a house near the stables (Lopez, personal communication).

John Anderson's store in Greaterville was patronized by many of Rosemont's residents from at least 1885 until after 1899, even though the Rosemont store had been open during that time. Listed in the account book of purchased supplies and blacksmithing services are Walter Vail of Empire Ranch, William McCleary, Verdugo and Barcelo, T.W. Steel and other known residents of Rosemont. For 1899, "A. Verdugo and Company at Rdsemont" is entered in the Greaterville accounts as well as the Rosemont Mining Company.

The Anderson account book will be an invaluable source for names and for documentation of a store in the Santa Ritas which must have been similar to the Rosemont store. Types of goods sold were potatoes, ham, cabbage, bacon, peppers, rope, matches, cloth, cigars, tobacco, starch, powder, and soap. The archaeologist should be concerned with the fact that few or none of these items come in non-perishable containers that would leave traces. The staple foods such as beans, rice, and tortillas also leave no remains. The beverages, sauces, and canned foods that remain are left in the archae- ological record do not seem to be included in the Greaterville account book, but are known to have been sold in the New Rosemont store after 1915 (Lopez 1979)•

Some miners and ranchers relied on monthly trips to Tucson, taking a wagon to pick up supplies rather than buy the more limited and more expen- sive goods in the Rosemont stare. Some individuals hunted game for meatAndat_ New Rosemont in later years, a local steer was bought twice a month, slaughtered, and distributed. Since there was no refrigeration, the meat was either hung in a tree and protected with canvas bag, or cut up and jerked (Gayler 1979; Lopez 1979).

Entertainment

There were few diversions from the hard mining and ranching work in Rosemont, Informants mention a number of saloons nestled in the back canyons, However, no bartenders or owners are explicitly listed in the 1900 census. 23

Mescal was brought in from Mexico in small barrels and distributed in reused bottles. Apparently quite a lot of money could be made by boot- legging this much-desired brew to the thirsty miners. During prohibition it was either smuggled from Mexico or made in stills scattered throughout the Santa Rita Mountains (Lopez 1979). In Rosemont proper, the main hall of the hotel had a bar and dance hall. There was no permanent "bawdy house" in Rosemont although it may be presumed that on occasion a few prostitutes visited Rosemont Camp.

Many more goods and services were available in the larger camps of Helvetia and Greaterville (Feil 1968). Helvetia in particular had a number of hotels, restaurants, a baker, doctor, blacksmith, and barbers. The four saloon keepers, three bartenders, and two prostitutes listed in the 1900 census enumeration attest to the other recreational outlets pro- vided in a larger mining camp(Document 65).

Rosemont may be characterized as a peripheral mining camp occupied by more family-oriented miners. It was a hinterland community dependent on the central places of Greaterville and Helvetia and provided only a minimum of goods and services to the limited number of local residents.

The Rosemont Ranger Station

The Rosemont ranger station was established in 1907 by a Secretary of the Interior's Order, Four hundred seventy acres in Sections 28, 29, and 33 of T18S, R16E, were reserved for Forest Service administration (Document 24). These areas are directly north, east, and southwest of Rosemont. Originally, a plat map of the newly built station was made in 1907 but it has been lost from the BLM files in Phoenix.

The first ranger was Armour M. Scholefield, eldest son of George Scholefield of Hidden Spring Ranch. Armour is listed in the 1906-7 Tucson City Directory (Skinner 1906-7:364). Working with him as forest guard was his younger brother, Carl. A splendid photograph of Carl mounted on his horse in front of the ranger station is still preserved (Ames 1967:120). After 1908, when the Rosemont Administrative Site became part of the Coronado National Forest, Carl took over from Armour as forest ranger. In 1913 the station was closed by Secretary's Order and the administrative land returned to general forest service use (Document 25).

The remains identified by the ANAMAX survey do not conform to the 1907 photograph of the ranger station nor to personal accounts of its loca- tion. Site HP18-S6-L1 identified by the survey includes a concrete founda- tion, stairs, an elaborate porch front, and extensive associated remains. However, these remains do not resemble the simple wood frame house shown behind Carl Scholefield in the photograph (Ames 1967:120). Also visible beside the house is an adobe building which may have been the stables. There is no such evidence for adobe at HP18-S6-L1. The photo shows the station at the base of a hill which is identified by Oreon Enzenberg (1979) and Dixie Walker (1979) as the eastern side of McCleary Canyon not far from the Rosemont smelter. The site identified by the surveyors is in a flat area next to Barrel Canyon. While those remains certainly indicate that an important public or administrative building stood there, it is certainly not the original station. It may be a later rebuilding or more likely, it had another function. Further investigations are therefore recommended to locate the original station in the area described by the GLO Secretary's Order. CHAPTER 4

OTHER MINES

Narragansett Mine and New Rosemont

After the abandonment of Rosemont Camp around 1910, the center of activity moved to upper McCleary Canyon. Four claims were developed there beginning in 1915, They were the Narragansett, Eclipse, Exile King, and Mohawk mines.

While discovered in 1879 by J.K. Brown (Tucson Newspaper 1923), the Narragansett claims were not developed until after 1898 when they were purchased and developed by:the Lewisohn Brothers (Documents 38-45). The most extensive work took place between 1915 and 1918 as copper prices climbed. Producing over 34,000 dry tons of ore and over 5,000,000 pounds of copper, 42,000 ounces of silver, and small amounts of gold (Smith 1919), the Narragansett mine operation was one of the biggest for this time period. In 1915-1916, under the supervision of R.G. Ramsdell, the mine employed 137 men which greatly exceeds the number working in the old Rosemont mines at the turn of the century (Annual Report of the State Mine Inspector 1915-1916).

The hub of settlement was "New Rosemont",located above McCleary Canyon. As before, some miners continued to live right at the mine locations, probably disturbing the remains of their predecessors. New Rosemont was almost entirely Mexican-occupied, as was the old Rosemont Camp. Only the deputy and a few officials were Anglo and none of them appear to have been permanent residents. The hillside of New Rosemont, now only littered with broken pottery, glass, tin cans, and , stove fragments scattered on and near levelled tent platforms, was once covered by canvas, wood,and bear grass huts. A photograph of similar structures in Helvetia is representative of New Rosemont's vernacular architecture (Figure 8).

The camp is vividly remembered by Ruperto Lopez (1979). While only a few months old when recorded in the 1900 federal census, Ruperto in his teens worked in the Narragansett mines and lived in New Rosemont with his family. His father, Juan, previously founded Lopez's Ranch. New Rosemont was primarily a camp of stable, family-oriented Mexican miners. However, they had their share of bar rooms, dance halls, fast women, and even a notorious case of violent murder (Lopez 1979, see Appendix B). The only wood frame house was occupied by Ramsdell, foreman and manager; he operated 26

the company store. Coupons were issued instead of money and credit was deducted from miner's salaries, Juan Lopez also ran a small fruit store and sold small items.

The Narragansett mine closed around 1919-1920 as the ore bodies wore thin and as copper prices again reached the lows of the 1908 industrial depression. Some exploratory and development work followed in 1926 and 1927 by the Rosemont Mine Inc. of Delaware (Arizona Daily Star, June 26, 1927), which was probably under lease to the Lewisohn Brothers Company. However, the plans for increased activity around the Record, Excelsior, and Omega mines were shattered by the 1929 Stock Market Crash and accompanying plummet of copper prices. Only with the economy recovery following the outbreak of World War II and the government stabilization of copper prices, did pros- pecting and development continue in the Rosemont area. From 1938 to 1940 William Braden of California drilled for cores on the Narragansett mine east slope owned by the Lewisohn Brothers (Popoff 1940).

Most of the activity after 1919 was minimal, consisting of develop- ment work and exploration. The affidavits of labor performed and improve- ments made that are on file at ANAMAX headquarters in Twin Buttes document most of this work through the 1950s.

In 1961 the Banner Mining Company bought the Rosemont claims from the trustees of the Lewisohn estate. During this time, core drilling and development by the Banner Company disturbed many of the mining sites near the claims. This work continued after 1963 when Anaconda Copper Company leased the claims from Banner. In 1973, Amax Mining Company bought out Banner and in order to share capital spending for development, Anaconda and Amax formed the daughter company -- ANAMAX.

Development has continued through the 1970s with plans for, an open pit copper mine in the 1980s. It is the potentially adverse affects on the archaeological remains of these early copper miners by the newest phase of mineral develop- ment in the Santa Ritas which have necessitated this study.

Helena-.Mine

The earliest documented mining activity in the Mulberry Canyon area, at the northern limit of the ANAMAX exchange area, dates to 1892. In March of that year George P. Scholefield and Royal A. Johnson located the Owl and Bear Spring Mines (Document 47). The Helena Mine was already in operation because in the location notice the Bear Spring Mine is said to be "11 miles from the St. Helena Ranch and just east of the Helena and Emma Mines". Obviously then, the Helena claims are earlier than the 1894 date given by Schrader (1915:139). Probably undocumented mining activity here goes back to the 1880s. The Official Map of Pima County first shows the Helena Mine in 1893 (Hammack and Debowski 1979:18), located one mile north of Scholefield Ranch, between Mulberry and Papago danyons. 27

In 1900 part of the Helena Mine was owned by 0„). Richey who sold 5/16 interest in the mine to George Scholefield, Other neighboring claims were located in 1904-1905 by Scholefield and his partner, Royal A, Johnson. They are the Utica, Yellow Fever, and Owl mines. (Another Helena Mine was located in 1905 by Jon Chamrod between Helvetia and the Tip Top Mine but it should not be confused with the Helena Mine near Mulberry Canyon,)

Between 1906 and 1908 the mine was managed by George Scholefield, one of the owners of the Helena Gold Mining and Milling Company (Skinner 1906-1907, Directory of the City of Tucson and Pima County 1908). The Helena Mine and mill site were never patented but were worked probably until the end of 1908 when the industrial depression closed the Rosemont and Helvetia mines as well. By 1910, the claims at Bear Spring, Helena (near Tip Top), Oneida, and Utica mines were out of business and the owner, the Rosemont Gold Mining and Milling Company, was in grave debt to Albert Steinfeld and Company. In January of 1911 the claims and all their property were sold at public auction, The list of items in the Sheriff's Annexed Writ of Levy and Bill of Sale gives us some idea of the range of mining equipment kept at a claim (Documents 51 and 52).

The Helena Mine itself reopened around 1915 under the ownership of the previously defunct Rosemont Mining and Milling Company of Denver, Colorado and Gardner, Massachusetts (Schrader 1915:139). We do not know when the mine finally closed, however.

Documentation of actual mining activities and the Helena camp is poor. No patented claim was ever filed although the mine appears on many maps. The oldest is the 1893 official Map of Pima County. It is shown in greater detail on the 1905 GLO plat for T18S, R16E (Document 19). In the northeast quarter of Section 16 are a house and a mill. These buildings are also mentioned in the 1905 Utica Mine Location Notice (Document 67). The mill is first mentioned in a 1904 location notice for the Yellow Fever Mine (Document 44). The site is most probably HS29-SI-LI recorded by the ANAMAX survey (Hammack and Debowski 1979). As at Rosemont, the individual miners and their families probably lived near the mining sites, with the mill and administrative office at Helena itself. As elsewhere, miners were Mexican and received the standard $2.00 daily wage (Schrader1915:139)• Water was supplied to the mill and camp through a 21 inch gravity-fed pipe from a spring above Helena Mine. While the history of Helena Mine is syn- chronous with the large Rosemont and Narragansett operations, it represents the endeavors of one of the smaller companies in the area. CHAPTER 5

RANCHING HISTORY

General Trends

The earliest known homesteads in the Santa Ritas go back to the early 1880s although before this time ranches were established in the Santa Cruz, San Pedro, and Sonoita areas. With the advent of the Southern Pacific Railroad, supplies could be brought in and the cattle cheaply taken out. In this period homesteads were established without a recorded patent.

The situation changed on April 11, 1902 when the Santa Rita Forest Reserve was proclaimed, and on July 2, 1908 when the Santa Rita and many other reserves were consolidated into the Coronado National Forest (Ames 1967:120). After this time the ranchers in the forest were required to conform to the federal policies regulating land tenure, settlment pattern, and range use. Most of the basic rules are still in effect today (in the State Department of Agriculture, 1974 Forest Service Manual, Title 2200). Like the mining laws, these rules greatly affected the settlement system observed through time archaeologically and the history of land ownership which is documented historically.

The first patents in the Santa Rita Forest date to 1908, indicating that already established homesteads were then given private status within the newly established public lands. Forest Service policy states that these private holdings, originally called "commensurate lands" and now "base prop- erties" must be acquired to gain access to the adjacent grazing lands, called "permits" or "allotments". Base properties were the loci of ranch houses and other permanent installations associated with an ongoing homestead. The permit for grazing rights on adjacent allotments almost always automatically followed the sale, inheritance, or transfer of base property title. Thus, the sequence of deeds for the Santa Rita ranches parallel the recorded graz- ing permits at the Coronado National Forest offices in Tucson and Nogales (Documents 6, 7, 19, and 20).

After 1902 it was impossible for new ranches to be established in the Santa Rites, although the title to the already existing ranches changed hands many times over the years. Some earlier ranches recorded in a few documents or found as archaeological sites seem to have vanished for one reason or another. Only two ranches have survived to the present. On the remaining patented base properties, all permanent dwellings, barns, cattle 2 9

tanks, corrals, and other installations are to be found. On the adjoining allotments, only limited construction was permitted, including springs, cattle troughs, some corrals, and other installations needed for range man- agement.

The boundaries of the grazing allotments have changed somewhat through time but are close to the original boundaries in the ANAMAX exchange area. The VR Ranch is within the Rosemont Allotment while the Hidden Spring Ranch is in what is now called the DeBaud Allotment. Also within the study area are fragments of the Oak Tree and Stone Springs Allotments, but their adjacent base properties are outside the exchange boundaries and therefore are of little concern.

The major impact of the Forest Service on local ranchers is the limitation of livestock. In the 1870s and 1880s, before federal control, many of the ranges around the Santa Ritas and Santa Cruz Valley were severly overgrazed (Wagoner 1961). This pattern must have continued until the estab- lishment of the National Forest. They greatly limited the number of live- stock, based on an evaluation of the distribution and amount of rainfall, range conditions, and the effects on vegetation of previous grazing practices. According to the records, ranchers maintained exactly the number of cattle permitted them (Documents 6 and 7, 19 and 20). It may be assumed, however, that occasionally, a few extra undetected cattle exceeded the permit.

The records show a great deal of fluctuation in the numbers of per- mitted cattle. A major question to be investigated is whether these fluc- tuations affected the number of people living on the ranches. Available data indicate that the numbers of vaqueros and laborers needed to maintain a ranch were small, no matter what the size of the herd. Even the enormous Empire Ranch in 1900 employed only 16 men (Document 65), We still need to know if ranch hands were laid off if the number of permitted cattle was drastically reduced. Certainly, fluctuations in ranching populations were much less than in the mining camps which were dependent on the economic eccentricities of metal markets, corporate development, and changes in technology.

The Scholefield or Hidden Spring Ranch

Originally named the Hidden Spring Ranch (but labelled Hidden Valley Ranch on most maps), it was founded in 1884 by George P. Scholefield (Arizona Daily Star, September 1, 1929), The 160 acre ranch was later patented in 1908 (Document 1). Scholefield, his wife Clara, and their children lived there for a indeterminate period but by 1917, they had moved into the Rosemont Hotel, The ranch was probably leased to the man- ager or to the hired help at this time while the hotel, nolonger operating after 1910, became the Scholefields' private residence (Dixie Walker 1979, Ruperto Lopez 1979), 30

In 1931, the Scholefields sold their ranch to Charles DeBaud, a native Tucsonian born in 1876 who previously owned a series of southern Arizona cattle enterprises (Arizona Daily Star, February 13, 1951:12) (Document 2),

Again the Hidden Spring property was sold in February, 1944 to Virgil A. and Dorothy E. Johnson (Document 3). They maintained the ranch until August 29, 1968 when they sold it to Ronald M, and Marilyn Searle (Document 4), Finally on March 16, 1971 Anaconda Company bought the ranch in their process of acquiring all the patented land in the Santa Ritas (Document 5)• Since Anaconda is not in the cattle business, they leased the grazing allotment to Manerd Gaylor, a prominant Patagonia rancher whose son, John, runs the concern and lives at VR Ranch. The houses at Hidden Spring Ranch are presently leased to employees of the ANAMAX Corporation,

The VR Ranch

Edward L. Vail acquired the property of the VR Ranch in a land exchange with the Forest Service in 1906. He received the southwest quar- ter of the northwest quarter of Section 32 in T18S, R16E in return for a like 40 acres he owned in the Sierra Forest Reserve in California (Docu ment 8), The land was patented in 1908 (Document 9),

Edward was the brother of Walter Vail, head of the large and power- ful Empire Ranch which was founded in 1876 from an earlier ranch. Under circumstances which are unclear, but evidently due to Edward's family ties, the VR Ranch and its grazing allotment became part of the huge Empire Land and Cattle Company holdings (Document 10, 11, and 12).

The Empire Ranch, including the VR Ranch, were sold on August 19, 1929 to the Chiricahua Ranches Company, owned by Henry G. Boice (Document 11). In 1950 the ranch was sold to John S. Greenway who maintained the property until March of 1969 when Manerd and Alice Parker Gayler acquired it. Since that time, Manerd's son, John, and his family have lived in the main house, adding three rooms and a porch to the original two room adobe structure. The house probably post-dates 1905 when only a corral and windmill are shown on the GLO Master Plat Map. The present ranch house may only be as old as 1920. They employed one cowboy who lives with his family in a nearby house. Most of the corrals, the hayloft, and other structures have been entirely rebuilt since the Gaylers took over (John and Page Gayler, n.d.). The foundation of the old stock tank can still be seen under the present hayloft (see Arizona Cattlelog 1972: cover).

There is a major problem in using documentary sources to trace land ownership for archaeological research. The records do not necessarily tell you who lived on the property in question. We have already seen that 31

George Scholefield did not always live at Hidden Spring Ranch, The same was certainly the case at VR Ranch. In 1900 the Federal Census of Rosemont shows Edward Vail to be a boarder in someone else"s home, In 1907 the journal of Ed Vail includes two $150.00 entries for rent from the VR Ranch in 1905 and 1906, as well as the balance of payments on one horse and two cows (Document 18). Like most large ranches in the Santa Ritas until recently, the actual homesteads were frequently cared for and occupied by hired help. This was certainly the case at Empire Ranch as indicated by the 1900 Census. In 1905, possibly Jose" Villa lived at the VR Ranch as he was paid $9.00 for gathering 3 head of VR cattle(Document 18:March 18, 1905). Unless lease agreements can be found, it will be very difficult to deter- mine who were the actual inhabitants of most ranches.

Lopez's Ranch

The ranch site in upper McCleary Canyon shown on the 1915 Schrader map is still poorly documented. A tentative identification can be made using informant interviews. Rupert() Lopez (1979) explained that he was born there in 1900. He does not know when his father, Juan Lopez, built it but it probably dates to the early 1880s. The reason that no homestead patent can be found is that Juan, a Mexican national, could not legally claim a homestead or mine patent (Thompson 1915:26f), Before the Homestead Act, some ranchers built their homes on patented mining claims (Enzenberg 1979). I suspect that many of the undocumented ranches had similar origins.

Juan Lopez came from Hermosillo, Sonora in 1874 at the age of 18. When he founded his ranch he called it "El Tonel". He, his wife and seven children are listed in the 1900 Census of Rosemont. His occupation is given as vaquero, possibly signifying that by this time he no longer owned a spread but worked other herds. Juan retired to Tucson in 1916 until his death (Arizona Daily Star, May 5, 1951).

The 1900 Census shows that other Lopezes lived in Rosemont and may have familial associations with the Lopez's Ranch. Most notable is Bias P. Lopez, a cattle breeder, who rented a house for his wife and three young daughters. Also Francis Lopez, a widower, lived alone: and worked as a laborer in Rosemont.

The data now available indicate that the Lopez Ranch in McCleary Canyon was not the same one owned by the grandfather of Mrs. Francisco Escalante Cota (Document 23) and reportedly lost to the Empire Ranch (Hammack and Debowski 1979). Nor should the Juan Lopez Ranch be confused with the homestead patented by Loreto Lopez in 1920 in upper Davidson Canyon, outside the ANAMAX exchange boundary.

The Lopez Ranch site has been obscured by Forest Service bulldozina operations which completely destroyed all surface indkations of it It originally consisted of an adobe structure with adjoining wood frame kitchen (Lopez, personal communication). 32

Chapo's Ranch

The adobe buildings, corral, and trash scatters which compose site M41-S2-L2 in the upper reaches of Davidson Canyon remain an enigma. None of the informants interviewed have ever heard of the ranch and few docu- ments have been found which directly refer to it.

Just south of Chapo's Ranch is a 40 acre parcel of land acquired in 1912 by Walter E. Vail in a land exchange with the Forest Service (Docu- ment 22). After this date, the property follows the same sequence of owners as the rest of the Empire Ranch, including the VR Ranch (Documents 11-16). We know that Chapo's Ranch predates the Vail land acquisition by at least seven years because it appears on the 1905 GLO Master Plat Map (Document 66). The site may even date back to the late 19th century at a time when ranches were not documented.

We have not been able to determine who were the original builders or residents, However, one Chapo Servero is known to have worked many years for ' Walter Vail and there may be some connection (Enzenberg 1979). Excavations are definitely warranted at this site to determine if there was a pattern of undocumented early ranchers in the Santa Rita Mountains.

Martinez Ranch

No records have emerged concerning the Martinez Ranch. There are no patented homesteads in this section, indicating that the ranch site predates 1908 and the formation of the Coronado National Forest. No min- ing plats from this area were found to indicate that a ranch was built on a patented mining claim. There is no one named Martinez in the 1900 Rosemont Census although a Mr. and Mrs. Juan Martines (sic.) are listed in the 1908 Tucson City Directory of Rosemont. No clear association can be made with these names and it is likely that Martinez Ranch was founded in the late 19th century when documentation was poor. Excavations will be necessary to verify this interpretation.

One grave is reported on the east side of Martinez Ranch. The inscription on the bronzeplaque: "W.J. PFENNINGER 1862-1933" indicates that it post-dates the ranch site (Hammack and Debowski 1979). Warner Pfenninger actually died in 1934 according to his obituary in the Arizona Daily Star (January 25, 1934). A native of Zurich, Switzerland, he died three weeks after suffering a paralytic stroke at Rosemont while watching over the mining claim of Henry Mulheim, a Bisbee miner. He was buried after an investigation by the Coroner and Sheriff who went out to Rosemont. 33

While there is no mention of a cemetery in Rosemont, there does seem to be evidence of other unreported burials at the Martinez Ranch site. Just to the west are a number of disturbed stone circles that are similar in dimension to the Pfenninger grave. They may only be fragments of dis- turbed house foundations but theyshould be investigated because of the time and expense that will be required to relocate the burials if ANAMAX disturbs this area. Pfenninger's obituary gives only one living relative, a son in New York.

St. Helena Ranch and the St. Helena Cattle Company

A solitary deed in the country recorder's office revealed a pre- viously undocumented ranch in Barrel Canyon. On June 11, 1900 George P. Scholefield sold to Walter Vail of the Empire Ranch for $500.00 a piece of property described as follows:

Known as the St. Helena Ranch and situated, in the foothills of the Santa Rita Mountains in Barrel Cahon and about two miles southwest of the Barrel Springs, and consisting of one frame house, one adobe house, one adobe stable, three stockade corrals, three acres of garden and orchard, one cement reservoir, one mile of pipeline from Boote Spring, three hundred acres of pasture fences with four and five barbed wire fencing, with all implements, tools, and other appertenances and things belonging, (Document 21),

No other documentation could be found on this ranch. There is no original homestead patent nor any deeds that pre- or post-date this one. The only other hint of an identification comes from the 1902 Tucson City Directory which lists under Rosemont the St. Helena Cattle Company. Perhaps this was a subdivision of the Empire Land and Cattle Company but it is not listed in the Pima County Index to Incorporations for 1877 through 1934. With the documents available, the St. Helena Ranch only briefly comes out of oblivion but the description of the place in one deed shows that it is certainly no ghost. Another survey of the area described in the deed should be attempted to determine the existence of a site filling this description.

Outlying Range Management Installations

Throughout the Rosemont and DeBaud Allotments there are various installations associated with livestock maintenance. They include stone and concrete cattle tanks, cattle troughs attached to springs and artesian wells, check dams, and corrals. Many of these are still kept in working order by John Gayler but were built by previous ranchers. It should be possible to date some of these structures, if necessary, using the Coronado National Forest allotment files. They describe the development work on each allotment so that ranchers can be compensated for the constructions when they sell the adjoining base properties (Documents 7 and 19). CHAPTER 6

PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

The potential is great for important archaeological research in the Rosemont area. In many respects the mining and cattle industries in the Santa Ritas mirror general 19th and 20th century developments in other parts of Arizona and in the greater Southwest. Because of this, there exists a body of research problems and methods which can be applied to any of the sites for which there are research opportunities (Baker 1978). Mineral development and homesteading were extremely intense on the American fron- tier in the Victorian period and the southern Arizonan frontier was no exception. In the Santa Ritas, the whole range of occupational diversity and development is represented; from the small early mining operations by individual entrepreneurs to the on-site industrial installations and com- pany mining camps of the large corporations. As the historical documents show, because these occupations were so specialized, they tended to be very short-lived depending on the extent of the ore bodies and the state of the national economy. Ranching and homesteading were more stable and continuous. In the earliest periods, undocumented squatters developed ranches which today leave only their place names. The larger ranches which managed to obtain patents continued from the late 1800s until very recent times. If any temporal pattern is to be found, it is one of increasing consolidation of smaller holdings into the larger ranches, notably the enormous Empire Ranch.

The American frontier of southern Arizona has certain unique charac- teristics as well, that stem from its proximity to Mexico. Both mine laborers and vaqueros were predominantly Mexican or Mexican-American throughout Rosemont's history. In some areas the Anglo population gradually outnumbered the Mexicans in the mining camps, such as at Ruby, but at Rosemont the pre- vailing ethnic group was always Mexican. Questions concerning ethnic bound- aries arid assimilation may well be addressed through the archaeological record of Rosemont. Were there any differences in the patterns of aquisition, use, and discard of material culture between Anglo and Mexican groups? Were either the Anglo ranchers or mining supervisors affected by the majority Mexican culture? On the other hand, did the Mexicans take advantage of the availability of American products and foods? To what extent were the natural resources locally available in the Santa Ritas exploited by the non-Indian population? Can shifts in diet and purchasing patterns be found in deposits dating to periods when the mines were idle? These are all questions which can be productively addressed from the archaeological and historical resources of the Rosemont area.

34 Certainly enough documentation exists to accurately date and iden- tify most sites within the ANAMAX exchange boundary. The demographic history and survey of regional and national historic events is now suf- ficient to interpret archaeological remains within a historical context.

The archaeological investigations of Rosemont will not be without problems. Foremost are the factors determining the preservation of indi- vidual structures. The remains of most public and administrative buildings can be located. However the dwellings of individual miners at specific claims are proportionately under-represented. There are a number of rea- sons for this which concern the culture of the occupants and the subsequent history of the area after the mines and ranches were abandoned.

Many of the miners and their families lived in "tent-tops". These were small cabins with dirt or wood floors and frequently wooden sides, but having prefabricated canvas roofs and upper walls (Figure 8). Most often they were purchased by the miners as completely prefabricated and easily dismantled kits (Lopez 1979). Many Mexican miners found local tradi- tional building materials as well, including wattle and daub and bear grass (Figure 9), All of these structures are perishable and leave very little archaeological evidence except for a cleared terrace area and possibly some tent stakes. More often than not, there are absolutely no discernable surface remains when the mines closed and the inhabitants dismantled their temporary homes, The materials from more permanent buildings at the original site of Rosemont were undoubtedly recycled into New Rosemont after 1915.

Up until 1970 there were still many standing structures around Rosemont, including the Lopez and Martinez ranches, and parts of New Rosemont, At this time the Forest Service conducted a systematic cam- paign to level all standing structures and obliterate all signs of his- toric occupation. The goal was to discourage squatter residence in these buildings, eliminate dangerous constructions, and probably also improve the "aesthetics" of the area. . Wood frame and adobe buildings were bull- dozed and the foundations graded and reseeded. Even the reported stone walls of Martinez Ranch were completely destroyed. Today it is scarcely possible to identify the location of some of these once standing structures and unfortunately the Forest Service kept no records of the demolition which might aid the archaeologist. The only descriptions of these buildings come from local informants (Gayler and Gayler 1979, Lopez 1979).

Another source of disturbance has been the bottle collector and scavenger. Not only vacationers but also employees of the Banner and ANAMAX Mining Company have on occasion picked over and dug up some of the trash deposits and privies. They have sought bottles, ceramics, min- ing equipment and anything else that strikes the collectors' fancy. This has occurred for many years and on both patented and public lands since it is virtually impossible to police such a large and isolated area. These disturbances do not mean that the extant cultural resources are unusable,

4,

.91 •• •too ' . 11*•••,„111, • ; • 1141 , • . 4."

•

\ ,04-

'. 111.40

A•T •••••. '•■■ .a). ••••f ..4••■ 1110 Mt. .M•

0111.1111

• .i.14111. 4110.0i tit ,•ip c40111 • t 0.1111" • • t, 4 •••:.., •

..A1/ ■•• •

Figure g . Helvetia scene, a tent house. . Helvetia, home of Mexican miners, ca. 1900. 38

only that the archaeologist must be aware of the change in the representa- tion of artifacts that result , from human activities. For example, there will be an under-representation of whole bottles and other artifacts but fragmentary remains will still be present. Efforts should therefore be made to locate and excavate subsurface remains that have escaped the scavanger's eye. APPENDIX A

CATALOGUE OF PRIMARY DOCUMENTS

The following is an annotated catalogue of unpublished primary historical documents pertaining to the Rosemont area in the Santa Rita Mountains. Each document is given an individual number for reference in the text. Also given is the identification in the archives from which it came, the date, the names of individuals mentioned, and the type of docu- ment referred to. For some documents, I also include comments on the utility of the source for archaeological research. Those documents for which copies were obtained are duly noted and can be found in the ANAMAX files of the Arizona State Museum.

39 4o

Document 1 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 56 page 485. On file ASM Date: February 24, 1908 Record: Homestead Patent--Hidden Springs Ranch (Scholefield Ranch) Grantor: United States of America Grantee: George P. Scholefield

Document 2 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 161 page 256 Date: October 20, 1931 Record: Bargain and Sale Deed--Hidden Springs Ranch (Scholefield Ranch) Grantor: George P. Scholefield Grantee: Charles DeBaud,Sr.

Document 3 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 168 page 494 Date: February 2, 1944 Record: Bargain and Sale Deed--Hidden Springs Ranch (Scholefield Ranch) Grantor: Charles DeBaud Grantee: Virgil A. Johnson and Dorothy E. Johnson, his wife

Document 4 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 3322 page 68 Date: August 29, 1968 Record: Bargain and Sale Deed--Hidden Springs Ranch (Scholefield Ranch) Grantor: Virgil A. Johnson and Dorothy E. Johnson, his wife Grantee: Ronald M. Searle and Marilynn H. Searle, his wife

Document 5 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 3956 page 62 Date: March 16, 1971 Record: Deed for Sale--Hidden Springs Ranch (Scholefield Ranch) Grantor: Ronald M. Searle and Marilynn H. Searle, his wife Grantee: Anaconda Copper Company

Document 6 Filed: Coronado National Forest Files--Nogales, on file ASM Date: 1910-1972 Record: Abstract of Preference for DeBaud Allotment Description: History of grazing use and amounts of permitted cattle

Document 7 Filed: Coronado National Forest Files--Tucson. On file ASM Date: 191Q-1966 Record: DeBaud Permit Allotment Analysis Description: History of_land use; file includes permanent improvements to land 41

Document 8 Filed: Government Land Office, Document 190. On file ASM Date: November 24, 1906 Record: Property Exchange--VR Ranch First Party: United States of America Second Party: Edward L. Vail Description: Exchange of Sierra Forest property for Santa Rita Forest land

Document 9 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 44, page 166. On file ASM Date: January 13, 1908 Record: Homestead Patent--VR Ranch Grantor: United States of America Grantee: Edward L. Vail

Document 10 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 44, pages 240-242 Date: April 14, 1908 Record: In the probate court--order settling final account and for final distribution of the estate of Walter L. Vail, Sr. Heirs: Walter L. Vail, Jr. (administrator), Margaret R. Vail, Natan Russel Vail, Mary E, Vail, William Banning Vail, Mahlon Vail, Edward N. Vail,

Document 11 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 52, pages 521-532 Date: December 31, 1912 Record: Indenture of Trust--Empire Land and Cattle Company including VR and Chapo's ranches Trustees: Margaret R. Vail, N.R. Vail, Walter L. Vail Beneficiaries: All of above plus Mahlon Vail and Edward N, Vail

Document 12 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 137, page 344 Date: August 19, 1929 Record: Warranty Deed--most of the Empire Ranch including VR and Chapo's ranches Grantor: Trustees of the Vail Estate Grantee: Chiricahua Ranches Company

Document 13 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 272, page 554 Date: December 30, 1944 Record: Deed--many pieces of land including VR and Chapo's ranches Grantor: Henry G. Boice Young and Helen Boice Brennan, and E1,S. Bocce Grantee: Chiricahua Ranches Company, Henry G, Boice, President 42

Document 14 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 278, page 134 Date: January 10, 1945 Record: Deed--lands in Pima County including VR and Chapo's -. ranches Grantor: Henry G. Boice, Frank S, Boice, et all, Grantee: Henry G. Boice, and Charles Boice

Document 15 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 296, page 480 Date: March 15, 1946 Record: Entire ranch property Grantor: Charles G. Boice and Frances, his wife Grantee: Henry G. BOice and Frank S. Boice

Document 16 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 304, page 137 Date: November 29, 1950 Record: Deed for properties including VR and Chapo ranches Grantor: Henry G. Boice, et al, Grantee: John S. Greenway

Document 17 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 3413, page 369 Date: January 16, 1969 Record: Deed for properties including VR Ranch Grantor: John S. Greenway Grantee: Manerd Gayler

Document 18 Filed: Arizona Historical Society, MS, 827, Box of Papers 4 Date: 1902-1907 Record: Journal of E.1., Vail Description: Daily financial records of ranches owned by Vail, Includes receipts of rent from Rosemont School and VR Ranch

Document 19 Filed: Coronado National Forest Files: Tucson. On file ASM Date: 1938-1964 Record: Rosemont Allotment Analysis Description: History of land use and includes documentation of permanent improvements to National Forest land.

Document 20 Filed: Coronado National Forest- ,-Nogales District, On file ASM Date: 1910-1972 Record: Abstract of preference of Rosemont Allotment Description: Summary of ownership and land use history 43

Document 21 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Real Estate, Book 30, page 430-431 Date: June 11, 1900 Record: Deed for St. Helena Ranch Grantor: George P. Scholefield Grantee: Walter L. Vail Description: Deed gives a description of location and standing buindings. This property was never patented and has no other documentation.

Document 22 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix PHX 07309, HE 182955 Date: March 9, 1911 Record: Land Exchange and Patent. Issued in lieu of cancelled patent due to an error in the description, dated March 14, 1910. For SE4 of SE4 of Section 27, T18S, R16E. Grantor: United States of America Grantee: Walter E. Vail

Document 23 Filed: Arizona Historical Society, C8431 Date: October 17, 1937 Record: Reminiscences of Mrs. Francisco Escalante Cota as told to Mrs. George Kitt.

Document 24 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix Date: July 27, 1907 Record: Secretary's Order - Tracts in Santa Rita National Forest from appropriations and use. For use as administrative site.

Document 25 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix Date: November 22, 1913 Record: Secretary's Order - Revoke withdrawal of National Forest Service land for ranger station purposes. Revoking order of July 15, 1907; Section 29, NI NE4 SEk, NI, SI NE4 of SE4

Document 26 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix Date: June 29, 1950 Record: Revoking certain withdrawls for Forest Administration Sites, including the Rosemont Ranger Station 1- 18S, R16E, Section 29, SI S1 NE4, SE4 of SE4, Section 32, NE4 of NE4

Document 27 Filed: Arizona Historical Society, M1266 Date: Record Reminiscences of William B. McCleary as told to Mrs. George F. Kitt. 41+

Document 28 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Mines, Book 21, page 326 Date: December 21, 1894 Record: Deed for Rosemont Group of Mines Grantor: W.B. McCleary and L.J. Rose Grantee: Rosemont Smelting and Mining Company

Document 29 Filed: Pima County Deeds of Mines, Book 22, page 31 Date: May 22, 1894 Record: Deed for Furanace, Rose, Post and Mohawk Claims Grantor: William Shaw Grantee: Rosemont Smelting and Mining Company

Document 30 Filed: University of Arizona, Special Collections A2 311 Box 3, Folder 6.

Date: 1896 - 1897 Record: Francis Henry Hereford Collection, Rosemont Copper Mines Description: Group of correspondences with Lewisohn Brothers" represen- tatives concerning negotiations to acquire the Rosemont mines.

Document 31 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix, GLO No. 30782, Mining Certificate 602. Date: December 10, 1898 Record: Patent of lode mining claims: Ward, Alta Copper, Broad Top, Exile, King, Malachite, Bonnie Blue, Amole, Arcola, Blue Point, Cuprite Claimant: Charles W. Welch for the Lewisohn Brothers

Document 32 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix, GLO No. 30792, Mining Certificate 612. Date: December 17, 1898 Record: Patent of lode mining claims: Coconino, Oregon Copper, Chicago, Erie, Cushiing, Marion, Franklin, Old Put Con, Old Pap Copper, Central Falls, Ajax Consolidated, Cuba, Hilo Consolidated, York, Daylight, Potomac, Dan Webster, Patric Henry, LaFayette, R. L. Ingersoll, and the mill sites: Oregon Copper, Old Put, Old Pap and Franklin Claimant: Charles W. Welch for the Lewisohn Brothers

Document 33 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix, Mineral Survey 1297 A and B. On file ASM

Date: July 16 - August 26, 1898 Record: Plat of the Claim of Charles W. Welch Assignee of Leonard Lewisohn. Description: Map shows the smelter, bunkhouse, store, stable, warehouse, hotel, assay office, and well on the mill sites. Probably the most important map on. Rosemont with enough detail to locate and identify the remains of each building. Shafts and cuts on lode claims are also shown.

45

Document 34 Filed: ANAMAX Mining Company, Twin Buttes, Arizona, On file ASM Date: Recorded: Memo of contract of sale and purchase Description: List of patented and unpatented claims in Rosemont and Lewisohn. Groups sold to Banner Copper Company by Lewisohn Copper Company

Document 35 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix, GLO No. 6577,Mining Certificate 76, Lot 38 Date: September 28, 1881 Record: Patent for Omega First Extension South Lode Claimants: Pinckney R. Tully, Estevan Ochoa, Sidney.DeLong, Federick Hughes Description: Plat map included showing cuts, ravine, trail, and posts. Tully and Highs are early pioneer miners.

Document 36 Filed: Bureau of Land Management Phoenix, GLO No. 6578, Mining Certificate 75, Lot 37 Date: September 28, 1881 Record: Patent for the Omega Lode Claimants: Pickney Tully, Estevan Ochoa, Sidney DeLong, Thomas J. Jeffocids, Frederick G. Hughes Description: Plat map shows cuts, trails, ravines, and arroyo.

Document 37 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix, GLO No. 9522, Mining Certificate 232, Lot 39 Date: April 6, 1883 Record: Patent of Eclipse Copper Lode Claimant: M.L. Gerould

Document 38 - 45 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix, GLO Nos, 30783-30791, Mining Certificate 603-611, Lots 1299-1301, 1303-1305, 1311. Date: December 17, 1898 Record: Patents for Gap, Monitor, South End, Peach Lode, Mohawk. Silver, Empire Lode, Baltimore, Mohawk, Altamont, Black Bess, Newman, Antelope Lode Mining claims, Claimant: Charles W. Welch

Document 46 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix, GLO No. Phx 01568, Mining Certificate 84903 Date: December 19, 1908 Record: Patent for Excelsior Lode Mining claim Claimant: Louis Zeckendorf 46

Document 47 Filed: Pima County Record of Mines-, Book. CC, page 523-524 Date: March '8, 1892 _ Record: Location Notice for Owl and Bear Spring Mines Locators: George P. Scholefield and Royal A. Johnson

Document 48 Filed: Pima County Deed of Mines, Book 23 ? page 251 Date: February 21, 1900 Record: Deed for 5/16 share of Helena Mine, 7/16 share of Owl, Bear Spring, Emma, Oneida, Utica, Whitestone, 0,—iskany, Armour, Clit, Royal Lode Mining claims and the mill sites of Reserve, Ricardo and Red—. Grantor: George P. Scholefield Grantee: O.J. Richey

Document 49 Filed: Pima County Record of Mines, Book KK, page 175-176 Date: December 19, 1904 Record: Location Notice for the Yellow Fever Mine Locators: George P. Scholefield and Royal A. Johnson

Document No. 50 Filed: Pima County Record of Mines, Book KK, page 250-251 Date: August_ Record: Location Notice for the Helena Mine Locators: Jon Chamrod and C.L. Aman Description: 1 mile north of Helvetia post office and bounded on west by the Tip Top Copper Company. This is not the Helena Mine above Hidden Spring Ranch.

Document 51 Filed: Arizona Historical Society, Rosemont Mine File Date: February 1, 1911 Record: Bill of sale for all personal property on mining claims of the Rosemont Gold Mining and Milling Company (Helena Mine) Description: The equipment at the mine is listed

Document 52 Filed: Arizona Historical Society, Rosemont Mines File. On file ASM Date: January 11, 1911 Record: Writ of levy by Albert Steinfield against the Rosemont Gold Mining and Milling Company Description: The equipment of the mine is listed

Document 53 Filed: Arizona Historical Society, Rosemont Mines File. On file ASM Date: January 11, 1911 Record: Certificate of Sale-Bear Spring, Helena, Oneida, Utica, and Utica Mining claims. 47-

Docmnent 54 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix Pat. No 974744, Phx 057772 Date: February 26, 1926 Record: Patent for Narragansett Bay, Olcott, Schwab, Lander, Olustes. Rainbow, Eldon Lode Mining claims Claimant: Albert SteinfOd Description: Embracing portions of Section 24, 25 in T18S, R15E and Sections 19, 30 in T18S, R16E next to Daylight, Eclipse and other Rosemont properties.

Document 55 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix, Mineral Survey 3954 Date: December 29, 1924, Surveyed June 27 - July 23, 1924 Record: Plat for the Claim of Albert Steinfeld known as the Narragansett Bay, Olcott, Schwab, Lander, Olustes, Rainbow, and Eldon lodes. Description: Map shows 12 shafts, 7 cuts, 2 tunnels, and 1 drift

Document 56 Filed: Bureau of Land Management-Phoenix GLO No. 32859, Mining Certificate 639, Lots 1388 A and B Date: December 29, 1899 Record: Patents for the 37 lode mining claims and 8 mill sites in T18S, R15E Claimant: Helvetia Copper Company

Document 57 Filed: Arizona Historical Society, Helvetia Mines File Date: September 25, 1899 Record: Contract between Feliz Ruelas (Principle) and A. Verdugo and Bartolo Barcelo Description: The principle borrows $1,000 for butchering business ill Helvetia where sheep, cattle, pigs, and goats are slaughtered. (Ruellas is in household number 239 in the 1900 Federal Census of Helvetia.)

Document 58 Filed Arizona Historical Society, Helvetia Mines File Date: 1890s

Record: Hand written description - arid - evaluatton'of the Helvetia Copper Group

Document 59 Filed: Arizona Historical Society - Coyne File Date: 1880s Record: Patric Coyne diary and autobographical sketch 48

Document 60 Filed: Arizona Historical Society - Collections and 547 Date: 1876 - 1919 Record: Letters, contracts, account books, and other materials concerning Greaterville Description: Important archives for the economy of mining camps and organization. There are references to Rosemont residents and the Rosemont Mine. Notes on specific documents are in the ASM files

Document 61 Filed: Arizona Historical Society - George Chambers Collection, MS 146 Date: 1882 - 1886 Record: Records of the Greaterville School District, No. 7.

Document 62 Filed: Arizona Historical Society r Helvetia Mine File Date: 1900 - 1907 Record: Volume I Shipments of matte by team from Helvetia Smelter to Vail, Volumes 2 -3 Employee accounts of Helvetia establishments Document 63 Filed: Arizona Historical Society Date: 1860 Record: Eighth Decennial U,S. Census, County of Arizona, New Mexico Territory

Document 64 Filed: Arizona Historical Society Date: 1880 Record: Tenth Decennial U,S, Census

Document 65 Filed: University of Arizona, Government Documents, Microfilm Date: 1900 Record: Twelfth Decennial U.S, Census Schedules

Document 66 Filed: Bureau of Land Management ,,Pheonix Date: March 25, 1905 Record: Master Plat No. 2285 of T18E, R16E

Document 67 Filed: Pima County Record of Mines, Book KK, page 260 Date: June 24, 1905 Record: Location Notice for the Utica Mine Locators: George P. Scholefield and Royal A. Johnson APPENDIX B

TRANSCRIPTS OF ORAL HISTORIES

The following verbatum transcripts are from tape recorded interviews between the author and former residents of the Rosemont area conducted in the Fall of 1979, Individuals are identified by their initials. Transla- tions from Spanish are in parenthesis.On rare occasions the author has deleted certain conversations on both the tape and transcript but none of these deletions concern historical matters. The original tapes are deposited at the Arizona State Museum and are available for public use.

49 REFERENCES

Ames, Charles 1967 A history of the Forest S6rvice. The Smoke Signal 16:117-127.

Arizona Cattle log 1972 The Good Old Days, The Empire Remuda, about 25 Years Ago, Cover of the Arizona Cattle Growers" Association magazine, Vol. XXVIII No.6.

Arizona Daily Star 1930 William Kemp, March 31, 1930,

1934 Warner Pfenninger Dies near Tucson. January 25, 1934.

1951 Pioneer Charles DeBaud looks back on 75 years in Arizona. February 13, 1951:12,

1951 Juan Lopez, 96 years old. Resident of Tucson for 78 years. May 5, 1951.

1966 Carl B. Scholefield, November 13, 1966.

Baker, Steven G. 1978 Historical archaeology for Colorado and the Victorian mining frontier: review discussion, and suggestions. Southwestern Lore 44(4):11-31.

Blake, William P. 1897-98 Report of the Governor of Arizona to the Secretary of the Interior. Washington.

1910 Sketch of Pima County, Arizona. Its mining districts, minerals, climate, agriculture, and other resources. Tucson: Chamber of Commerce.

Bureau of Mines 1935- Minerals Yearbook. Department of the Interior. Washington: 1974 Government Printing Office. Connell, Chas. T. 1902 City of Tucson and Southern Arizona Business Directory. Tucson: Chas. T. Connell. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census 1910 Thirteenth Census of the U.S. Vol. II Population. Washington Government Printing Office.

50 51

1920 Fourteenth Census Of the U.S. Vol, I Population. Washington: Government Printing Office. -

1930 Fifteenth Census of the U.S. Vol. I Population. Washington Government Printing Office,

Directory of the City of Tucson and Pima County Arizona 1908 Tucson: Tucson City Directory Company, Publishers.

Elsing, Morris and Heineman, Robert E.S. 1936 Arizona Metal Production. Arizona Bureau of Mines Economic Series 19, Bulletin 140.

Enzenberg, Oreon 1979 Unpublished transcript of interview with Jerome Schaefer. See Appendix B

Feil, Lin B. 1968 Helvetia: boom town of the Santa Ritas. Journal of Arizona History 9:77-95.

Gayler, John and Page Gayler 1979 Unpublished transcript of interview with Jerome Schaefer. See Appendix B.

Hammack, Nancy and Sharon Debowski 1979 ANAMAX PROJECT prel-iminary report; Unpublished M- Arizona- State-Museum..

Lopez, Ruperto 1979 Unpublished transcript of interview with Jerome Schaefer. See Appendix B.

Myrick, David F. 1975 Railroads of Arizona, Vol. 1. The Southern Roads, Berkeley: Nowell-North Books

Navin, Thomas R. 1978 Copper Mining and Management, Tucson: University of Arizona Press,

Schrader, F.C. 1915 Mining Deposits of the Santa Rita and Patagonia mountains, Washington: Government Printing Office.

Sherman, James E. and Barbara H. 1969 Ghost Towns of Arizona. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,

Shinns, Charles H. 1885 Miming Camps, A study in American Frontier Government. (1947) Reprinted by Alfred A. Knopf: New York. Skinner, A.P. (Publisher) 1906- 1907 A.P. Skinner and Company's Tucson City, Pima County and Santa Cruz County Directory 1906-1907. Tucson: A.P. Skinner and Company.

Smith, Franklin Weaton and Zeisemer 1919 Report on the Narragansett Mine. Unpublished document. Smith and Zeisemer Mining Engineers. Bisbee: Arizona,

State Mine Inspector 1912- Annual Report of the State Mine Inspector. State of Arizona. 1951

Tenney, James Brand 1927- History of Mining in Arizona. Unpublished MS: Special 1929 Collection: University of Arizona.

Tucson Citizen 1899 Tributary Mines, Rosemont and Helvetia Producing and Blocking Out Ore Bodies. June 15, 1899:4,

Tucson Newspaper 1899 A Prosperous Camp. EnergetiC Management at Rosemont returning good results. Unidentified hewspapet'afticle. On file, Arizona Historical Society.

1923 J.K. Brown. February. Unidentified newspaper article. On file, Arizona Historical Society.

Turner, Frederick Jackson 1963 From 1865 to 1910 United States (of America). Encyclopedia Britanica pp. 768-787. Chicago: William Benton, Publisher.

United States Department of Agriculture 1979 Forest Service Manual, Title 2200 Range Management. United States Department of the Interior. Walker, Dixie 1979 Unpublished transcript of interview with Jerome Schaefer. See Appendix B.

Wyllys, Rufus Kay 1950 Arizona, A History of a Frontier State. Phoenix: Hobson and Herr.