Emotion Meaning and Emotion Episodes in the Setswana Language Group in the North West Province
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Emotion meaning and emotion episodes in the Setswana language group in the North West Province L P Mojaki, BCom Mini-dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Commercii in Human Resource Management at the North West University, Potchefstroom Campus Study Leader: Prof. C. S. Jonker Assistant Study Leader: Prof. J. R. J. Fontaine Assistant Study Leader: Prof. D. Meiring Potchefstroom May 2011 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following individuals who made the completion of this mini-dissertation possible: • My Lord and Saviour, for being the pillar of my strength, for the grace and mercy, for blessing me with the ability and perseverance to finish this research study. Nothing is impossible through Jesus Christ. • My parents, Dikeledi Salaminah Mojaki (my life-mentor), Issac Mothibi Mojaki and Rebecca Swane Morokane for their wonderful support, prayers, unconditional love, patience, motivation and encouragement throughout all my life. • My brother Molefe Tebogo Morokane for his tremendous motivational words and support, I could have not asked for a better brother. • A special thanks to Prof. Cara Jonker, my study leader, for all her endurance, contribution, support, companionship, efforts, motivation, help, leadership and mentorship that kept me on track all the way. You are a great mentor with a good sense of humour (white and sweet, bitter and black: coffee). • Prof. Johnny Fontaine of the University of Ghent (Belgium) for his guidance, statistical wrapping, for sharing his wealth of knowledge in such a friendly, patient and proficient way. • A special thank you to Prof Deon Meiring for initiating this project. • The financial support of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research. • A special gratitude to my colleagues at the Research Support Department, who granted me time to complete this dissertation. ii COMMENTS • The reader must note that the publication and reference style of this mini-dissertation is in accordance with the instructions for publication (5th ed.) of the American Psychological Association (APA). This is in accordance with the policy of the Programme in Industrial Psychology at the North West University to use the APA style in all scientific documents. • The mini-dissertation is submitted in the form of four (4) chapters, consisting of the following: an introductory chapter, a second chapter (having a research article as content), chapter, a third chapter (having a research article as content), as well as a concluding chapter. Each chapter of the mini-dissertation has its own reference list. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Summary x Opsomming Decleration of the language editor. CHAPTER 1 xviii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement 1 1.1.1 Overview of the problem 1 1.1.2 Literature review 4 1.2 Research Objectives 13 1.2.1 General Objective 13 1.2.2 Specific Objectives 14 1.3 Paradigm perspective of the research 15 1.3.1 Intellectual climate 15 1.3.2 Discipline 15 1.3.3 Meta-theoretical assumptions 17 1.3.3.1 Literature review 17 1.3.3.2 Empirical study 17 1.3.4 Market of intellectual resources 19 1.3.4.1 Theoretical beliefs 19 A. Conceptual definitions 19 B. Models and Theories 19 1,3.4.2 Methodological beliefs 25 1.4 Research method 25 1.4.1 Phase 1: Literature review 25 1.4.2 Phase 2: Empirical study 26 1.5 Research design 26 1.5.1 Participants and procedure 28 1.5.2 Procedure 28 1.5.3 Measurement instruments 30 1.6 Chapter Summary 32 1.7 Overview of the chapters 32 1.8 Chapter summary 32 iv CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH ARTICLE: THE MEANING OF EMOTIONS AND THE 40 EMOTION STRUCTURE IN THE SETSWANA LANGUAGE GROUP References 87 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH ARTICLE: RESEARCH ARTICLE: EMOTION EPISODES AND ASSOCIATED EMOTIONS OF SETSWANA-SPEAKING 99 EMPLOYEES IN A WORK SETTING 151 References CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1 Conclusions 162 4.2 Limitations of the research 187 4.3 Recommendations 188 4.3.1 Recommendations for future research 188 4.3.2 Recommendation to the organisation 189 4.3.3 Recommendation for future research 190 4.3.4 Recommendation to the organisation 191 4.4 Final conclusion and objectives achieved in this dissertation 192 References 194 v LIST OF TABLES Table Description Page Research Article 1 Table 1 Characteristics of the participants 60 Table 2 Inter-rater reliability table of the results of the Grid Instrument 64 Table 3 Principal component analysis of the 61 emotion features of the Meaning Grid 68 Table 4 Component loadings of the 24 GRID emotions 71 Research Article 2 Table 1 Characteristics of the Episode GRID instrument participants (N = 120) 113 Table 2 Extrinsic and intrinsic emotion episodes 118 Table 3 Emotion Episodes Reported on an Extrinsic Level 121 Table 4 Emotion Episodes Reported on an Intrinsic Level 128 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Description Page Research article 1 Figure 1 Venn of the three hypothetical types of central representation of the 54 component process Figure 2 Scree-plot of the GRID instrument components 67 Figure 3 Scatterplot of the emotion terms on each factor 68 vii SUMMARY Title: Emotion meaning and emotion episodes in the Setswana language group in the North West Province Key words: Emotions, emotional dimensions, meaning grid, episode grid, emotion structure, culture. Emotions are the very heart of people's experiences. Moreover, emotions determine people’s focus because they influences people’s interests and define dimensions of people’s worlds across cultures. However, past research on emotions has argued about the meaning of basic emotions being relative or universal cross cultures. It seems as if researchers are avoiding the issues regarding the meaning of negative and positive emotions and how these emotions are expressed within a cross-cultural context. One of the biggest concerns is that if the descriptions of people’s positive and negative emotions are not understood, it becomes difficult for people from different cultural backgrounds to maintain healthy relationships and relate their emotions with one another. Apart from the lack of research regarding the meaning of emotions across cultures, emotion and emotion experiences in the extrinsic and intrinsic level to the employee, especially within the cross cultural context, is also an under researched topic in South African organisations. The reason for this is that organisations view emotions as a complicated subject to understand and tend to focus more on maintaining positive emotions at work rather than creating a stable emotional climate in an organisation for employees. The lack of creating a stable emotional climate within an organisation and addressing adverse discrete emotions and emotional experiences could have harmful effects on employees’ mental health and physical well-being. Furthermore, the absence of measuring instruments to investigate the emotions and emotional experiences of employees may result into experiencing painful personal incidents, lack of pride in one’s accomplishments, lack of engagement and commitment, negative behaviour and attitudes, and intentions to quit. These experiences might trigger any negative emotions such as anger, hate, irritation, disappointment, despair and frustrations. viii The above problem statement gave a reason to investigate whether the meaning of emotions differs across cultures or is the same cross culturally, to identify the meaning structure of emotions and to identify the emotions and emotion experience of the employees within the work environment’s extrinsic and intrinsic level experience to the individual. Therefore, the Componential Emotions Theory was a relevant theory to determine the meaning of emotions within the Tswana speaking group. The theory of determining emotions and emotion episodes by the Affective Events Theory was followed as a way of determining emotions and emotion experiences comprehensively in the Setswana speaking language group. The Componential Emotion Theory was adapted to provide a clarification of how people across cultures describe their emotion terms. According to the Componential Emotion Theory, emotion terms across cultures can be described through cognitive appraisal, subjective feelings, facial expressions, verbal expressions, gesture, bodily sensations, action tendencies and emotion regulation. Regarding the Affective Events Theory (AET), the theory suggests that emotion episodes at work can cause or be generated by either positive or negative emotions at work. The theory represents an understanding of how employees emotionally respond to certain emotion episodes that occur in various organisational settings. The following research objectives were formulated based on the above-mentioned description of the research problem. The research objectives were addressed into two research articles where study 1 (the meaning of emotion) was the first research article and study 2 (studying the emotion episodes and associated emotions) was the second research article. The objectives of study 1 were to determine the meaning of emotions as conceptualised in a literature review with specific reference to emotion dimensions; to determine how emotions and culture are conceptualised in a literature review with specific reference to the Setswana language group; to describe the Componential Emotion Theory in the literature as an approach to study the meaning of emotion in cultural contexts; to determine if the 24 emotion terms as measured by the Grid