Respiratory System
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The Structure and Function of Breathing
CHAPTERCONTENTS The structure-function continuum 1 Multiple Influences: biomechanical, biochemical and psychological 1 The structure and Homeostasis and heterostasis 2 OBJECTIVE AND METHODS 4 function of breathing NORMAL BREATHING 5 Respiratory benefits 5 Leon Chaitow The upper airway 5 Dinah Bradley Thenose 5 The oropharynx 13 The larynx 13 Pathological states affecting the airways 13 Normal posture and other structural THE STRUCTURE-FUNCTION considerations 14 Further structural considerations 15 CONTINUUM Kapandji's model 16 Nowhere in the body is the axiom of structure Structural features of breathing 16 governing function more apparent than in its Lung volumes and capacities 19 relation to respiration. This is also a region in Fascla and resplrstory function 20 which prolonged modifications of function - Thoracic spine and ribs 21 Discs 22 such as the inappropriate breathing pattern dis- Structural features of the ribs 22 played during hyperventilation - inevitably intercostal musculature 23 induce structural changes, for example involving Structural features of the sternum 23 Posterior thorax 23 accessory breathing muscles as well as the tho- Palpation landmarks 23 racic articulations. Ultimately, the self-perpetuat- NEURAL REGULATION OF BREATHING 24 ing cycle of functional change creating structural Chemical control of breathing 25 modification leading to reinforced dysfunctional Voluntary control of breathing 25 tendencies can become complete, from The autonomic nervous system 26 whichever direction dysfunction arrives, for Sympathetic division 27 Parasympathetic division 27 example: structural adaptations can prevent NANC system 28 normal breathing function, and abnormal breath- THE MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION 30 ing function ensures continued structural adap- Additional soft tissue influences and tational stresses leading to decompensation. -
Septoplasty, Rhinoplasty, Septorhinoplasty, Turbinoplasty Or
Septoplasty, Rhinoplasty, Septorhinoplasty, 4 Turbinoplasty or Turbinectomy CPAP • If you have obstructive sleep apnea and use CPAP, please speak with your surgeon about how to use it after surgery. Follow-up • Your follow-up visit with the surgeon is about 1 to 2 weeks after Septoplasty, Rhinoplasty, Septorhinoplasty, surgery. You will need to call for an appointment. Turbinoplasty or Turbinectomy • During this visit any nasal packing or stents will be removed. Who can I call if I have questions? For a healthy recovery after surgery, please follow these instructions. • If you have any questions, please contact your surgeon’s office. Septoplasty is a repair of the nasal septum. You may have • For urgent questions after hours, please call the Otolaryngologist some packing up your nose or splints which stay in for – Head & Neck (ENT) surgeon on call at 905-521-5030. 7 to 14 days. They will be removed at your follow up visit. When do I need medical help? Rhinoplasty is a repair of the nasal bones. You will have a small splint or plaster on your nose. • If you have a fever 38.5°C (101.3°F) or higher. • If you have pain not relieved by medication. Septorhinoplasty is a repair of the nasal septum and the nasal bone. You will have a small splint or plaster cast on • If you have a hot or inflamed nose, or pus draining from your nose, your nose. or an odour from your nose. • If you have an increase in bleeding from your nose or on Turbinoplasty surgery reduces the size of the turbinates in your dressing. -
Managing a Rib Fracture: a Patient Guide
Managing a Rib Fracture A Patient Guide What is a rib fracture? How is a fractured rib diagnosed? A rib fracture is a break of any of the bones that form the Your doctor will ask questions about your injury and do a rib cage. There may be a single fracture of one or more ribs, physical exam. or a rib may be broken into several pieces. Rib fractures are The doctor may: usually quite painful as the ribs have to move to allow for normal breathing. • Push on your chest to find out where you are hurt. • Watch you breathe and listen to your lungs to make What is a flail chest? sure air is moving in and out normally. When three or more neighboring ribs are fractured in • Listen to your heart. two or more places, a “flail chest” results. This creates an • Check your head, neck, spine, and belly to make sure unstable section of chest wall that moves in the opposite there are no other injuries. direction to the rest of rib cage when you take a breath. • You may need to have an X-ray or other imaging test; For example, when you breathe in your rib cage rises out however, rib fractures do not always show up on X-rays. but the flail chest portion of the rib cage will actually fall in. So you may be treated as though you have a fractured This limits your ability to take effective deep breaths. rib even if an X-ray doesn’t show any broken bones. -
Amphibians 1) Transition to Land A) Life on Terrestrial Earth Is a Major
Amphibians 1) Transition to land a) Life on terrestrial earth is a major theme for all non-fish vertebrates also known as Tetrapoda b) Of Tetrapoda there are two major groups Amphibians and amniotes c) The movement form water to land is one of the most complicated and dramatic events of the evolution of animals i) Land is physically hazardous for an animal that evolved in water, is made mostly of water, and all cellular activities occur in water. ii) Plants, snails, and many arthropods made the transition before vertebrates, which provided a plentiful food source. iii) With the transition to land, vertebrates had to adapt every organ system. d) Oxygen on land i) Atmospheric air contains 20 times more oxygen than water and diffuses more rapidly through air than water. ii) By the Devonian period (400+ million years ago) fish had diversified greatly. Some of these adaptations became useful for a terrestrial life (1) Fish had evolved an air sack within their body called a swim bladder. This would allow a space for gas exchange between an organism and air (a) These early fishes were most likely freshwater. Freshwater systems are more likely to evaporate or deoxygenate compares to salt water habitats. So having a vascularized swim bladder or lung would be beneficial. (b) To this day scientist still debate heavily on whether the swim bladder evolved for buoyancy control or lung first. (2) Fish also had evolved external nares for chemoreception. In a terrestrial environment these nares can be used to draw in air to the swim bladder/lung (3) Both of these structures show great examples of evolution utilizing existing structures to turn into something new and more adapted e) However both of the characteristics are shared among fishes and tetrapods, the big shift came in the bone structure of the limbs. -
1. Launch the View! • Launch Human Anatomy Atlas. • Navigate to Quizzes/Lab Activities, Find the Respiratory Lab Section
Name: __________________________________________________________ Date: ______________________________ Activity 1: Respiratory System Lab 1. Launch the view! • Launch Human Anatomy Atlas. • Navigate to Quizzes/Lab Activities, find the Respiratory Lab section. • Launch Augmented Reality mode and scan the image below. • Don’t have AR? Select view 1. Respiratory System. 2. Fill in the blanks. • Find the structures listed in the word bank. • Read the definitions, then fill in the blank with the correct respiratory system structure from the word bank. © Argosy Publishing, Inc., 2007-2018. All Rights Reserved. 1/2 Name: __________________________________________________________ Date: ______________________________ Word bank: • Alveoli • Nasopharynx • Bronchi • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • Primary bronchi • Lungs • Trachea • Nasal cavity The ______________________________ is composed of the chambers of the internal nose that function as a part of the upper respiratory system. The ______________________________ is the most posterior part of the pharynx. It is shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system. The upper respiratory and upper digestive tracts diverge right after this structure. The front of this structure merges with the triangular entrance of the larynx. The ______________________________ conveys air between the upper and lower respiratory structures. The ______________________________ is a portion of the pharynx that begins at the rear of the nasal cavity and functions as an airway in the upper respiratory system. Its cavity always stays open, unlike the other parts of the pharynx. The ______________________________ are two organs that are responsible for gas exchange. The ______________________________ are the major airways of the lower respiratory system. The ______________________________ are the main sites of gas exchange, where oxygen is brought into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed. -
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Rectum and Anus Large Intestine Small
1 Liver The liver produces bile, which aids in digestion of fats through a dissolving process known as emulsification. In this process, bile secreted into the small intestine 4 combines with large drops of liquid fat to form Healthy tiny molecular-sized spheres. Within these spheres (micelles), pancreatic enzymes can break down fat (triglycerides) into free fatty acids. Pancreas Digestion The pancreas not only regulates blood glucose 2 levels through production of insulin, but it also manufactures enzymes necessary to break complex The digestive system consists of a long tube (alimen- 5 carbohydrates down into simple sugars (sucrases), tary canal) that varies in shape and purpose as it winds proteins into individual amino acids (proteases), and its way through the body from the mouth to the anus fats into free fatty acids (lipase). These enzymes are (see diagram). The size and shape of the digestive tract secreted into the small intestine. varies in each individual (e.g., age, size, gender, and disease state). The upper part of the GI tract includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, and stomach. The lower Gallbladder part includes the small intestine, large intestine, The gallbladder stores bile produced in the liver appendix, and rectum. While not part of the alimentary 6 and releases it into the duodenum in varying canal, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are all organs concentrations. that are vital to healthy digestion. 3 Small Intestine Mouth Within the small intestine, millions of tiny finger-like When food enters the mouth, chewing breaks it 4 protrusions called villi, which are covered in hair-like down and mixes it with saliva, thus beginning the first 5 protrusions called microvilli, aid in absorption of of many steps in the digestive process. -
A Accessory Cartilages Lower Lateral Cartilage, 90 Minor Alar Cartilage, 91
Index A ARS, 234, 236 Accessory cartilages lateral crural strut graft, 235 lower lateral cartilage, 90 tension hinge, 233 minor alar cartilage, 91 Alar rim graft (ARG), 234, 328 pyriform ligament, 91 Alar rim structure graft (ARS), 234, 236 ring, 90, 91 Alar wedge (Weir) excision, 243 shape and location, 91 AlloDerm®, 291 tripod analogy, 90 Angular artery, 23, 217 upper lateral cartilage, 89 ANS, see Anterior nasal spine (ANS) Acellular dermal matrix (ADM), 291 Anterior nasal spine (ANS), 168, 173, 176, 179, 181, 212, 213, Aesthetics 219, 248 extrinsic, 51, 214 modification, 316 intrinsic, 50, 215 relocation, 317 layer, 288, 296–298 Anterior septal angle (ASA), 112, 113 medial crus, 47 Anterior septal prominence (ASP), 144 nasal (see Nasal aesthetics) Anterior subperichondrial tunnel, 173 radix and dorsal, 114–115 Articulated alar rim graft (AARG), 235 septum, 168 Asymmetric developmental deviated nose (ADDN), 151, 154 surface, 6–11 Alar arcade, 217 Alar cartilages, 33, 41, 47 B anatomy Balanced approach, 111, 126, 152 cadaver dissections, 47 Bony cap concept, 314 columella-lobular junction, 48 Bony-cartilaginous junction, 175 columellar base, 47, 52 Bony valve, 204–205 columellar segment, 53 Bony vault, 112 footplate segment, 53, 56 bony cap, 6 position, 49 concept, 130 subunits, 48 dorsal keystone area, 118 surface aesthetics, 47 removal, 118, 136, 137 lateral crus (see Lateral crus) surgical implications, 119 medial crus (see Medial crus) caudal portion, 116 middle crus (see Middle crus) cephalic portion, 116 nasal tip surgery definition, -
Quick Review: Surgical Anatomy of Trachea Tracheal Ligament
Quick Review: Surgical Anatomy of Trachea tracheal ligament. This attachment makes the larynx move up and down along with the larynx during respiration and swallowing. The length of trachea can be correctly gauzed by measuring the exact distance between lower border of cricoid cartilage and apex of the bifurcation angle (Perelman 1972). It varies with age (Allen, M S 2003). Langova (1946) measured the length of the trachea in 390 cadavers ranging in age from six months of intra-uterine life to twenty years and found that it was 3.1 cm on an average in the newborn, 6 cm in a five year old child, 7 cm at the age of ten and 8.5 cm at the age of 15 years. In adults the length of trachea varies widely from 8.5 to 15 cm. Tehmina Begum et al (2009) measured the length of trachea in adult males in the age range of 20 to 58 years. The mean lengths of the "Larynx, Trachea, and the Bronchi. (Front view.) A, epiglottis; B, thyroid cartilage; C, cricothyroid membrane, trachea were 8.73 ± 0.21 cm in 20-29 years age connecting with the cricoid cartilage below, all forming the Group, 9.53 ±0.46 cm in 30-39 years age larynx; D, rings of the trachea." — Blaisedell, 1904. Source: Group, 9.63 ± 0.23 cm in 40 - 49 years age http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/15400/15499/trachea_15499_lg.gif group & 9.79 ± 0.39 cm in 50-59 years age group. On an average the length of trachea in an The trachea connects the larynx with main adult male is 11 cm and 10 cm in female. -
Rhinoplasty ARTICLE by PHILIP WILKES, CST/CFA
Rhinoplasty ARTICLE BY PHILIP WILKES, CST/CFA hinoplasty is plastic become lodged in children's noses.3 glabella, laterally with the maxilla, surgery of the nose Fortunately, the art and science of inferiorly with the upper lateral car- for reconstructive, rhinoplasty in the hands of a skilled tilages, and posteriorly with the eth- restorative, or cos- surgical team offers positive alter- moid bone? metic purposes. The natives. The nasal septum is formed by procedure of rhmo- Three general types of rhino- the ethmoid (perpendicular plate) plasty had its beginnings in India plasty will be discussed in this arti- and vomer bones (see Figure 5). The around 800 B.c.,as an ancient art cle. They include partial, complete, cartilaginous part is formed by sep- performed by Koomas Potters.' and finesse rhinoplasties. tal and vomeronasal cartilages. The Crimes were often punished by the anterior portion consists of the amputation of the offender's nose, Anatomy and Physiology of the medial crus of the greater alar carti- creating a market for prosthetic sub- Nose lages, called the columella nasi? stitutes. The skill of the Koomas The nose is the olfactory organ that The vestibule is the cave-like area enabled them to supply this need. In projects from the center of the face modem times, rhinoplasty has and warms, filters, and moistens air developed into a high-technology on the way to the respiratory tract. procedure that combines art with Someone breathing only through the latest scientific advancements.' the mouth delivers a bolus of air During rhinoplastic procedures, with each breath. The components surgeons can change the shape and of the nose allow a thin flow of air size of the nose to improve physical to reach the lungs, which is a more appearance or breathing. -
Peak Flow Measure: an Index of Respiratory Function?
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Peak Flow Measure: An Index of Respiratory Function? D. Devadiga, Aiswarya Liz Varghese, J. Bhat, P. Baliga, J. Pahwa Department of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Kasturba Medical College (A Unit of Manipal University), Mangalore -575001 Corresponding Author: Aiswarya Liz Varghese Received: 06/12/2014 Revised: 26/12/2014 Accepted: 05/01/2015 ABSTRACT Aerodynamic analysis is interpreted as a reflection of the valving activity of the larynx. It involves measuring changes in air volume, flow and pressure which indicate respiratory function. These measures help in determining the important aspects of lung function. Peak expiratory flow rate is a widely used respiratory measure and is an effective measure of effort dependent airflow. Aim: The aim of the current study was to study the peak flow as an aerodynamic measure in healthy normal individuals Method: The study group was divided into two groups with n= 60(30 males and 30 females) in the age range of 18-22 years. The peak flow was measured using Aerophone II (Voice Function Analyser). The anthropometric measurements such as height, weight and Body Mass Index was calculated for all the participants. Results: The peak airflow was higher in females as compared to that of males. It was also observed that the peak air flow rate was correlating well with height and weight in males. Conclusions: Speech language pathologist should consider peak expiratory airflow, a short sharp exhalation rate as a part of routine aerodynamic evaluation which is easier as compared to the otherwise commonly used measure, the vital capacity. -
LINGUISTICS 330 Lecture #2 (Latin Dentes 'Teeth')
LINGUISTICS 330 Lecture #2 THE THREE PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF SPEECH PRODUCTION It is functionally appropriate to consider speech production in terms of three components: 1. THE SUBGLOTTAL SYSTEM: a. trachea (windpipe) b. lungs and associated respiratory muscles 2. LARYNX 3. SUPRALARYNGEAL VOCAL TRACT: Air passages above the larynx a. oral tract (= oral cavity) Latin os/oralis ‘mouth’ b. nasal tract (= nasal cavity) Latin nasus ‘nose’ c. pharynx (= pharyngeal cavity) Greek pharynx ‘throat’ SUPRAGLOTTAL ORGANS THE LIPS (prefix: labio-; suffix -labial) (Latin labia ’lip’ ) • The lips are a complex of muscles and other tissues (see below!) • The lips have a great capacity for varied movement, and much of their range of movement is utilized in speech (e.g. lip spreading, lip rounding, lip closing, etc.) THE TEETH (suffix: -dental) (Latin dentes ’teeth’) • They are set into the alveolar processes of the upper jaw (=maxillary bone) and the lower jaw (= mandible). (Alveolar processes: The inferior border of the maxillary bone or the superior border of the mandible; both contain sockets holding the teeth). 1 • The sides of the tongue pressed against the molars help to direct the air stream towards the front of the mouth, as in [ß] and [Ω]. • The lower lip approximates the maxillary incisors to constrict the air stream for [f] and [v]. • The tongue tip approximates the maxillary incisors for the production of [†] and [∂]. • The slightly opened maxillary and mandibular incisors provide friction surfaces for [s], [z], [ß] and [Ω]. THE TONGUE (suffix: -lingual) (Latin lingua ‘tongue’) • The floor of the oral cavity is largely formed by the three-dimensional muscle mass: the tongue. -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists.