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Solid Waste Generation, Characteristics and Material Recovery Potentials for Landmark University Campus

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Solid Waste Generation, Characteristics and Material Recovery Potentials for Landmark University Campus International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 9, September 2018, pp. 1071–1082, Article ID: IJCIET_09_09_103 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=9 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed SOLID WASTE GENERATION, CHARACTERISTICS AND MATERIAL RECOVERY POTENTIALS FOR LANDMARK UNIVERSITY CAMPUS Oladipupo Seun OLADEJO, Adamu Mathew AUTA, Peter Dunsin IBIKUNLE and Edirin Ken-Wiwa OMAMOFO Department of Civil Engineering, Landmark University, PMB 1004, Omu-Aran, Kwara State Nigeria Oladipupo Seun OLADEJO Department of Civil Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria ABSTRACT Landmark University (LMU) is a private university, with potentials for massive expansion and growth. The present method of waste collection is the “Stationary Container System”. The waste generated in Landmark University is presently modest due to the University current population (about 5000), but with population increase, appropriate waste management procedures are to be in place. The research was conducted at Landmark University campus to study the existing waste management systems, characterization of solid waste, determine the physical composition and estimate the generation rate. About two tons (1785.4 kg) total solid waste was generated per day with generation rate of 0.36 kg/person/day. Waste generation from residential, academic/administrative and utility zones were 1599.8, 103.9 and 81.7 kg/day respectively. Total amount of material recoverable and material re-use to attain zero-waste, integrated waste management scheme was 1535.4 kg/day (86%) and 250 kg/day (14%) respectively. The solid waste characterization were: paper 12% (208.13 kg/day), food wastes 22% (390.07 kg/day), wood 2% (34.2 kg/day), food pack 5% (88.81kg/day), plastic bottle 18% (316.3 kg/day), polythene nylon 25% (441.65 kg/day), metals 10% (179.03 kg/day), glass 0.02% (0.36 kg/day), e-waste 0.7% (12.53 kg/day), residual ash 3% (56.47 kg/day) and sanitary 3% (57.8 kg/day). Considering the high recyclability potential, the agrarian focus of the university and the quest for self- sustainability by the university, it was recommended that the university adopt sustainable and integrated waste management options of reuse, recycling and waste reduction. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1071 [email protected] Oladipupo Seun OLADEJO, Adamu Mathew AUTA, Peter Dunsin IBIKUNLE and Edirin Ken-Wiwa OMAMOFO Keywords: Characteristics, Generation, Integrated Waste Management, Material Recovery And Solid Waste. Cite this Article: Oladipupo Seun OLADEJO, Adamu Mathew AUTA, Peter Dunsin IBIKUNLE and Edirin Ken-Wiwa OMAMOFO, Solid Waste Generation, Characteristics and Material Recovery Potentials For Landmark University Campus, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(9), 2018, pp. 1071–1082. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=9 1. INTRODUCTION Rapid population growth and uncontrolled urbanization has been a major cause of increased generation of solid waste, making disposal of such, a great concern in developing countries with severe environmental degradation. Advancements in science and technology [1], increasing consumption of resources has culminated into accumulation of large amounts of solid waste ranging from domestic to agricultural and up to industrial activities, with increased toxicity and hazards which have threatened public health [2]. Uncontrolled Population, community density, consumption habits, standard of living, monthly wages, dwelling population, percentage of urban population, age, sex, ethnicity, size of housing units, geographical locations, land use patterns, productive activities and cost of living are some common factors that have the influence on waste generation, with population being the major factors influencing unit waste generation rate. Estimation of the quantity of solid waste generated in a city is very important for proper solid waste management. While most developed countries regarded their wastes as resources, poor waste management became challenging issue with governments of developing countries [3], resulting into enormous tasks in terms of collection and disposal, making solid waste hazardous, in most developing countries. Improper waste management has become serious concerns for experts from cities in the developing states [3,4,5,6,7] Waste management services which involve collection of waste and transportation to final disposal, is carried out, in most developing countries, by the local authorities, but was stalled by inadequate financial assistance and human resource capacity. These hindered effective waste management service [8], amounting to inimical problems that impair human and animal health and ultimately result into economic, environmental and biological losses [9]. Some factors affecting effective municipal waste management in Nigeria are poor funding and uncontrolled population, lack of trained/professional waste managers [10], ineffective monitoring and control, inadequate maintenance culture towards the environment, lack of modern technology/lethargy in implementation of efficient waste management methods. In Landmark University, the common practice of waste management basically involves the collection of mixed waste materials and subsequent dumping at designated dumpsites. The Physical Planning Division of the university collect the wastes using the ‘Stationary Container System’ from 240 liters waste bins which are positioned strategically around the university and then transferred to a landfill location, where decomposition is attempted. Solid waste management may well hold the key to reducing the rate of environmental pollution/degradation while improving development rate. There exists ineffective waste management, inappropriate waste disposal methods, value addition loss in forms of material recovery, reuse and energy derivation. Hence this research aimed at study the solid waste generation and characterization in Landmark University campus, with the view of recommending appropriate waste disposal methods that support integrated waste management concept. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1072 [email protected] Solid Waste Generation, Characteristics and Material Recovery Potentials For Landmark University Campus 2. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA Landmark University Omu-Aran, founded in 2011 by the Living Faith Church Worldwide (Winners chapel), is located in Kwara State Nigeria approximately on latitudes 8.1239536 and longitude 5.0811943.It has an estimated land area of 1440 acres, with 96 blocks of students hostels, 350 staff housing units, 20 academic and administrative buildings. It has a student strength of 3600 and staff strength of 800. All students in the university reside on campus; 92% of the secondary school students reside on campus while 35% of staff reside on campus. The campus has an estimated population of about 5000 on daily basis. Major activities on campus are administrative, academic, research and community services. In carrying out these functions, allocated spaces are provided. The campus is developed in such an approach that permanent buildings are erected for specific activities. No reported or published research has been carried out at Landmark University to identify solid waste generation, characterization, and material recovery potentials. Hence, the aim of the present study to search out the quantity, composition and general characteristics of solid waste generated; existing disposal system, effects on environment and suggested integrated waste management system adoptable to Landmark University. 3. METHODOLOGY The study was conducted in Landmark University campus, with the field work, comprising of reconnaissance survey to have general overview of solid waste generation areas in the study area; temporary collection and sorting points to observe the physical conditions regarding quantity and quality of solid waste of the campus. A. Selection and sampling of study area The whole campus was divided into three zones based on prevailing activities on campus (Table 1), for assessment of daily solid waste generation, separation and waste classification and their characteristics. These are the residential, academic/administrative and utility zones. Table 1 Zoning of Landmark University for the cause of the present study Residential Academic/Administrative Utility Staff Quarters College buildings (I&II) Cafeteria Guest house Engineering workshop Multipurpose hall LUSS University Library Bakery Hostels Senate building Packaged water factory B. Collection of the primary data After securing permissions from appropriate quarters, liaises were made with the university campus cleaners and waste collection truck operators. Solid wastes generated were obtained from waste collection containers, on daily basis, for a period of a week for three months (between December, 2017 and May, 2018). This was from Monday till Friday (five days) at each zone and wastes materials were weighed, sorted into material types which include paper, cardboard, plastic bottles, metals, cans, food wastes, polythene bags, polystyrene food pack, e-wastes, sanitary and ash residuals. Waste categories were weighed to obtain the weight-based characterizations for the waste components. Sorting into major waste categories was in accordance with College and University Recycling Council (CURC) grouping system [11], http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1073 [email protected]
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