Stars: Intro & Classification

Astronomy 1 — Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Spring F2015 Quotes & Cartoon of the Day

“The wonder is, not that the field of stars of so vast, but that man has measured it.”

— Anatole France, The Garden of Epicurus, 189

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Announcements

• SS Homework posted, due 11/19 • Midterm — will debrief THURSDAY • Anybody see the….

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Last Class

• Solar System Topics

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 This Class

• Intro to Stars • Temperature, Color & Size • • Intro to the HR Diagram • LT HR Diagram

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Stars, Temperature and Color

Astronomy 1 — Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Spring F2015 Recall What a Star Is

• A sphere of hot gas • mostly hydrogen & helium • Interior hot enough to undergo nuclear fusion • most commonly H —> He • above 107 K = 10 million K (18 million °F) • Held together by gravity

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Fundamental Properties of Stars

• TEMPERATURE • color, spectral properties • LUMINOSITY • inherent brightness • amount of energy generated in the star and released as electromagnetic radiation • SIZE • Radius & Mass • DISTANCE • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Luminosity

• Luminosity is a measure of the rate at which a star puts out energy. • Larger luminosity — appears brighter • measured in J/s or “watts” • sometimes relative to the Sun, in “solar luminosities” L☉

• L stands for luminosity, ☉ stands for Sun • The Sun has a luminosity of 3.846×1026 W

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 HOW HOT IS THAT STAR? Recall: Why Stars Shine

• Visible Sun is a hot layer of gas • about 5800 K (5525°C, 9980°F) • not as hot as the center! • Glows due to hot material • Other stars have similar structure, range of surface temperature

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Blackbody Radiation

• white light spectrum is continuous • no gaps between colors • the hotter you heat something, the bluer it appears • Thermal (heat related) radiation from (relatively) hot bulk matter • This is called blackbody radiation

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Light diagnoses Temperature

Colder feeling warm faint reddish glow brighter red glow bright orange very bright yellow extremely bright white http://i302.photobucket.com/albums/nn114/fiddlegirl89_photos/Dave/DSC00596-1.jpg bluish white

Warmer

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Spectrum of the Sun

• Stars emit light as blackbodies to a large extent.

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Shape of Blackbody Spectrum

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Temperatue affects Color & Luminosity

• Hotter = greater luminosity • appears brighter • peak of curve higher • technically greater luminosity per unit surface area • Hotter = bluer • peak of curve more to left • more blue mixed in with red light

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Let’s Practice A lump of lead is heated to a high temperature. Another lump of lead that is twice as large is heated to a lower temperature. Which lump of material appears bluer?

A. The cooler lump appears bluer B. The hotter lump appears bluer C. Both lumps appear the same color D. Cannot tell which lump appears bluer

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 When something is “red hot”, it is hotter than something that is

A. blue hot B. white hot C. neither of these D. both of these

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 SIZE, COLOR AND TEMPERATURE Recall

http://www.skinnerscience.com/Year %2012,13/astrop3.jpg

• Hotter -> Brighter • Hotter -> Bluer • Bigger is also brighter! • a star with a larger diameter has a greater luminosity Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Analogy

• LED spotlight w/60 LEDs • Total output ~1000 lumens • comparable to 100-watt bulb • each LED 1/60 of 1000 lumens • ~16.7 lumens • surface T gives you “per-LED” luminosity not total for star

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Stephan-Boltzman Law

is brighter than

is brighter than

is brighter than

could be brighter than

could be brighter than

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Let’s Practice Star Yoda is a small blue star and star Chewbacca is a large red star. Which is brighter?

(in terms of light output, not intelligence...)

A. Yoda B. Chewbacca C. They have the same brightness. D. It’s not possible to tell.

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 70 Blackbody Radiation – Instructor’s Guide

2) Use the graph at right to determine which of the following best describes how Star A would appear as compared with Star B? a) Star A would appear more red than Star B. b) Both stars would appear more red than blue. c) Both stars would appear more blue than red. d) Star A would appear more blue than Star B. e) None of the above.

3) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or B) emits light with the longer peak wavelength? a) Star A b) Star B c) Both stars peak emissions are at the same wavelength. d) None of the above are possible.

4) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or D) gives off more green light? a) Star A b) Star D c) They both give off the same amount of green light.

Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or C) has a higher luminosity?

5) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or C) is at a higher temperature? a) Star A b) Star C c) The two stars have the same temperature. d) It is not possible to determine this.

6) Use the graph at right to determine how the size of Star A compares to the size of Star C. a) Star A is smaller than StarA. C.Star A b) Star A is larger than Star C. c) The stars are the same size.B. Star C d) It is not possible to determine this. C. The two stars have the same luminosity. D. It is not possible to determine this.

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015

© 2013 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Instructor’s Guide for Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy Third Edition Use the graph at right to determine which of the 70 following bestBlackbody describes Radiation how Star – In Astructor’s would appear Guide as

compared with Star B? 2) Use the graph at right to determine which of the following best describes how Star A would appear as compared with Star B? a) Star A would appear more red than Star B. b) Both stars would appear more red than blue. c) Both stars would appear more blue than red. d) Star A would appear more blue than Star B. e) None of the above.

3) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or B) emits light with the longer peak wavelength? a) Star A b) Star B A. Star A would appear more red than Star B. c) Both stars peak emissions are at the same wavelength. d) None of the aboveB. areBoth possible. stars would appear the same color.

C. Star A would appear more blue than Star B.

4) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or D) gives off more green light? a) Star A Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 b) Star D c) They both give off the same amount of green light.

5) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or C) is at a higher temperature? a) Star A b) Star C c) The two stars have the same temperature. d) It is not possible to determine this.

6) Use the graph at right to determine how the size of Star A compares to the size of Star C. a) Star A is smaller than Star C. b) Star A is larger than Star C. c) The stars are the same size. d) It is not possible to determine this.

© 2013 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Instructor’s Guide for Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy Third Edition Use the graph at right to determine which of the two 70 stars (A or BBlackbody) is at a higher Radiation temperature? – Instructor’s Guide

2) Use the graph at right to determine which of the following best describes how Star A would appear as compared with Star B? a) Star A would appear more red than Star B. b) Both stars would appear more red than blue. c) Both stars would appear more blue than red. d) Star A would appear more blue than Star B. e) None of the above.

3) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or B) emits light with the longer peak wavelength? a) Star A b) Star B A. Star A is at a higher temperature than Star B. c) Both stars peak emissions are at the same wavelength. d) None of the aboveB. areBoth possible. stars have the same temperature.

C. Star B is at a higher temperature than Star A.

4) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or D) gives off more green light? a) Star A Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 b) Star D c) They both give off the same amount of green light.

5) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or C) is at a higher temperature? a) Star A b) Star C c) The two stars have the same temperature. d) It is not possible to determine this.

6) Use the graph at right to determine how the size of Star A compares to the size of Star C. a) Star A is smaller than Star C. b) Star A is larger than Star C. c) The stars are the same size. d) It is not possible to determine this.

© 2013 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Instructor’s Guide for Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy Third Edition 70 Blackbody Radiation – Instructor’s Guide

2) Use the graph at right to determine which of the following best describes how Star A would appear as compared with Star B? a) Star A would appear more red than Star B. b) Both stars would appear more red than blue. c) Both stars would appear more blue than red. d) Star A would appear more blue than Star B. e) None of the above.

3) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or B) emits light with the longer peak wavelength? a) Star A b) Star B c) Both stars peak emissions are at the same wavelength. d) None of the above are possible.

4) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or D) gives off more green light? a) Star A b) Star D c) They both give off the same amount of green light.

Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or C) is at a higher temperature?

5) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or C) is at a higher temperature? a) Star A b) Star C c) The two stars have the same temperature. d) It is not possible to determine this.

6) Use the graph at right to determine how the size of Star A compares to the size of Star C. a) Star A is smaller than StarA. C.Star A b) Star A is larger than Star C. c) The stars are the same size.B. Star C d) It is not possible to determine this. C. The two stars have the same temperature. D. It is not possible to determine this.

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015

© 2013 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Instructor’s Guide for Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy Third Edition 70 Blackbody Radiation – Instructor’s Guide

2) Use the graph at right to determine which of the following best describes how Star A would appear as compared with Star B? a) Star A would appear more red than Star B. b) Both stars would appear more red than blue. c) Both stars would appear more blue than red. d) Star A would appear more blue than Star B. e) None of the above.

3) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or B) emits light with the longer peak wavelength? a) Star A b) Star B c) Both stars peak emissions are at the same wavelength. d) None of the above are possible.

4) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or D) gives off more green light? a) Star A b) Star D c) They both give off the same amount of green light.

Use the graph at right to determine how the size of Star A compares to the size of Star C.

5) Use the graph at right to determine which of the two stars (A or C) is at a higher temperature? a) Star A b) Star C c) The two stars have the same temperature. d) It is not possible to determine this.

6) Use the graph at right to determine how the size of Star A compares to the size of Star C. a) Star A is smaller than Star C. b) Star A is larger thanA. Star Star C.A is smaller than Star C. c) The stars are the same size. d) It is not possible toB. determineStar A thisis larger. than Star C. C. The stars are the same size. D. It is not possible to determine this

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 © 2013 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Instructor’s Guide for Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy Third Edition Blackbody Radiation – Instructor’s Guide 67

INTRODUCTION

Prerequisite Knowledge

• Basic familiarity with the relationships between temperature, wavelength, and spectral curves • Know that electromagnetic waves can have a large range of possible wavelengths • Know that different types of electromagnetic waves have different wavelengths • Know that visible light is a type of electromagnetic wave

TheGoals graph at right shows the blackbody spectra for three different stars. Which of the stars is at the • Describe an object’s appearance given its blackbody curve highest• Infer a temperature? star’s color and temperature from its blackbody curve • Infer relative sizes of stars, when possible, from differences in their blackbody curves

Pre-activity Question

1) The graph at right shows the blackbody spectra for three different stars. Which of the stars is at the highest temperature? a) Star A b) Star B c) Star C

TUTORIAL GUIDE

1)A. [ RedStar ] A

Students have difficulty relating light curves to physical appearance and, in particular, B.struggleStar with B the meaning of the word spectrum. This question introduces the concept of relative intensity.

2)C. [ Violet,Star indigo, C green, yellow, and red (i.e., all the colors except blue and orange). ]

We intentionally do not suggest that there is a simple mechanism for accomplishing this and we avoid the concept of filters.

Astronomy3) [ Figure 1 -a. Elementary ] Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015

4) [ Blue and orange ]

© 2013 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Instructor’s Guide for Lecture-Tutorials for Introductory Astronomy Third Edition Spectral Classification

Astronomy 1 — Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Spring F2015 PRIMER ON SPECTRAL LINES Spectroscopy

http://www.ibsen.dk/technology/images/design/ modules/spectrometer-sketch.jpg

• Spectroscope or spectrometer — astronomical instrument that breaks light into its component wavelengths • Where light is & is not present provides information • what an object is made of • its physical properties Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Blackbody Spectrum

• continuous light spread across all colors • a continuous or continuum spectrum

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Emission Spectrumn

• light is present only in selected parts of the spectrum • emission lines • bright bands on a black background

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Absorption Spectrum

• light is missing only in selected parts of the spectrum • absorption lines • dark bands on a blackbody/continuous spectrum

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Atomic Structure and Energy Levels

http://odin.physastro.mnsu.edu/~eskridge/astr101/kauf5_20.JPG • Electrons in an atom (this is Hydrogen) can be modeled as being in specific “shells” or orbits around the proton. • Each shell has a specific energy level • Further out & higher numbered shells have a higher energy Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Atomic Transitions

• Electrons “prefer” to be in lower energy states • can be kicked into a higher energy by absorbing a photon with the right energy. • right energy , right wavelength • E=hc/λ

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Atomic Transitions

• Electrons “prefer” to be in lower energy states • Drops back down by spitting out a photon with the right energy • right energy, right wavelength • E=hc/λ

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Emission Spectrum

• This is a Hydrogen Emission spectrum • Each line is due to a specific transition of electrons from a higher state to a lower state • This pattern is specific to hydrogen, like a fingerprint • Each element has a characteristic spectrum

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Stellar Spectra (visible light portion)

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Spectral Class

• Recall red stars are cooler than blue stars • visual color isn’t very precise • Astronomers turned to spectral properties to classify stars • detailed classification based on line pattern • Various schemes were tried

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 PICKERING’S HAREM & THE HARVARD SPECTRAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME From

• http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00K0CDNOI/ ref=avod_yvl_watch_now • From “Sisters of the Sun” Episode 8 • 7:45 to ~16:00

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 The

• The director of the Harvard Observatory from 1877 to 1919, hired women to process astronomical data. • They were cheaper than men • earned less than a clerical worker • Willamina Fleming had been his maid

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 The Harvard Computers

• "Pickering's Harem" or “the Harvard Computers” included several now-famous astronomers • , • • Antonia Maury Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Modern Classification

• Harvard spectral sequence • Developed by Annie Jump Cannon • Characteristic absorption lines determine stellar class • Note: in Astronomy “metal” means anything “heavier” than He

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Modern Classification

• Cecilia Payne (Payne- Gaposchkin) discovered this was actually a temperature sequence • More precise than BB peak or color

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Spectral Classification

• From hot to cool: • O B A F G K M • Each spectral class is further divided into 10 ranges • according to temperature. 0 = hot, 9 = cool • therefore O0 is the very hottest, and O9 is slightly hotter than B0 and M9 stars are very cool • This is still a temperature-based classification Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Let’s Practice Star Rue is Type K, Star Peeta is Type B, Star Katniss is Type F and Star Primrose is Type M.

Which star is cooler than Rue?

A. Peeta B. Katniss C. Primrose D. None of them

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 You observe a very bright, bluish star. It’s spectral classification is most likely ____.

A. B B. G C. M D. More information is needed to determine this

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 H-R DIAGRAM Spectral Class isn’t everything

• Spectral Class is not sufficient to uniquely identify a type of star • The supergiant Arcturus and the red dwarf Proxima Centauri are both Type M & 3500 K • They are definitely not identical!

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Hertzsprung and Russell

http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_hrintro.html • In 1911 Danish astronomer, Ejnar Hertzsprung, plotted the absolute magnitude of stars against their color • Independently in 1913 American astronomer Henry Norris Russell plotted spectral class against absolute magnitude • showed that the relationship between temperature and luminosity of a star was not random Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 The H-R Diagram

• H-R diagram plots Color and/or Temperature against Luminosity and/or Absolute magnitude • Any data plotted like this is an H-R diagram, as is a theoretical version • The H-R diagram is one of the most important tools in Astronomy Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 The Main Sequence

• The long strip from upper left to lower right is called the “Main Sequence.” (MS) • Stars spend most of their existence on the MS • 91% of nearby stars are MS stars. • MS stars are fusing H into He in their cores.

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Giants and Dwarfs

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 WARM-UP QUESTION Star A has an absolute magnitude of -8.1 and belongs to spectral class B8. Star B has an absolute magnitude of 11.2 and also belongs to spectral class B8. Which star has the higher temperature?

A. Star A B. Star B C. They have the same temperature. D. There is not enough information to determine which star is hotter.

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 LECTURE-TUTORIAL ON THE H- R DIAGRAM Star A has an absolute magnitude of -8.1 and belongs to spectral class B8. Star B has an absolute magnitude of 11.2 and also belongs to spectral class B8. Which star has the higher temperature?

A. Star A B. Star B C. They have the same temperature. D. There is not enough information to determine which star is hotter.

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Let’s Practice A of spectral type K9 and a red main sequence star of the same spectral type have the same _____.

A. luminosity B. temperature C. absolute magnitude

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 What Type of Star is Aldebaran?

A. Red Giant B. Main Sequence C. Supergiant D.

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 What Type of Star is Vega?

A. Red Giant B. Main Sequence C. Red Supergiant D. White dwarf

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 WRAP-UP Topic for Next Class

• Stellar Evolution • Measuring Distances (time permitting)

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Reading Assignment

• Astro:8 • Astropedia:13

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015 Homework

• HW SS Posted, Due 11/19

Astronomy 1 - Elementary Astronomy LA Mission College Levine F2015