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Investigations Into the Presence of Nidoviruses in Pythons Silvia Blahak1, Maria Jenckel2,3, Dirk Höper2, Martin Beer2, Bernd Hoffmann2 and Kore Schlottau2*
Blahak et al. Virology Journal (2020) 17:6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-1279-5 RESEARCH Open Access Investigations into the presence of nidoviruses in pythons Silvia Blahak1, Maria Jenckel2,3, Dirk Höper2, Martin Beer2, Bernd Hoffmann2 and Kore Schlottau2* Abstract Background: Pneumonia and stomatitis represent severe and often fatal diseases in different captive snakes. Apart from bacterial infections, paramyxo-, adeno-, reo- and arenaviruses cause these diseases. In 2014, new viruses emerged as the cause of pneumonia in pythons. In a few publications, nidoviruses have been reported in association with pneumonia in ball pythons and a tiger python. The viruses were found using new sequencing methods from the organ tissue of dead animals. Methods: Severe pneumonia and stomatitis resulted in a high mortality rate in a captive breeding collection of green tree pythons. Unbiased deep sequencing lead to the detection of nidoviral sequences. A developed RT-qPCR was used to confirm the metagenome results and to determine the importance of this virus. A total of 1554 different boid snakes, including animals suffering from respiratory diseases as well as healthy controls, were screened for nidoviruses. Furthermore, in addition to two full-length sequences, partial sequences were generated from different snake species. Results: The assembled full-length snake nidovirus genomes share only an overall genome sequence identity of less than 66.9% to other published snake nidoviruses and new partial sequences vary between 99.89 and 79.4%. Highest viral loads were detected in lung samples. The snake nidovirus was not only present in diseased animals, but also in snakes showing no typical clinical signs. -
Bearded Dragon Care Notes
CHILDREN’S, STIMSON’S AND SPOTTED PYTHON CARE This group of pythons are non-venomous snakes native to Australia. They belong to the genus Antaresia. There are four known species in this genus including the Children’s python A.childreni, Stimson’s python A.stimsoni, Spotted python A.maculosa & Pygmy python A.perthensis. They are generally relatively easy & low maintenance reptiles to keep in captivity. They are gentle creatures though some individuals may be more temperamental. These pythons rarely grow over 1m in length & may live for over 20 years. Below outlines some ‘basic’ requirements for keeping these pythons as pets. Please note: All Australian snakes are protected species in Australia. Seek individual state & territory requirements for legalities on keeping snakes as pets. Housing .Pythons can be housed indoors. They require suitable artificial heat & light sources as outlined below .Suitable enclosures include ventilated glass/clear plastic fronted wooden or plastic cabinets at least 0.8m long x 0.5m wide x 0.4m high. Juveniles can be kept in smaller plastic tubs – beware their ability to escape! .Furnish the cage with a hide box, branches for climbing & a water bowl heavy/large enough for the snake to bathe in .Substrates (enclosure floor covering) are most simply & hygienically provided by means of newspaper sheets. These pythons may like to ‘burrow’ so using recycled paper ‘cat litter’ pellets is suitable. They can also be housed on Artificial grass .Enclosures should be disinfected at least once weekly (use household bleach diluted 1:10 with water & rinse well afterwards) & ‘spot’ cleaned as necessary .Pythons can be housed individually or in pairs, but beware that fighting may occur. -
Pest Risk Assessment
PEST RISK ASSESSMENT Antaresia spp. (Children‟s Pythons) Antaresia childreni (Children's Python) Antaresia stimsoni (Stimson's Python) Antaresia maculosa (Spotted Python) Photo: Scarlet23. Image from Wikimedia Commons under a GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2) December 2011 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Resource Management and Conservation Division Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 2011 Information in this publication may be reproduced provided that any extracts are acknowledged. This publication should be cited as: DPIPWE (2011) Pest Risk Assessment: Children’s Pythons (Antaresia childreni, A. stimsoni, A. maculosa). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Hobart, Tasmania. About this Pest Risk Assessment This pest risk assessment is developed in accordance with the Policy and Procedures for the Import, Movement and Keeping of Vertebrate Wildlife in Tasmania (DPIPWE 2011). The policy and procedures set out conditions and restrictions for the importation of controlled animals pursuant to S32 of the Nature Conservation Act 2002. This pest risk assessment is prepared by DPIPWE for use within the Department. For more information about this Pest Risk Assessment, please contact: Wildlife Management Branch Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Address: GPO Box 44, Hobart, TAS. 7001, Australia. Phone: 1300 386 550 Email: [email protected] Visit: www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au Disclaimer The information provided in this Pest Risk Assessment is provided in good faith. The Crown, its officers, employees and agents do not accept liability however arising, including liability for negligence, for any loss resulting from the use of or reliance upon the information in this Pest Risk Assessment and/or reliance on its availability at any time. -
Snakes of the Wet Tropics
Snakes of the Wet Tropics Snakes are protected by law Snakes are shy creatures. When confronted by humans, they will usually retreat if given the opportunity to do so. As most bites occur when people try to catch and kill snakes, they should always be left well alone. Snakes in the Wet Tropics The Wet Tropics region is home to 43 species of snakes, representing an impressive 30% of Australia’s snake fauna. These images represent a selection of the more common species, most of which have ranges extending beyond the Wet Tropics. Of the species pictured, only the northern crowned snake is unique to this region. The snakes of the region range from small, worm-like blind snakes to six metre pythons. Only a handful fall into the dangerously venomous category, but these few play an important role in balancing the natural environment, as they are significant predators of rats and mice. Snakes in the backyard If you live near bushland or creeks you are more likely to encounter snakes in your garden, especially if there is habitat disturbance such as burning or clearing of vegetation in the local area. To discourage snakes from taking up residence around your home remove likely hiding places such as logs, building materials, long grass, loose rocks, discarded flower pots and corrugated iron. Snakes in the house Snakes will sometimes enter a house in search of food and shelter - particularly during periods of extended rain. The risk of this happening can be reduced by having well-sealed doors and screens over external windows. -
G Iant Snakes
Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. Giant Snakes Giant Giant Snakes A Natural History John C. Murphy & Tom Crutchfield Snakes, particularly venomous snakes and exceptionally large constricting snakes, have haunted the human brain for a millennium. They appear to be responsible for our excellent vision, as well as the John C. Murphy & Tom Crutchfield & Tom C. Murphy John anxiety we feel. Despite the dangers we faced in prehistory, snakes now hold clues to solving some of humankind’s most debilitating diseases. Pythons and boas are capable of eating prey that is equal to more than their body weight, and their adaptations for this are providing insight into diabetes. Fascination with snakes has also drawn many to keep them as pets, including the largest species. Their popularity in the pet trade has led to these large constrictors inhabiting southern Florida. This book explores what we know about the largest snakes, how they are kept in captivity, and how they have managed to traverse ocean barriers with our help. Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. Giant Snakes A Natural History John C. Murphy & Tom Crutchfield Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. Giant Snakes Copyright © 2019 by John C. Murphy & Tom Cructhfield All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America First Printing March 2019 ISBN 978-1-64516-232-2 Paperback ISBN 978-1-64516-233-9 Hardcover Published by: Book Services www.BookServices.us ii Copyrighted Material Some pages are omitted from this book preview. -
NSW REPTILE KEEPERS' LICENCE Species Lists 1006
NSW REPTILE KEEPERS’ LICENCE SPECIES LISTS (2006) The taxonomy in this list follows that used in Wilson, S. and Swan, G. A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Reed 2003. Common names generally follow the same text, when common names were used, or have otherwise been lifted from other publications. As well as reading this species list, you will also need to read the “NSW Reptile Keepers’ Licence Information Sheet 2006.” That document has important information about the different types of reptile keeper licenses. It also lists the criteria you need to demonstrate before applying to upgrade to a higher class of licence. THESE REPTILES CAN ONLY BE HELD UNDER A REPTILE KEEPERS’ LICENCE OF CLASS 1 OR HIGHER Code Scientific Name Common Name Code Scientific Name Common Name Turtles Monitors E2018 Chelodina canni Cann’s Snake-necked Turtle G2263 Varanus acanthurus Spiney-tailed Monitor C2017 Chelodina longicollis Snake-necked Turtle Q2268 Varanus gilleni Pygmy Mulga Monitor G2019 Chelodina oblonga Oblong Turtle G2271 Varanus gouldii Sand Monitor Y2028 Elseya dentata Northern Snapping Turtle M2282 Varanus tristis Black-Headed Monitor K2029 Elseya latisternum Saw-shelled Turtle Y2776 Elusor macrurus Mary River Turtle E2034 Emydura macquarii Murray Short-necked Turtle Skinks T2031 Emydura macquarii dharra Macleay River Turtle A2464 Acritoscincus platynotum Red-throated Skink T2039 Emydura macquarii dharuk Sydney Basin Turtle W2331 Cryptoblepharus virgatus Cream-striped Wall Skink T2002 Emydura macquarii emmotti Emmott’s Short-necked Turtle W2375 -
Spotted, Children's, Anthill, and Stimson's Python Care Sheet
Spotted, Children’s, Anthill, and Stimson’s Python Care Sheet (Genus Antaresia) The spotted python, along with other members of the genus Anteresia (which include the Stimson’s- Anteresia stimsoni, Pygmy or Antill python- Antaresia perthensis, and Children’s pythons-Anteresia childreni), are among the smallest genra of all python species worldwide. As such, these small and docile pythons are popular in both American and Australian herpetoculture. Found from the Australian Cape York Peninsula to New South Wales, these primarily crepuscular or nocturnal hunters are often known to wait in ambush for bats at the mouths of caves or other areas where bats reside. Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Pythonidae Genus: Antaresia Antaresia Species Children’s Python (Antaresia childreni): Occurs primarily in the northern, northwestern, and north eastern Australian territories including Queensland. Stimson’s Python (Antaersia stimsoni): Ranges from the Australian west coast to central Australia. Pygmy/Anthill Python (Antaresia perthensis): Often occurs with ant and termite mounds (hence its common name) of extreme Northwestern Australia and surrounding coastal islands. Spotted Python (Antaresia maculosa): Occurs in the Cape York Peninsula region, through the eastern Queensland coast, to New South Wales regions of Australia. Overall Difficulty Level: Novice Because of their small size and docility, spotted pythons (and other Antaresia) present suitable first choices for the beginning reptile enthusiast provided they possess a general knowledge and understanding of reptile, specifically snake, husbandry. Given the proper care, Spotted, Children’s, and Stimson’s pythons can attain longevity of 15-20 years in captivity on average. -
Examination of Sarcocystis Spp. of Giant Snakes from Australia and Southeast Asia Confirms Presence of a Known Pathogen – Sarcocystis Nesbitti
RESEARCH ARTICLE Examination of Sarcocystis spp. of giant snakes from Australia and Southeast Asia confirms presence of a known pathogen ± Sarcocystis nesbitti Marion Wassermann1, Lisa Raisch1, Jessica Ann Lyons2, Daniel James Deans Natusch3, Sarah Richter1, Mareike Wirth1, Piyarat Preeprem4, Yuvaluk Khoprasert4, Sulaiman Ginting5, Ute Mackenstedt1, Thomas JaÈkel1,4* a1111111111 a1111111111 1 Department of Zoology, Division of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, 2 Resource Evaluation and Development, Bamaga, Queensland, Australia, 3 School of Life and a1111111111 Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 4 Plant Protection Research and a1111111111 Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand, 5 Islamic University of North Sumatra, a1111111111 Medan, Indonesia * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Wassermann M, Raisch L, Lyons JA, Natusch DJD, Richter S, Wirth M, et al. (2017) We examined Sarcocystis spp. in giant snakes from the Indo-Australian Archipelago and Examination of Sarcocystis spp. of giant snakes Australia using a combination of morphological (size of sporocyst) and molecular analyses. from Australia and Southeast Asia confirms We amplified by PCR nuclear 18S rDNA from single sporocysts in order to detect mixed presence of a known pathogen ± Sarcocystis infections and unequivocally assign the retrieved sequences to the corresponding parasite nesbitti. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0187984. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187984 stage. Sarcocystis infection was generally high across the study area, with 78 (68%) of 115 examined pythons being infected by one or more Sarcocystis spp. Among 18 randomly cho- Editor: Tzen-Yuh Chiang, National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN sen, sporocyst-positive samples (11 from Southeast Asia, 7 from Northern Australia) the only Sarcocystis species detected in Southeast Asian snakes was S. -
Unrestricted Species
UNRESTRICTED SPECIES Actinopterygii (Ray-finned Fishes) Atheriniformes (Silversides) Scientific Name Common Name Bedotia geayi Madagascar Rainbowfish Melanotaenia boesemani Boeseman's Rainbowfish Melanotaenia maylandi Maryland's Rainbowfish Melanotaenia splendida Eastern Rainbow Fish Beloniformes (Needlefishes) Scientific Name Common Name Dermogenys pusilla Wrestling Halfbeak Characiformes (Piranhas, Leporins, Piranhas) Scientific Name Common Name Abramites hypselonotus Highbacked Headstander Acestrorhynchus falcatus Red Tail Freshwater Barracuda Acestrorhynchus falcirostris Yellow Tail Freshwater Barracuda Anostomus anostomus Striped Headstander Anostomus spiloclistron False Three Spotted Anostomus Anostomus ternetzi Ternetz's Anostomus Anostomus varius Checkerboard Anostomus Astyanax mexicanus Blind Cave Tetra Boulengerella maculata Spotted Pike Characin Carnegiella strigata Marbled Hatchetfish Chalceus macrolepidotus Pink-Tailed Chalceus Charax condei Small-scaled Glass Tetra Charax gibbosus Glass Headstander Chilodus punctatus Spotted Headstander Distichodus notospilus Red-finned Distichodus Distichodus sexfasciatus Six-banded Distichodus Exodon paradoxus Bucktoothed Tetra Gasteropelecus sternicla Common Hatchetfish Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Black Skirt Tetra Hasemania nana Silver-tipped Tetra Hemigrammus erythrozonus Glowlight Tetra Hemigrammus ocellifer Head and Tail Light Tetra Hemigrammus pulcher Pretty Tetra Hemigrammus rhodostomus Rummy Nose Tetra *Except if listed on: IUCN Red List (Endangered, Critically Endangered, or Extinct -
AMPHIBIAN and REPTILE TRADE in TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS and TRENDS a Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Gr
AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE TRADE IN TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS A Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2009 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE TRADE IN TEXAS: CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS A Thesis by HEATHER LEE PRESTRIDGE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Lee A. Fitzgerald Committee Members, James R. Dixon Toby J. Hibbitts Ulrike Gretzel Head of Department, Thomas E. Lacher August 2009 Major Subject: Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences iii ABSTRACT Amphibian and Reptile Trade in Texas: Current Status and Trends. (August 2009) Heather Lee Prestridge, B.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Lee A. Fitzgerald The non-game wildlife trade poses a risk to our natural landscape, natural heritage, economy, and security. Specifically, the trade in non-game reptiles and amphibians exploits native populations, and is likely not sustainable for many species. Exotic amphibian and reptile species pose risk of invasion and directly or indirectly alter the native landscape. The extent of non-game amphibian and reptile trade is not fully understood and is poorly documented. To quantitatively describe the trade in Texas, I solicited data from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department’s (TPWD) non-game dealer permits. -
Whole Final 1 July 2018 Automatisch Gespeichert
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences University of Hohenheim Institute of Animal Science (460) Department of Livestock Infectiology and Environmental Hygiene (460e) Establishment of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods for the detection of newly described RNA viruses in reptiles: picornaviruses in tortoises, reptarenaviruses in snakes, and sunshinevirus in snakes. Dissertation Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr. sc. Agrar./ Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences) to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Presented by Tara H. Aqrawi B.Sc. biol., M.Sc. agr. Stuttgart 2018 Supervisor: PD Dr. Rachel E. Marschang, Dip ECZM (herpetology), FTÄ Mikrobiologie, ZB Reptilien Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG Steubenstr. 4 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany This dissertation has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr. sc. Agrar. / Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences) to the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Date of oral exam: 18 th July 2018 Examination committee: PD Dr. Rachel E. Marschang PD Dr. Petra Kölle Prof. Dr. Ludwig Hölzle Vice-Dean and Head of the examination committee: Prof. Dr. Andrea Knierim Publications Part of the research work described in this doctoral thesis has been published in the following papers: • Marschang RE, Ihász K, Kugler R, Lengyel G, Fehér E, Marton S, Bányai K, Aqrawi T, Farkas SL. 2016: Development of a consensus reverse transcription PCR assay for the specific detection of tortoise picornaviruses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 28(3) 309 –314. • Aqrawi T, Stöhr AC, Knauf-Witzens T, Krengel A, Heckers KO, Marschang RE. 2015: Identification of snake arenaviruses in live boas and pythons in a zoo in Germany. -
Wildlife Species That May Be Held Under an Advanced Wildlife Licence
Wildlife species that may be held under an Advanced Wildlife Licence Under regulation 87 of the Wildlife Regulations 2013, holders of a Wildlife Advanced Licence may keep, breed, buy and sell any wildlife listed in Schedules 2, 3 and 7 for non-commercial purposes. Birds Common name Scientific name Schedule Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis 2 Australian King-Parrot Alisterus scapularis 2 Australian Magpie Craticus tibicen 2 Australian Ringneck - except semitorquatus subspecies Barnardius zonarius except Barnardius zonarius 2 semitorquatus Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides 2 Banded Lapwing Vanellus tricolor 2 Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis 2 Baudin's Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus baudinii 3 Beautiful Firetail Stagonopleura bella 3 Black Swan Cygnus atratus 2 Black-breasted Button-quail Turnix melanogaster 2 Black-tailed Native-hen Gallinula ventralis 2 Black-throated Finch Poephila cincta 2 Blue Bonnet Northiella haematogaster 2 Blue Bonnet (southern Western Australian form narethae) Northiella haematogaster narethae 3 Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis 3 Blue-winged Parrot Neophema chrysostoma 2 Brown Cuckoo-Dove Macropygia amboinensis 2 Brown Quail Coturnix ypsilophora 2 Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans 2 Cape Barren Goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae 2 Carnaby's Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris 3 Chestnut Teal Anas castanea 2 Chestnut-backed Button-quail Turnix castanota 2 Chestnut-quilled Rock Pigeon Petrophassa rufipennis 3 Cotton Pygmy-Goose Nettapus coromandelianus 3 Crimson Chat Epthianura tricolor 3 Crimson