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A History of Black Women Faculty at Michigan State University, 1968 - 2009

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A History of Black Women Faculty at Michigan State University, 1968 - 2009 A HISTORY OF BLACK WOMEN FACULTY AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, 1968 - 2009 By Marshanda Ann Latrice Smith A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY History 2012 ABSTRACT A HISTORY OF BLACK WOMEN FACULTY AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, 1968 - 2009 By Marshanda Ann Latrice Smith This dissertation examines the careers of African American women faculty at Michigan State University from the 1960s through 2009. In mid-1960s, during the height of the Civil Rights Movement and the Women’s movement, the first generation of African American females gained employment as faculty members at Michigan State University. This study illuminates the obstacles which African Americans confronted and overcame in East Lansing during this tumultuous period. Moreover, this dissertation examines the coping mechanisms employed by some Black female faculty who encountered institutional racism and sexism on multiple levels at MSU. Finally, I highlight the careers and intellectual women who broke through racial, sexual, and class barriers to become successful scholars in the academy. Black women faculty members worked towards equality of opportunity and social justice accomplishments of African Americans in and out of the classroom. They contributed to changing curriculum and created diverse approaches to learning about race, class, gender and the experiences of other ethnic groups. Outside of the walls of the ivory tower, a number of Black women professors participated in community building by working in social, civic and religious organizations. It is important to note that several scholars published books and essays that sought to assist the African American community on local, national and international levels. Some of the works include books on the African Diaspora by Ruth Simms Hamilton, African American Women’s History by Darlene Clark Hine, African American Language by Geneva Smitherman, the Black Family by Harriette Pipes McAdoo, Children’s Literacy by Patricia Edwards and Religion by Jualynne Dodson. The data used for this study include: essays of Black female faculty; Affirmative Action Records; Board of Trustees Minutes; examination of Almanacs of the Chronicle of Higher Education; Association of Academic University Professors (AAUP) documents and reports; examination of local and regional newspapers - Lansing State Journal, The State News, The Michigan Chronicle, and Detroit Free Press; unpublished writings, and other relevant historical materials relating to the MSU community during the 1960s to 2009. This dissertation illuminates some of the concerns, challenges as well as barriers broken down by MSU’s Black women faculty. Implications for future research suggest that Michigan States’ climate, race relations, and the institutionalized mentoring of junior scholars must improve in order to increase retention of Black women faculty. This historical study of the life stories and professional experiences of Black female faculty may inspire other scholars of marginalized groups, institution leaders, and students to take note and devise measures that will ensure their survival, retention, and success within the academy. © Copyright by Marshanda Ann Latrice Smith 2012 Dedication My dissertation is dedicated to my late Grandmother, Mrs. Juanita Smith, my guardian angel. v Acknowledgements I would like to take this time to pay homage to the late Dr. Ruth Simms Hamilton, who paved the way for Black female faculty to be where they are on MSU’s campus today. I recognize the many Black women faculty members who inspired this search for me to know more about their history at Michigan State University. It has been an honor and a blessing for you all to allow me to share some of your stories with others. I have had a rare opportunity to study under so many renowned scholars who are truly dedicated to their scholarship as well as helping young scholars-in-training through their undergraduate and graduate programs at Michigan State University. My major professor, Dr. Darlene Clark Hine, saw something in me while I was an undergraduate and urged me to pursue a degree in History. I never knew that this journey was going to be long, rough and stressful, but I thank you for inspiring me to keep on the path until I finished this race. I say much obliged to Dr. Hine. To my dissertation committee: Dr. Geneva Smitherman, Dr. Pero G. Dagbovie, Dr. Jerry Garcia and Dr. Denise Troutman, thank you for your guidance, support, mentorship, and for your outstanding academic leadership. You are, as Tina Turner would say, “Simply the Best!” A host of faculty and administrators have guided me throughout my academic journey. I owe a bundle of gratitude to Dr. Leslie Page Moch, who granted me access into my graduate program. Dean Karen Klomparens, Dean Emeritus Yevonne R. Smith, and Dean Patrick M. McConeghy for giving me an opportunity to prove myself as a graduate student. I thank Dr. Ralph W. Bonner and Ms. Audrey Bentley for always being encouraging. They hired me to work in the Affirmative Action Office as an undergraduate and provided me the chance to build my networking skills, therefore giving me a firm foundation to stand on during my tenure at MSU. To the first female president of MSU, Dr. Lou Anna K. vi Simon, thank you for your leadership, genuine concern for students and for making Michigan State University the best place to earn an academic degree. Go Green! Go White! To my family in Muskegon Heights, Michigan, especially my Grandfather, Norvin Smith and my Mother, Noreen Augustus, thank you for your love, and confidence in me. My Great- Grandparents: Rev. Elvin and Mrs. Glaida Smith also Mr. Eli and Mrs. Myrtle Wright guided me spiritually, shared their knowledge and wisdom with me until their transition to glory. I know heaven must be happy, that I have made it this far! To the rest of my large family – Great Uncle Dr. Leon (Barbara) Smith, D.O., Great Aunt Georgia Tolbert, Great Uncle George Wright, and Great Aunts Rosie Edwards & Eliza Wright; to my uncles and aunts who were raised like my sisters and brothers - Darnell, Roy, Vicki, Chris, Kristi, and Johnnie, thank you for keeping me grounded and just for being there for me. I love you all so much. There are two important women I must thank because they have supported me from elementary school to the present: Mrs. Paulette Miller Thompson, my second grade teacher and Mrs. Mary Ridley, my Lunchroom Chef at Charles A. Lindbergh Elementary School. I must give a special shout out to my Comparative Black History crew who traveled the road before me: Dr. Felix Armfield, Dr. Dolores Sisco, Dr. Linda Causey, Dr. Rose Thevenin, Dr. Dawne Curry, Dr. Regina Jones, Dr. Eric Duke, and Dr. Kennetta Perry. I also thank Shawn McBee for being a great staff member during his tenure in the History Department. To my two dissertating buddies Mary Phillips and Mona Jackson – sisters, it’s our time to shine . Dr. Pamela Bellamy, Dr. David Bailey, and Mr. Richard Lee (my CAAP advisor) have been some of my biggest cheerleaders since my undergraduate years, they often would check to see how I was doing and motivated me to continue to press towards the mark until I was able to achieve my academic gold medal “the Ph.D.” – I am very grateful to them. Dr. Michelle Wright at vii Northwestern University read sections of my dissertation, she offered great feedback and kept me encouraged and inspired – thanks a million Dr. Wright! To my extended family members and special friends who kept me encouraged and always smiling: Helen Graham and the entire McCoy Family, Shanika P. Carter, Iva Nell and Kyra Jones, Devota and Timetra Horton, Janice Owens, the Clark Family – (Alma “Brenda”, Barbara, Robbie), Lorine Hobbs and Norma Mason, I extend my love. I thank my pastor, Rev. Dr. Melvin T. and first lady Sallie Jones for being my “spiritual family” and for helping me to stay on the straight and narrow throughout this journey. The senior women at my home churches, New Light Baptist Church in Muskegon Heights, Michigan and at Union Missionary Baptist Church in Lansing, Michigan, have been very supportive: my Great-great Aunt Mrs. Mercy B. Banks, Mrs. Ella M. Watts, Mrs. Lucy Finley, Mrs. Martha Hines, Mrs. Mildred Darden, Mrs. Ruth McCoy, Mrs. Israel (Bonnie) Degree, Mrs. Barbara Artis, Ms. Gladys Wheeler, Mrs. LaVerne Wilson, and Ms. Alice Fountain thank you all for the encouraging words and prayers. I give honor and offer thanks unto God for His goodness and bountiful blessings. On Sunday, August 19, 2012, Bishop T. D. Jakes reminded me that “nothing that I have been through shall be wasted; it was only a training ground to launch me into a higher dimension.” I thank God for His amazing grace. Andraé Crouch reminded me that “I Can” do all things, through Christ for He gives me strength. So, in the words of the Reverend Charles Jenkins and Fellowship Chicago, I have to tell the world that “My God is AWESOME!!! viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………. …………..….…………… x LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………. …………..…………... xi INTRODUCTION ORIGINS OF WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION …………………………………… 1 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON BLACK WOMEN FACULTY IN THE ACADEMY ….. 26 CHAPTER 2 PAVED THE WAY: PIONEERING GROUPS OF BLACK STUDENTS, STAFF AND FACULTY ARRIVES TO MSU ……………………………………………. …………. 42 STATISTICAL PROFILES AND FINDINGS ...…………………………..……………. 64 CHAPTER 3 THE WORK WE’VE DONE SPEAK FOR US: DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS BREAKS GLASS CEILINGS IN THE ACADEMY………………………………………...……... 105 CHAPTER 4 ARE WE THERE YET?: HEARING WHAT THE BLACK FEMALE PROFESSORIATE HAS TO SAY ………………………………………………………………………….... 135 CONCLUSION RETENTION, RECRUITMENT AND RE-EVALUATING: LARGER IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTINUED SUCCESS AT TEAM MSU ...………….…………………………. 187 APPENDICES ……………………………………………. ……………………………. 189 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………. …………………..…….. 218 ix List of Tables Table 1 Academic Life with/without Race and Gender Privilege ….………………….
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