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Fred Hymans and the Theory of Rope Traction, Part Two

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Fred Hymans and the Theory of Rope Traction, Part Two History Fred Hymans and the Theory of Rope Traction, Part Two This series’ conclusion focuses on the inventor himself and his legacy. by George W. Gibson Over the approximate century since emergency mechanical stops of high-speed Frederick “Fred” Hymans developed the theory elevators. In it, Hymans introduced the of rope traction in 1920, there have been a few “Equivalent Dynamic System,” which he used minor challenges to a couple of the assumptions throughout his years at Otis. It’s a variation on posited by Hymans — specifically, the hoist rope Newton’s Second Law of Motion but offers a maintaining its cylindrical shape and the radial convenient analytical methodology. Prior to his compressibility of the rope cross-section as retirement, Hymans authored an in-depth wires cross each other and as the rope profile analysis of centrifugal governors,[2] which seats itself in the rigid groove. The relative readers might find informative. hardness of the wires and sheave groove must be Hymans is a legend within the worldwide considered. In an era when instrumentation elevator (lift) industry. Can any other technology was primitive by contemporary standards (and decades before the emergence of information be found to highlight the human computers), it can be argued that Hymans made dimensions of the man? Beyond their technical reasonable assumptions to set up the writings, patents and publications, the technical mathematical model and develop a meaningful giants of yesteryear left little footprint other than solution. It can also be argued that his theory the folklore tales of their accomplishments, and practice of rope traction has withstood the which were handed down to successive test of time, especially since numerous test generations of engineers. programs over the century have shown the Hymans was a contemporary of several theory and practice was made to a reasonable notable engineers of his time. These included degree of engineering accuracy. As stated in Part David L. Lindquist, John N. Anderson, George One of this article (ELEVATOR WORLD, W. Crabbe, George Lautrup and Clifford February 2017), Hymans’ theory has become Norton. Swedish-born David L. Lindquist, Otis the gold standard for rope traction over the chief engineer (Figure 2), is credited with last century. masterminding Otis’ technological progress Over the many decades of ASME A17 through the first half of the 20th century.[3] He Mechanical Design Committee discussions, was a “founding father” at the A17 committees, countless references to Hymans have been made participating in the development of the 1921 and in relation to his expertise in mechanics of several subsequent editions of the A17 code. motions, rope traction, analysis and design of safeties, machines, structures and buffers, just to Following an outstanding career of 43 years at [3] name a few. Notably, Hymans presented a Otis, Lindquist retired in 1944 at the age of 70. technical paper at the annual meeting of the During Lindquist’s era of technological American Society of Mechanical Engineers leadership as chief engineer of Otis, several other (ASME) in December 1926, in New York City technical giants reported to him, including (NYC). This paper,[1] shown in Figure 1, is a Anderson, Crabbe, Lautrup, Hymans and cornerstone technical treatise about the Norton. The one thing they, with the exception Continued 122 www.elevatorworld.com • March 2017 of Lindquist, had in common was their collective retirement from the Otis Engineering Division at the end of 1947. Reference is made to an archival Otis Bulletin article[4] from December 1947 (Figures 3 and 4). The article profiled Anderson, Crabbe, Lautrup, Hymans and Norton as “The Men Who Made the Modern Elevator.” These five gentlemen were the technical giants within the Otis Engineering Division, located at 260 11th Avenue, NYC. Continued Figure 1: Hymans’ 1926 ASME paper Figure 2: David L. Lindquist, Otis chief engineer, 1912-1944 Figure 3: First volume in a series of Figure 4: Cover of the December 1947 bound Otis bulletins Otis Bulletin Figure 5: “The Men Who Made the Modern Elevator”: (l-r) John N. Anderson, George W. Crabbe, George Lautrup, Fred Hymans and Clifford Norton. Vests and pocketwatch chains were the order of the day![4] 124 www.elevatorworld.com • March 2017 March 2017 • ELEVATOR WORLD 125 ™ SEE THE WORLD FROM A NEW PERSPECTIVE Introducing NT SafeRailTM Engineered to maximize passenger safety, accessibility and trac ow on escalators and moving walks • Ideal for Safety Messages, • Indoor & Outdoor Motion Indicators & Applications Custom Graphics • Easy-to-Clean & • Permanent & Vandalism Maintain Resistant • Recyclable Figure 6: “Profiles of Talent”[4] • Patented NT Technology At the time of Hymans’ retirement, he was 72 years young! An interesting footnote is in order. In 1947, Otis’ mandatory retirement age for its employees was 65 years, the traditional age Canada | USA | Barbados | Mexico | Brazil | Germany used throughout the U.S. business community during the 1940s. France | Slovakia | Spain | UK | China | Japan But, the senior and highly valuable engineers of that era, like Hymans, and possibly some or all of the others shown, were www.ehc-global.com [email protected] classified as consultants and, therefore, not impeded from continuing to contribute their expertise to Otis beyond the normal, age-65 retirement. These pictures and accompanying narratives have been excerpted from the Otis Bulletin, December 1947.[4] At Otis, we’re dedicated to helping you see the world in new ways. Hymans is seen in a rare photo in his Otis office in Figure 7. We Learn more about Otis technology, service and expertise at otisworldwide.com. now know that he was a pipe smoker and enjoyed a highly coveted window view from his desk. Interestingly, the calculator just behind him is a Friden electromechanical calculator, the same as your author used between 1960 and 1967, when they were finally trashed, having reached the end of their useful and repairable lives. Continued 126 www.elevatorworld.com • March 2017 SEE THE WORLD FROM A NEW PERSPECTIVE At Otis, we’re dedicated to helping you see the world in new ways. Learn more about Otis technology, service and expertise at otisworldwide.com. Figure 7[4] After receiving his engineering degree from the University of Stuttgart in 1900, Hymans was involved in the design of steam engines, cranes and structural steel in Germany. After emigrating to the U.S., he started his career with Otis in 1902. With the exception of 2-1/2 years when he left Otis to work as a research engineer at Vibration Specialty Co. in Philadelphia,[1] Hymans spent his entire professional career at Otis from 1902 through 1947. Early in his Otis career, he was assigned to the Otis New York Construction Department. He worked in the Otis Engineering Division continuously from 1910 through 1947. Throughout, he focused on the design and rigorous theoretical analyses of geared and gearless machines, structures, safeties, governors, buffers, mechanics (motions), hydraulics for deck-edge elevators for aircraft carriers and other special designs in which Otis was involved. He had several patents, notably those summarized in Table 1. TheOtis Bulletin profile of Hymans’ life is seen in Figure 8. On one of their early trips back to the U.S., Hymans, age 30, and his wife, listed as Lydia, age 22, sailed on the SS Zeeland from Antwerp, Belgium, on November 4, 1905, arriving in NYC on November 14, 1905.[5] Fred’s citizenship was Dutch; his occupation was listed as “Mechanical Engineer.” Lydia was listed as a housewife, born in Germany, having German citizenship. Their New York destination was their home on Clove Road, West New Brighton, Staten Island, New York. Fred first arrived in the U.S. in 1902. The data entries were recorded on a sheet reserved for Figure 8: Hymans’ career history[4] saloon- or first-class passengers.[5] This 1905 trip was Lydia’s first trip to the U.S. Building were 600 fpm and 700 fpm.[9] Hymans played a significant The beginning of the 1900s ushered in a new era for high-rise, role in the development of the new high-speed elevator systems in high-speed elevators. Up to that point, roped hydraulics using connection with their gearless traction machines, governors, reeving ratios as high as 12:1 dominated the high-rise market but safeties and buffers. were superseded by electric gearless traction elevator systems In the 1930 U.S. Census,[6] taken on April 4, 1930, Frederick F. introduced in 1903. A new generation of skyscrapers was built in Hymans (the first known appearance of his middle initial) and NYC in the early 1900s. These include the 612-ft.-tall Singer Anna Lydia Hymans resided at 317 Hawthorne Avenue, City of Building, 1906 – 1908; the 700-ft.-tall Metropolitan Tower, 1910; Yonkers, Westchester County, New York. He was listed as a and the 792-ft.-tall Woolworth Building, called the “Cathedral of mechanical engineer working at the Otis factory. The census form Commerce,” 1912. The highest elevator speeds in the Woolworth Continued 128 www.elevatorworld.com • March 2017 March 2017 • ELEVATOR WORLD 129 U.S. Patent Date Subject Comment Number Geared Elevator Machine 15,125 6/14/21 Coinvented by Hymans and Lindquist Leveling System This is the Otis Flexible Guide Clamp Safety employing a 2,150,373 3/14/39 Elevator Safety Device U-spring. Another variation of the design utilized a helical spring (Figure 9). This is the Otis 6183AE sound-isolated platform and support Sound Isolated Passenger 2,246,732 6/24/41 frame, which utilizes the deflection of isolation blocks for use in Platform tripping load-weighing switches as loads enter or leave the car. This was the Otis Mono-Mass tied-down compensation device, 2,270,441 1/20/42 Elevator Safety Device which was arguably the most effective device of its kind ever invented (Figure 10).
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