Heathfield Historic Character Assessment Report

May 2008

Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) Roland B Harris

Heathfield

Historic Character Assessment Report May 2008

Roland B Harris

Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (EUS)

in association with Wealden District Council

Sussex EUS – Heathfield

The Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (Sussex EUS) is a study of 41 towns undertaken between 2004 and 2009 by an independent consultant (Dr Roland B Harris, BA DPhil FSA MIFA), supported from January 2008 by a Research Assistant (Elizabeth Ruffell BSc MSc), for East Sussex County Council (ESCC), West Sussex County Council (WSCC), and Brighton and Hove City Council; and was funded by English Heritage.

Guidance and web-sites derived from the historic town studies will be, or have been, developed by the local authorities.

All photographs and illustrations are by the author.

First edition: May 2008. Copyright © East Sussex County Council, West Sussex County Council, and Brighton and Hove City Council 2008

Contact:

For West Sussex towns:

01243 642119 (West Sussex County Council)

For East Sussex towns and Brighton & Hove:

01273 481608 (East Sussex County Council)

The Ordnance Survey map data included within this report is provided by West Sussex County Council under licence from the Ordnance Survey. Licence 100018485. The geological map data included within this report is reproduced from the British Geological Map data at the original scale of 1:50,000. Licence 2003/009 British Geological Survey. NERC. All rights reserved.

The views in this technical report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of English Heritage, East Sussex County Council, West Sussex County Council, Brighton & Hove City Council, or the authorities participating in the Character of West Sussex Partnership Programme.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the advice, assistance, and support of Bob Connell, John Mills, Mark Taylor, Peter Ross, Keith Watson and Mike Hicks (West Sussex County Council); Casper Johnson and Greg Chuter (East Sussex County Council); Dr Mark Gardiner (Department of Archaeology and Palaeoecology, The Queen‟s University of Belfast); Dr Edward Impey (English Heritage); Christopher Whittick; David Martin; Dr Peter Rumley; Diane Harris; and staff at the county records offices, English Heritage, and the library of the Sussex Archaeological Society.

Cover photo: Oxford Terrace, Hailsham Road, Heathfield.

4 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

Contents

List of maps, tables and other illustrations 6

1 INTRODUCTION 7

2 SETTING 10

3 HISTORY 12

4 ARCHAEOLOGY 20

5 STATEMENT OF HISTORIC URBAN CHARACTER 24

6 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FRAMEWORK 29

7 NOTES 30

5 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

List of maps, tables and other illustrations

Fig. 1. Location of Heathfield within Sussex. Fig. 2. View southwards over the High Weald towards the South Downs from Station Road. Fig. 3. All Saints‟ church, Old Heathfield. Fig. 4. Heathfield Park: the cricket pitch. Fig. 5. The former National School in Old Heathfield, now All Saints‟ and St Richard‟s Church of England Primary School. Fig. 6. Corn mill, Station Road (disused). Fig. 7. The railway station (now a shop). Fig. 8. Union Church, Station Road. Fig. 9. The State Hall, Station Road. Fig. 10. High Street shops of the inter-war period. Fig. 11. St Catherine‟s church (RC), Mutton Hall Hill. Fig. 12. The former railway line, now the Cuckoo Trail. Fig. 13. The Glade, Hailsham Road. Fig. 14. Redwood, Burwash Road. Fig. 15. Tower House and adjacent terraced housing, Tower Road. Fig. 16. Late 19th-century Derby House, Hailsham Road. Fig. 17. Barclays Bank, 46 High Street (Edwardian). Fig. 18. National Westminster Bank, 19 High Street (1930s). Fig. 19. New Parade, High Street.

Table 1. Sussex EUS Historic Character Types Table 2. Sussex EUS chronology Table 3. Summary of assessment of Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCAs) for Heathfield

Map 1. Extent of Heathfield EUS study area Map 2. Solid geology with 10m contours Map 3. Ordnance Survey 1st Series 25” (1875) Map 4. Historic buildings Map 5. Period 12 (1841-1880) Map 6. Period 13 (1881-1914) Map 7. Historic Character Types (2008) Map 8. Historic Character Type areas showing principal period from which present character is derived Map 9. Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCAs) Map 10. Historic Environment Value (HEV)

6 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

Sussex with a view to: 1 INTRODUCTION • archaeological and historic environment research and management. 1.1 Background to the project • informing strategic and local policy. This report is an archaeological, historical, and • underpinning urban historic land and buildings historic urban character assessment of management and interpretation. Heathfield. It is part of the Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (henceforth Sussex EUS) that • encouraging the integration of urban historic examines 41 towns across the ancient county.1 characterization into the wider process of protecting and enhancing urban character. The Sussex EUS forms part of a national programme of such surveys initiated by English Heritage in 1992. The national programme is 1.2.2 Objectives already well underway, with roughly half the Key objectives of the project include the: English counties having been completed or currently undergoing study. • synthesis of previous archaeological and historical work. As the surveys have progressed, the approach has developed. In line with recent surveys, the • creation of a Geographic Information System Sussex EUS includes more modern towns, such (GIS) that maps and allows the analysis of as Heathfield, the main significance of which archaeological events, monuments and urban stems from the 19th and 20th centuries. Another plan components using information obtained recent innovation is the introduction of the from a variety of sources. characterization concept, comparable with the • analysis of the origins and development of map-based techniques adopted by historic each town by establishing and examining its landscape characterization. This approach was principal plan components and existing standing developed in Lancashire (2000-4), and is further structures. refined in Sussex. • identification of county-wide Historic Character The Sussex EUS has been funded by English Types and attribution of the types to different Heritage, and supported in kind by the areas within each town. commissioning authorities: East Sussex County Council, West Sussex County Council, and • preparation of a Statement of Historic Urban Brighton and Hove City Council. A wide range of Character for each town, to include assessment stakeholders (including district and borough of archaeological potential and Historic councils, and Areas of Outstanding Natural Environment Value. Beauty) has supported the project. • identification of gaps in the understanding of In West Sussex the Sussex EUS forms part of the past occupation and historical development the Character of West Sussex Partnership of character of each town through the Programme,2 aiming to provide guidance and development of a Research Framework. advice on the protection and enhancement of all • advice to local authorities on the development aspects of character in the county. Other historic of guidance derived from the town studies. environment projects come under this umbrella: • Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) of 1.3 Outputs Sussex The principal outputs of the project comprise: • Intensive Urban Survey of Chichester and Fishbourne • Historic character assessment reports. Documents (of which this is one) that, separately • Local Distinctiveness Study of West Sussex. for each town, summarize the setting and pre- urban activity; synthesize current archaeological 1.2 Aims and objectives and historical research; describe the development from origins to the present day; 1.2.1 Aims assess the surviving historic character and historic environment value; and set out a The aim of the Sussex EUS is to deliver a framework for future research on the historic unique and flexible tool to aid the understanding, environment of the towns. exploration and management of the historic qualities of 41 of the most significant towns in • Geographical Information System (GIS) for the historic environment of each town. The GIS

7 Sussex EUS – Heathfield underpins the analysis and mapping of the town 1.4.4 Statement of Historic Urban reports, and is available to local authorities as a Character unique tool to support their decision making. The EUS-generated GIS data includes historic Whereas sections on history and archaeology buildings and archaeological data, and mapping (above) explore the development of Heathfield of areas for which Historic Character Type, over time, this part of the report considers and historic land use, and Historic Urban Character defines the physical evidence of the past in Areas have been defined. The GIS data will be today‟s townscape. It does this by means of a maintained and updated by the West Sussex character-based approach, operating at three County Council Sites & Monuments Record different scales: areas of common Historic (SMR) and the East Sussex County Council Character Type; larger and topographically Historic Environment Record (HER). familiar Historic Urban Character Areas; and the whole town. Assessment is made of the Historic • Informing historic environment management Environment Value of each of the Historic Urban guidance specific to each local planning Character Areas, taking account of the authority, for the 41 EUS towns and Winchelsea, archaeological potential. produced under the new Local Development Frameworks, and subject to formal consultation 1.5 Principal sources procedures. Heathfield has been the subject of little • Background papers for the Sussex EUS archaeological and historical interest. The project. Documents that include the project principal sources drawn on during the writing of design, a summary of the methodology and an this report are listed below. Many other sources overall bibliography. have been used too, and full references have been given by use of endnotes. 1.4 The structure of this report 1.5.1 History 1.4.1 The Setting Heathfield lacks an authoritative historical study, This introductory section describes the such as the Victoria County History, but its 19th- topography, geology, communications, and pre- century origins mean that local histories, with urban archaeology of the town. their focus on more recent periods, are largely adequate. Most relevant to this study has been 1.4.2 History the research by Elizabeth Doff and Roy Pryce.3 Brian Short has studied the chicken cramming The history of Heathfield in this report can be a industry in the Weald, which is of particular brief summary only. It aims to synthesize importance to the origins of Heathfield.4 published research, and to provide a chronological overview of the development of the town as seen from documentary sources. The 1.5.2 Archaeology focus is placed on those matters – such as There have been no archaeological excavations origins, economy, trade and institutions – that in Heathfield, but the East Sussex Historic are most closely related to the urban historic Environment Record (HER) database has been environment today. Aspects of the history of the invaluable for providing the pre-urban parish – such as the manorial history – are archaeological context as evidenced by largely outside the remit of this study. archaeological finds.

1.4.3 Archaeology 1.5.3 Historic buildings The archaeology section of this report draws on Heathfield‟s few pre-town historic buildings and published and unpublished reports of its post-railway architecture have not been the excavations, archaeological assessments, and subject of study. English Heritage‟s statutory list records of finds. This section also includes of historic buildings is of use, though many of the analysis of historic buildings (listed and non- descriptions date from the 1950s and were listed) and the topography, the latter drawing on necessarily produced without internal inspection. maps of the town from 1841 onwards. Again, this Very limited fieldwork only was possible during section follows a chronological structure, and this assessment and focused on correcting focuses on aspects of the material evidence of dating derived from such sources, identifying the town‟s past that relate most closely to the hitherto ignored buildings of historic interest. historic environment today.

8 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

1.5.4 Geology and topography of 2000 provides a useful snapshot in time. All analysis and maps utilize the most recent large- The contextual discussion of the solid and drift scale Ordnance Survey mapping (digital geology has principally derived from 1:50,000 MasterMap data). British Geological Survey digital data. Ordnance Survey Historic 25” maps for Epochs 1-4 (1875 onwards) have proved invaluable, especially as 1.6 Area covered by the report these have been used in digital form, allowing The Sussex EUS assessment of Heathfield overlaying with each other and with other data. covers the extent of the town c.1910. The 1841 Tithe Map (East Sussex Record Office) captures the site of later Heathfield at a Heathfield is one of nine towns in Wealden large scale prior to the opening of the railway. All District that have assessments such as this. The these maps have been digitized and rectified to others are Alfriston, Crowborough, Hailsham, fit the National Grid to allow comparison with Mayfield, Pevensey, Rotherfield, Uckfield and other maps and data. Vertical air photo coverage Wadhurst.

Fig. 1. Location of Heathfield within Sussex. Wealden District is highlighted and points locate the 41 Sussex EUS towns.

9 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

Ghyll Road crosses Waldron Gill at c.102m OD. 2 THE SETTING The principal street of the town is the generally east-west High Street., together with the northern end of adjoining Station Road. Suburbs extend in all directions from this retail centre, but are considerably more extensive to the south and west: Heathfield Park, Markly Wood and Tilsmore Wood have constrained development on the north and east sides of the town. The town lies on the junction of the historic parishes of Heathfield and Waldron, and at the centre of modern Heathfield and Waldron Civil Parish.

2.2 Geology (Map 2)

2.2.1 Solid geology Along with the whole of Sussex, the rocks of the Heathfield area are sedimentary. Descending the higher land of the High Weald towards the Low Weald, the rocks get more recent. All of Heathfield lies on a succession of sandstones, siltstones and mudstones (commonly clays) of the Ashdown Formation, which is part of the Hastings Beds (Lower Cretaceous). Clay ironstone, or siderite mudstone, provided ore for the Wealden iron industry, and post- medieval forges and blast furnaces lie near the EUS study area. Typically these are located on Fig. 2. View southwards over the High Weald towards the fault lines marking the edge of the Tunbridge South Downs from Station Road. Wells Sand Formation, the Ashdown Formation and the Wadhurst Clay, north and south of 2.1 Topography (Map 2) Heathfield. Heathfield is situated within the High Weald, towards the western end of the Battle Ridge (a 2.2.2 Drift Geology secondary ridge of the High Weald, which There is no drift geology within the town of extends south-eastwards from Hadlow Down to Heathfield, although there is alluvium along the meet the sea with dramatic cliffs of sands and tributaries of the Cuckmere and the River Rother clays at Fairlight). The land slopes away on the to the north and south of the town. south-west side of the town towards Waldron Gill, one of the tributaries of the Cuckmere which 2.3 Communications flows to the sea at Cuckmere Haven 24km the south-west. 2.3.1 Water The highest part of the town is at its eastern edge, around the five-ways junction of Mutton Heathfield is poorly sited with regard to the Hall Hill, Mutton Hall Lane, Tower Street, navigable parts of the Cuckmere (rarely used Marklye Lane and Burwash Road, at c.182m above Milton Lock, near Alfriston, 19km to the OD. Mutton Hall Hill and its continuation as High south-west) and the River Rother (where Street descend westwards to c.151m OD at Bodiam, c.19km to the east, frequently marked the limit of even modest barges on this river, with Tilsmore Corner. Tower Street and its 5 continuation as Hailsham Road descends from trans-shipping occurring at Rye ). Moreover, the the five-ways junction to c.129m OD at the origins of Heathfield post-date the arrival of the Sandy Cross on the southern edge of the town. turnpike road and, especially, the railway (see The lowest point in the town is nearby where below), and, thus, water-borne communications

10 Sussex EUS – Heathfield have not been relevant in the life of the town. reference LINEAR 134] is probably of Prehistoric date (500,000 BC to 42 AD). It runs in a 2.3.2 Road northerly direction, the nearest recorded portion being 2km to the west of the Heathfield EUS Heathfield lies on the A265 Cross-in-Hand to area [HER reference: 6594 – MES4876]. Hurst Green road. This joined at Heathfield by the B2096 from Battle and the B2203 from • Palaeolithic (500,000 BC to 10,001 BC) “pear- Horam (at Horam this joins the A267/A22 to shaped” Acheulian implement(s) have been Hailsham and Eastbourne). The A265 route, found at Heathfield, to the west of the EUS area which passes along the High Street, was but within the modern town of Heathfield at turnpiked in 1765, and the Battle to Heathfield Waldron Thorns [HER reference: TQ 52 SE11 – road in 1813.6 MES4303]. • A ditched enclosure which may be of Iron Age 2.3.3 Railway (800 BC to 42 AD) is east of the Heathfield EUS The London Brighton and South Coast Railway area, just to the north-east of the leisure centre (LBSCR) extended the Polegate to Hailsham [HER reference: TQ 62SW – MES6968]. branch line (opened 1849) to the Lewes- Uckfield-Tunbridge Wells (thence London) line in 2.4.2 Romano-British 1880, building a station 2km north-west of the 7 Although no Romano-British finds or features existing settlement (now style Old Heathfield). have been found through controlled excavation The railway, which was never electrified, closed 8 in the town, there have been numerous to passengers in 1965 and to goods in 1968: discoveries of Roman ironworkings in the area. from the site of the Heathfield railway station and There are eight known bloomery sites of this southwards, the former track bed has been re- period within 5km of Heathfield,9 Outside the used for the footpath and cycle route known as EUS study area there has been one local the Cuckoo Trail. Roman-British find: 2.4 Evidence for pre-urban • West of Heathfield town, at the northern end of New Pond Hill, a Roman (43 AD to 409 AD) coin activity of Maximian was found in about 1924 when drainage pipes were being laid [HER reference: 2.4.1 Prehistoric TQ 52 SE10 – MES4302]. Prehistoric features and finds in or near the EUS study area comprise: 2.4.3 Anglo-Saxon th • The Rye-Uckfield ridgeway [HER reference: No 11 -century or earlier medieval finds or LINEAR129] is a probable Prehistoric or Roman features have been found through controlled Trackway (500,000 BC to 409 AD). It runs on a excavation in the town, and there have been no west-east alignment, and though it is not chance findspots of this period. recorded within the EUS area itself, its course suggests that it runs through the town of 2.4.4 Implications of pre-urban Heathfield. The nearest recorded portions of the archaeology trackway to the east of Heathfield are by the The paucity of known pre-urban archaeology at leisure centre [HER references: 6483 – Heathfield is likely to reflect the lack of controlled MES4994 and 6489 – MES 4994], and the excavations rather than an actual absence. nearest to the west are approaching 3 km away, Certainly, prehistoric finds should be anticipated just to the west of the junction of Warren Lane in any excavation in the area. Usage of this area with the B2102 [HER references: 6491 – of the Weald between the Late Iron Age and the MES4994 and 6492 – MES4994]. Norman Conquest means that finds and features • Hurst Green–Etchingham–Heathfield ridgeway from these periods may also occur in future [HER reference: LINEAR 131] is also a trackway excavations within Heathfield. of probable Prehistoric or Roman date. It runs in an east-north-east direction, with a portion of the trackway recorded in the EUS area at the crossroads of the A265 (High Street/Mutton Hall Hill) with Firwood Rise and Marshlands Lane [HER reference 6517 – MES4360]. • The Oldham-Cross-in-Hand trackway [HER

11 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

3 HISTORY

3.1 Origins and development of Old Heathfield: 1100-1800

3.1.1 Introduction Heathfield has been included in the Sussex EUS primarily due to the present town of that name, which grew up after and near to the railway station of that name. However, the earlier settlement of that name (since the mid-1930s known as Old Heathfield,10 comprising a small village separated from the new town by Heathfield Park) was one of the small centres of trade that typified the later medieval Weald. For this reason – and to provide background to the origins of the 19th and 20th-century new town – this report includes a brief summary of the history of the earlier settlement.

3.1.2 Place-name The name Heathfield is likely to relate to the area and to predate any nucleated settlement. . Evidently pre-Conquest in origin, the name is Fig. 3. All Saints‟ church, Old Heathfield. first recorded in the 12th century.11 In the Weald, the field (Old English feld) element 3.1.4 Medieval urbanization is strongly associated with ridges and, more No manor or settlement at Heathfield is recorded specifically, areas of later medieval „downland‟ or in Domesday Book, which of itself is common. The „open country‟ sense of feld inconclusive. It is likely that a proportion of the suggests that woodland was thinner than 39 tenants (with 30 ploughs) of the Bishop of elsewhere in the Weald or had been cleared and 12 Chichester‟s manor of Bishopstone lived at kept so by grazing. The descriptive qualifier 15 Heathfield. The Heathfield population in 1086 heath confirms that the field element does not – is likely to have been dispersed in typical as in much later use of the word – refer to arable Wealden manner and does not imply a land, but rather uncultivated land. The nucleated settlement such as a village or hamlet. topography, geology, vegetation and history of the Heathfield area are completely consistent Urban function is suggested by the earliest rental with this. (1253-62), which records four shops. The surnames in the rental – at this date unlikely to 3.1.3 Origins of the church be inherited and, thus, a reflection of livelihood – include Chaloner, Weaver, and Mercer, The earliest documented allusion to a church at suggesting that Heathfield was based on textile Heathfield is in a rental of 1253-62, where there manufacture and merchant trade. Two of the is a reference to a shop being adjacent to the shops were built on former farmland, consistent churchyard and to tenants (in the same part of with a nascent settlement.16 As with other the rental) with the names Adam de Ecclesia 13 Wealden settlements (such as Mayfield, and Robert the Vicar. The list of vicars in the Wadhurst and Ticehurst), the origins of church itself, however, begins with Dogo, Heathfield appear to lie in the mid to late 13th installed 1236. Although unreferenced, this is century. Also in common with these other certainly consistent with the implication of the Wealden settlements is the fact that Heathfield 1253-62 rental: i.e. that the church and was evidently not planned, but emerged – as a churchyard were well established prior to the permissive settlement – on the confined space shop. A prebend of Heathfield was founded at 14 adjacent to the church and market place. Unlike Chichester cathedral by 1291. On architectural these other places of trade, however, Heathfield grounds, the church of All Saints was in does not lay on a major route and there is no existence by the late 13th century.

12 Sussex EUS – Heathfield clear evidence that the open area of the market pre-dates the church: at Heathfield, its good location for textile working (as seen by the concentration of fulling mills in the area) seems to have provided the stimulus for the settlement.17 In 1316 Heathfield was granted a weekly (Thursday) market and an annual fair on the eve, day and morrow of Richard the Confessor (of Chichester). With other contemporary or earlier market centres to the north and east (Burwash and Mayfield) approximately 7-8km distant, and to the south and west (Hailsham and Uckfield) approximately 11-12km distant, Heathfield evidently had a significant hinterland. Given this hinterland, the earlier growth of Heathfield, and the fact that political expediency by Edward II had much to do with the flurry of market grants at this time, it is likely that the grant simply formalized customary usage, dating from the mid-13th century.18 The Victoria County History has assumed that the date of the fair refers to the Translation of St Richard (16th June). Certainly, there was a fair on the equivalent date of 27th June in 1792 (i.e. allowing for the 11-day calendar change in 1752). A second fair was in existence by the 19th century, possibly even by the late 17th century, on April 14th: by the pre- 1752 Old Style calendar, this was equivalent to the other feast of St Richard (commemorating Fig. 4. Heathfield Park: the cricket pitch. his Deposition) on April 3rd. This latter fair survives and is known as the Cuckoo Fair and, 3.1.5 Post-medieval economic history evidently, may be that granted in 1316 or a later introduction.19 The settlement at Heathfield remained off the main Wealden routes in the post-medieval The manor of Saperton (first recorded in 1273) period. In the survey of inns and alehouses of had a park in 1387, which appears to have 1686, it had modest provision, with fewer than 20 formed the core of Baily Park, since the 1780s 10 stablings and guest beds. This placed 21 known as Heathfield Park. Heathfield below minor Wealden towns such as The western part of the parish of Heathfield was Mayfield, Rotherfield and Uckfield, and it was even less significant than neighbouring Cross-in- in the township of Isenhurst, Hundred of Dill and 25 the Rape of Pevensey, while the eastern part Hand and Cade Street. These last two (including Old Heathfield itself) was in the benefited from the improvement by turnpike township of Tottingworth, Hundred of trusts of the Hailsham to Cross-in-Hand road in 22 1754, the Lewes to Burwash road in 1765, and Hawsborough and the Rape of Hastings. 26 Accordingly, the lay subsidy rolls do not allow for the Battle to Heathfield road in 1813. easy disaggregation of taxpayers in Heathfield. Wealden iron production had a significant impact However, the 1296 lay subsidy suggests a on the economy of the parish, with the beginning population for the township of Tottingworth (i.e. of the period coinciding with the development of containing the nucleated settlement of the blast furnace, expanding markets, and rapid Heathfield) of around 85, the 1327 subsidy growth in the industry. The first English blast suggests a population of around 105, and the furnace had been established 17km north-west 1332 subsidy suggests a population of around of Heathfield, at Newbridge on Ashdown Forest, 23 95. The figures are consistent with the modest in 1496. The industry expanded rapidly in the nature of the nascent town or village. In 1524, 16th century, thereafter declining to the point of the population had risen to around 200 for the extinction by the end of the 18th century. There 24 township of Tottingworth. were 29 ironworks of this period within 10km of 27 Heathfield. While there were furnaces and

13 Sussex EUS – Heathfield forges in Heathfield parish in the 16th and early period, possibly dating from as early as the late 17th centuries, the most significant development 16th century: certainly there was a licensed was Heathfield furnace, built by the Fullers in schoolmaster in Heathfield in 1588, with his 1693. Heathfield furnace became the centre of successors recorded in 1592 and 1612. This the Fuller family ordnance production. In 1717 early school apparently used the south aisle of the furnace was producing 200 tons a year, the church, but by 1684 was described, perhaps falling to 100 tons in 1787. At this point it was not implying a change, as „adjoining to the one of only three surviving furnaces in the church‟. There are further references to the Weald, and closed c.1790. The last furnace in existence of the school in 1710 and in the late the Weald (Ashburnham) ceased production in 18th century.40 1813.28 Given the variable production of Bishop Compton‟s census of 1676 recorded no Heathfield furnace it is perhaps unlikely that it Roman Catholic recusants in Heathfield parish, provided „constant employment for half the 29 but there were ten adult protestant population of the parish‟, but the impact on nonconformists.41 In 1724 there were six or local employment was doubtless considerable. seven Baptist and four or five Presbyterian There is little indication of other trades in this families.42 By 1770 nonconformism was served period, although gloving is recorded c.1600,30 by an Independent chapel (with its own and is a typical example of Wealden graveyard) just west of Punnett‟s Town.43 leatherworking (Mayfield and Wadhurst being nearby centres of the industry31). By 1750 the defunct market centre at Heathfield – along with other examples such as Alfriston and Hailsham – had probably been replaced by the expansion of the hinterland of the market at Lewes.32 The June fair, however, continued and was still being held in 1792.33 The parish had an almshouse in 1663,34 but payments for the rents of 12 paupers in the overseers‟ accounts for 1690-1 show that the poor were more typically housed elsewhere until the parish gained its own workhouse in 1757.35 The parish population rose to around 524 by 1676, then fell slightly to around 450 in 1724. Thereafter population continued to grow significantly, reaching 1,226 by 1801.36 The predominance of parish, rather than town or village, statistics and the diverse source of these figures, mean that they should be taken as indicative of general trends only.

3.1.6 Post-medieval church and religion This period began with the drama of Henry VIII‟s Dissolution of the Monasteries. Whilst the parish church was institutionally robust, it felt the impact Fig. 5. The former National School in Old Heathfield, now All of Protestant Reformation and reaction. In 1555- Saints‟ and St Richard‟s Church of England Primary School. 7, Protestant recalcitrants were burnt at the stake, and, in mother and son Margery and 3.2 The emerging new town James Morris, Heathfield provided two of the 17 1800-1914 victims of Marian martyrdom at Lewes, killed as a stark warning to the perceived radicalism of eastern Sussex.37 In 1561 a forced exchange 3.2.1 Economic history saw the diocese lose eight of its ancient 38 A new and distinctive industry developed in the Episcopal manors, including Heathfield. The Heathfield area in the 19th century, in the form of resignation at this time of the incumbent was one 39 artificial fattening of poultry by force feeding, or of 43 in the county between 1558 and 1564. cramming. Although new, cramming depended A church charity school is recorded in this heavily on the inherited landscape and economy:

14 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

products. In 1885 £60,000 worth of chickens left Heathfield station; £140,000 worth in 1895; and £150,000 worth c.1900: the pre-war chicken cramming industry was the most significant in the area.45 Poultry farming also stimulated the trades supplying it: corn and seed merchants, corn mills (see Fig. 6), dairies (milk was used to bind the feed), butchers (supplied tallow), carpenters, coop and pen makers.46 The population of Heathfield parish had reached 2,208 in 1851 and then stayed relatively stable a little below this: in 1881, a year after the railway had arrived, there was a population of 1,995. Thereafter the population rose steadily, to 2,300 in 1891, 2,745 in 1901 and 3,150 in 1911. These figures indicate the trend, but under represent the growth of the new town since – until 1990 – the western part of the present High Street (from around Firlands Rise westwards) and the station lay in Waldron parish. Significantly, while Waldron village itself did not grow during this period, the parish population did and, although some of this was in expanding Cross-in-Hand, much was in the new town of Heathfield. The population of the parish of Waldron in 1881 was 1,342, thereafter rising to 1,431 in 1891, 1,698 in 1901 and 2,178 in 1911. Thus, although it is not possible to disaggregate the population figures for the new town of Heathfield without Fig. 6. Corn mill, Station Road (disused). exhaustive analysis of the census returns, it is medieval dispersed settlement and increased clear that there was none of the initial lag that conversion of the remaining marginal uplands in followed construction of the railway station at, for the 18th century saw diverse landownership (over example, Wadhurst, where the station was 142 landowners in 1842); poor agricultural land; almost an identical distance from the old town a typically diverse craft-based economy that and where new settlement (at Durgates and included leatherworking, spinning and weaving, Sparrow‟s Green) also emerged. At Heathfield hemp and flax spinning, rope-making, several factors seem to have played a role in the brickmaking and coppicing, with craftsmen often relatively rapid development: the existing village being smallholders; and a growing population, had very little to offer as a centre for trade or with consequent unemployment and poverty industry; the recently enclosed waste of (population rose from 1,226 in 1801 to 1,801 in Heathfield Down, adjacent to the station, was 1831). The industry began to establish itself on a more readily available for development; and the significant scale in the early 1830s and was parish – and wider area – had, in the form of substantial by the 1860s. With no railway, chicken cramming, a thriving and expanding carriers transported the dead fatted chickens to industry for which quick, reliable and cheap London (principally to Leadenhall, but also to transport was in demand. Smithfield); in 1864 over 163 tons of chickens Signs of the prosperity beyond the growing were sent to London by one carrier alone, and population include the building of hotels. The ten years later this had risen to around 224 tons. Heathfield Hotel was built opposite the station in Although pre-dating the arrival of the railway in the mid-1890s, and the smaller Temperance Heathfield in 1880 or the agricultural depression Hotel was built opposite in around 1900-5.47 The of the late 19th century (most severe during the 44 service industry which attached to these hotels period 1887-96 ), both these events stimulated applied even more to the burgeoning housing. the cramming industry: the railway improved Domestic service in particular was symptomatic access to markets, while the agricultural of a key element in the economy of the emerging depression brought down feed prices and, with town: the development of the area was the poor prospects for arable and stock farming, increasingly reliant on commuters, or those of poultry was one of the few profitable farm independent means, living in detached and

15 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

Fig. 7. The railway station (now a shop). industry was well established) only a thrice- semi-detached villas. Despite the successful weekly carrier service operated between chicken cramming industry, a key function of the 52 Heathfield and the station. emerging town was as a residential suburban area. A similar purpose lay behind development The London Brighton and South Coast Railway of other new or expanding Wealden towns such (LBSCR) brought a single-track railway to as Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill (the latter Heathfield parish itself in 1880, with a station with a booming brick and tile industry, 2km north-west of the medieval settlement. This comparable to the poultry industry at Heathfield), continued the branch line that had been built and the same tradesmen were often involved in from Polegate to Hailsham (1849) to Eridge, early investment. For example, after raising where it joined the Lewes-Uckfield-Tunbridge mortgages on two properties in Haywards Heath, Wells (thence London) line (completed 1868).53 in 1910 William Toye then raised a mortgage on Plans for the line were promoted by the Duke of a house and shop in Heathfield: all these Devonshire to improve rail service to growing enterprises were successful and he followed up Eastbourne, in which he had so much invested, with further investments in Uckfield and although, in the event, it developed as a rural elsewhere.48 branch line.54 The line became known as the Cuckoo Line, referring to the fair at Heathfield. While the June fair had lapsed by 1888,49 the Warehouses were built by the goods yard of the annual fair (the Cuckoo Fair) on April 14th new railway station by corn and seed merchants continued to be held at Cade Street (near the 55 supplying the chicken cramming industry. site of what is now Heathfield Community College).50 The sinking of a borehole in the yard of the Station Hotel in 1896 (to provide water for 3.2.2 Railway locomotives) led to the accidental discovery of natural gas. This was used to light the station, The South Eastern Railway (SER) built the new but more ambitious attempts at exploitation double-tracked main line to connect Tunbridge failed: the Natural Gas Fields of England Wells (itself connected to London since 1845) Company was founded for this purpose in 1902, and Hastings (the section from Robertsbridge to but lasted only two years. Other attempts had St Leonards not opening until 1852): this ceased by 1917, although parts of the town were provided Heathfield with a station 9km to the lit by natural gas until 1930.56 north-west (now called Stonegate station).51 Given the topography of the High Weald, access 3.2.3 Church and religion to this station was via a tortuous route, and as late as 1870 (when the chicken cramming The parish was already equipped with the

16 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

workhouse at Upper Horsebridge (at that time in Hellingly parish) in 1835 meant that the parish workhouse at Heathfield became redundant:65 it was sold off in 1836.66 A National School was built in Old Heathfield in 1819,67 and this continued to serve the growing town throughout this period. Sporting, cultural and entertainment facilities were a feature of the burgeoning new town, and only a sample can be mentioned here. The Drill Hall in Station Road was built in 1897. The Recreation Hall (later called the State Hall) in Station Road was built in 1909 for indoor sports and entertainment, and was equipped with a dance-floor and stage.68 The Agricultural Hall, Cherwell Road, was also used for a wide range of recreational uses, at this time:69 it appears to have originated as the showroom for Natural Gas Fields of England Company (in liquidation in 1904: see above section 3.2.2).70 Cricket appears to have come late to Heathfield parish, but was played form the early 1800s.71 Heathfield Park Cricket Club was formed in 1878, although cricket was played in the park prior to this.72 This established the present ground on the east side of the park, adjacent to Fig. 8. Union Church, Station Road. Old Heathfield. medieval church in Old Heathfield, although this needed to expand its graveyard in the late 19th century.57 In 1912-15 the new town was of sufficient scale to merit its own Anglican church – St Richard‟s, Upper Station Road – built as a chapel of ease.58 Not surprisingly Protestant nonconformists were quicker to recognize the potential offered by the new town, with a Gilbert memorial chapel (i.e. Independent) founded in Alexandra Road as early as 1886.59 This was followed by the Union Church (Congregational and Baptist) on the corner of Station Road and High Street, in 1899-1901.60 The Union Church gained a lecture hall in 1909,61 and St Richard‟s a church hall in 1929.62 A corrugated iron mission hall was built at the north end of Tilsmore Road in 1899 (this had gone by the 1930s when a house – Homelands – was built on the site).63

3.2.4 Urban institutions During the late 19th century Heathfield saw the development of a wide range of social and public functions that did not exist previously. The detail of these is beyond the scope of this brief account, but the salient institutions are included.

Following the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act, Heathfield became part of Hailsham Poor Law Union.64 The opening of a new Hailsham Union Fig. 9. The State Hall, Station Road.

17 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

3.3 The town c.1914-2008 Other employment developed as chicken cramming decline. In the First World War, the 3.3.1 Economic history Weald‟s woodland provided pit props, with as many as 30-40 trucks a week transported from Heathfield station. Charcoal was also produced locally for munitions.74 After the war, economic development is evident as three new banks opened in the High Street in the 1920s;75 in the early 1920s a (Southdown) bus depot was built at the corner of the High Street and Tilsmore Road, and nearby Charlie Ryder built a garage and Heathfield‟s first purpose-built cinema.76 In the inter-war years, housing expanded, further developing the role of Heathfield as a residential suburban area with a significant commuting population. Central infill included Mutton Hall Hill and Collingwood Rise, built on the site of Park Nurseries.77 A council estate (Waldron Thorns) was built south of the railway station in 1949- 50.78 Despite the rising population (see below) and large-scale increase in housing, small shops declined in the later 20th century and larger supermarkets appeared: Budgens on the site of Heathfield Hotel (demolished 1983), and, in the 1990s, the Co-Op over the (former) railway tunnel on the north side of the High Street.79 The annual April fair (the Cuckoo Fair) came to an end shortly after the end of the Second World War.80 The railway, which was never electrified,

ceased carrying passengers in 1965, and closed Fig. 10. High Street shops of the inter-war period. for goods in 1968.81 A small industrial estate has The period after 1914 was marked by the since been built on the site of the station demise of the chicken cramming industry in platforms and goods shed. Heathfield and its hinterland. The lack of cheap Heathfield Wildlife Park and Gibraltar Tower imported feed during the First World War saw Garden opened in 1973, but the tourist attraction chicken cramming go into decline. Revival after failed and closed in 1979.82 Heathfield Park has the war saw a more evenly distributed Wealden since returned to function as a private house and poultry industry with the centre shifting slightly park. east of Heathfield. Large-scale battery farming came into play (such as that introduced at The combined population for the parishes of Heydown Poultry Farm, Heathfield, in 1931), and Heathfield and Waldron continued to grow, egg production represented diversification in initially modestly from 5,328 in 1911 to 6,381 in poultry farming. In 1938 a new packing station 1931. An apparent drop in the population in 1951 was opened at Heathfield. Transport changed to 5,757 simply reflects the fact that parts of the rapidly, so that by 1926 almost all chickens from two parishes were used to create the new parish Heathfield were taken to London by lorry: the of Horam earlier that year. Population stayed Southern Railway responded with a cheaper and almost static in 1961 (at 5,878), but by 1971 had better service, but the trend was never reversed. risen sharply to 7,515. The two parishes were The outbreak of war in 1939 saw poultry feed combined in 1990, to make Heathfield and supplies decline, and the flocks were cut by two- Waldron,83 and the population rose to 11,406 in thirds by 1943. Heathfield lost its former 2001. dominance in the post-war revival of the industry: the original locational factors that 3.3.2 Church and religion favoured the area were irrelevant where chicken Protestant nonconformism experienced mixed, farming was unrelated to the local environment th (natural or economic) and where road transport though generally good, fortune in the 20 was predominant. By 1950 the Heathfield poultry century. The Baptist church in Church Road was industry was all but dead.73 replaced by a new church in Station Road in

18 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

Heathfield: this replaced a school in Cross-in- Hand, opposite St Bartholomew‟s church of 1905, itself a replacement of the first school of 1876), in 1969.87 In 1921 a building on the road to Punnett‟s Town (adjacent to the later community college) was given over to be the Heathfield Village Institute.88 The Picture House (later The Plaza), was built in the High Street c.1923 and closed in the early 1960s.89 The State Hall (see above, section 3.2.4) continued to thrive – especially during the early 1950s – for music and dances, but closed in 1962, becoming a clothing factory.90 A combined health and community centre was opened in 1990 in Sheepsetting Lane (and has playing fields adjacent).91 An informal public park, the Millennium Green, was created in 2000 on a site at the northern end of the old railway tunnel.92

Fig. 11. St Catherine‟s church (RC), Mutton Hall Hill. An annual agricultural show (the Heathfield Show) began at Cross-in-Hand in 1946, has 1965; the Methodist church in Gloucester Road been held since 1960 just to the east of was expanded by the building of a new brick Heathfield at Little Tottingworth Farm, Broad church adjacent in 1957; and the Congregational Oak.93 church in Leylands Road was let to a Pentecostal congregation in 1978, before The old railway line between Heathfield and becoming the Mid-Sussex Christian Centre. In Hailsham was re-opened as a path for walkers contrast, the Providence Strict Baptist Chapel, and cyclists, and as a bridleway, in 1992. Known Park Road, was converted to flats in 1999.84 The as the Cuckoo Trail it was later extended to St Alban‟s Mission Room, Fairfield Road, has Polegate.94 become a day centre. The Roman Catholic community had grown sufficiently by the late 20th century for St Catherine, Mutton Hall Hill to be built.

3.3.3 Urban institutions Despite the fact that Heathfield has been significant since the early 20th century, it has failed to become an administrative or judicial centre. With the increase in population in the 20th century and increasing leaving age, educational provision increased. Most significantly, a new county secondary modern school opened in 1950 near Cade Street and Old Heathfield (now styled Heathfield Community College).85 With the provision of secondary education, the 19th- century former National School in Old Heathfield became All Saints‟ and St Richard‟s Church of England Primary School. Continuing expansion of the town in the late 20th century saw the opening of Parkside Community Primary School, Beechwood Lane (i.e. on the south side of Heathfield), in 1990;86 and Cross-in-Hand Church of England Primary School, Fig. 12. The former railway line, now the Cuckoo Trail. Sheepsetting Lane (i.e. on the west side of

19 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

open commons. In 1800, the principal route 4 ARCHAEOLOGY through the area was what later became the High Street/Mutton Hall Hill; and the Hailsham 4.1 Origins: 1100-1800 Road, Ghyll Road, Tilsmore Road and Marklye Lane had been established. 4.1.1 Architectural evidence 4.2 The emerging town 1800- 1914 (Maps 3, 5 and 6)

4.2.1 Buildings and topography Although the population of the parish began to rise in the early 19th century and the new industry of chicken cramming began to establish itself (especially during the 1830s) only the occasional new building was erected in the area of the later new town. Surviving examples include brick-built High Timbers and Vine Cottage, both on Mutton Hall Hill. By 1840, the division of remaining open common, or Downland, into fields added to the earlier main routes to create the structure into which the later town would be built: many of these field boundaries survive as major divisions in the modern townscape, with individual fields often defining the extent of individual developments. The dividing up of the former open land of Heathfield Down also mean that more roads were established, or formalized, so that by 1840, for example, Tower Street, Mutton Hall Lane and Marshlands Lane had been created to provide access to scattered properties formerly surrounded by open land. Fig. 13. The Glade, Hailsham Road. There are few pre-19th-century buildings within the boundaries of the new town of Heathfield. As described above (section 3.1), the medieval settlement was at Old Heathfield, which remains a distinct village separated from the new town by Heathfield Park: it is outside the EUS study area. Half Moon Place, Burwash Road, was built as a cottage on the Down, and gained its name from its later use as an ale house.95 The earliest part of the timber-framed house dates from the late 17th or early 18th century, but contains much re- used medieval material, including two crown- posts.96 North Down, Newick Lane, and The Glade, Hailsham Road, are both tile-hung houses of probable 18th-century date. Although it appears to be wholly rebuilt, the Crown Inn was established by the early 19th century, possibly in the 18th century.

4.1.2 Topography The main structure of the street pattern of the new town of Heathfield was inherited from the pre-railway routes leading to and across the Fig. 14. Redwood, Burwash Road.

20 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

Fig. 15. Tower House and adjacent terraced housing, Tower Street.

House and Pine Cottage, Mutton Hall Hill, are The first significant new development fitted into surviving, but comparatively modest, examples. this framework of roads, and was concentrated th The last two decades of the 19 century also towards the crossroads on top of the Down. saw new development begin south-east of the Tower House and an adjacent row of terraced station, in the Hailsham Road and Alexandra houses were built on Tower Street by c.1875. Road area. Here the housing was mixed, Nearby on Mutton Hall Hill, one or two villas, including detached villas, more numerous semi- such as Whitethorne, were built, alongside the detached villas, and short terraces (typically of new sawmill. four or five houses). With no commercial centre With the arrival of the railway in 1880, building of to the town at this date, this area established its the new town began in earnest. Although the own shops, post office, pub, and chapels. railway line closed in 1968, buildings and structures survive: the tunnel mouth and road bridge next to the station remain and, although the platforms, goods shed and footbridge have gone, the station buildings survive (now a shop). To the south, the late 19th-century corn mill stands next to the former railway (at this point the head of the Cuckoo Trail, which reuses the trackbed), as one of the key architectural monuments to the chicken cramming past (Fig. 00). Two pairs of semi-detached railway cottages next to the station also survive, but are Edwardian rather than part of the initial building (Fig. 2). With the loss of the Heathfield Hotel and adjacent buildings, nothing survives of the small cluster of commercial buildings north of the station. Substantial detached villas, intermixed with the corn mills of the cramming industry, began to appear in the period 1880-1900. On the north side of the High Street these had spacious grounds incorporating conifers from the pre- railway examples. Although the grounds and most of the villas have been swept away, Albion Fig. 16. Late 19th-century Derby House, Hailsham Road.

21 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

In the period from 1900-14, the High Street emerged as a commercial centre to the scattered town. Villas were built on the north side of the street, but more densely packed street frontage buildings appeared on this side of the road in the area between the modern fire station and New Parade. The southern parts of Cherwell Road (this with the new agricultural hall; now demolished) and Streatfield Road were set out. The commercial nature of the new building is evident in surviving examples, such as the purpose-built bank at 46 High Street (now Barclay‟s Bank). The south side of the High Street remained largely undeveloped, with the Union Church (Congregational and Baptist: 1899-1901) being a notable exception: just off the south side of the High Street, in 1909 the Recreation Hall was built next to the Heathfield Hotel. The eastwards continuation of the High Street, Mutton Hall Hill, saw more infill at its upper end, with a new corn mill (since demolished) and housing (such as the detached villas, Cabinda, Appledore and Stanstead). During this period, the cluster of development on the Hailsham Road remained detached from the Fig. 18. National Westminster Bank, 19 High Street (1930s). High Street/Mutton Hall Hill area and continued to see more building, mostly within the existing 4.3 The town 1914-2008 (Map 1) extent. Despite attracting new non-residential buildings, such as the Drill Hall on Station Road, it failed to develop its commercial function to the 4.3.1 Buildings and topography degree of the newly named High Street. The inter-war period saw the southern side of the High Street developed. In addition to shops, there were specialized buildings such as the purpose-built bank at 19 High Street (now the National Westminster Bank), the post office (25 High Street), and a cinema (now part of the rear of the car showrooms at 89 High Street). To the east, the 1920s and 1930s saw new housing (in some cases now commercialized, in others still residential) filling in gaps on plots between the dense High Street frontages and the earlier development towards the top of Mutton Hall Hill. This saw subdivision of most of the remaining large coniferous grounds on the north side of the main street. To the north of these plots, development on Firwood Rise saw the remaining parts of the common divided up for detached houses. More significantly, the inter-war years saw development east of the station on Marshland Farm, utilizing existing streets of Marshlands Lane and Hailsham Road, but also introducing new roads. Combining small detached houses and semi-detached houses, this went a large way to infilling the gap between the two foci of Hailsham Road and High Street/Mutton Hall Hill. At the same time as the core of the new town was consolidating, Heathfield expanded outwards beyond its pre- Fig. 17. Barclays Bank, 46 High Street (Edwardian). First World War boundaries (and outside the

22 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

EUS study area), with significant ribbon mixture of housing, retail and industrial development along the Hailsham Road at Sandy properties that marked the scattered Cross and closer to the town centre at Tilsmore development of the earlier years was succeeded and at Waldron Thorns. by more obvious economic zoning. Although the Hailsham Road area has retained a cluster of Post-1945 development has focused on housing shops, the High Street retail area has been estates on the south and west of the town. much more successful. Construction of New Tilsmore Wood and Markly Wood have Parade over the street frontage of the one prevented major expansion on the north side surviving large villa (Risingholme) has been and Heathfield Park on the east side. Near the followed by the building of supermarkets with town centre, housing has largely completed the adjacent car parks on the site of the Heathfield Marshlands Farm area infill, which, together with Hotel (demolished 1983) and at the west end of development south of the former railway station the High Street. With chicken farming failing to (including the semi-detached and terraced revive in Heathfield after the Second World War, housing of Waldron Thorns council estate of the scattered industrial buildings of corn mills 1949-50), has removed the last vestiges of the and supporting trades (such as saw mills) didn‟t bifocal plan of the earlier town. Within the EUS so much relocate as simply disappear. Although study area (largely defined by the c.1900 extent no new industry has replaced chicken cramming, of the town) post-1945 development has been in modest industrial units have been concentrated part infilling of remaining open plots of land and in one area, on the site of the former railway by demolition of earlier large villas and station (closed 1968) and on vacant land on the subdivision of their ground, most notably north of opposite side of Station Road. the High Street.

As the town has expanded since 1914 the

Fig. 19. New Parade, High Street.

23 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

Regular burgage plots 5 STATEMENT OF HISTORIC Irregular historic plots [i.e. pre-1800] Proto-urban URBAN CHARACTER Vacant [reverted from built-up to fields etc.] Market place 5.1 Town summary Church/churchyard [i.e. parish] Cemetery 5.1.1 Historic environment overview Religious house [abbey, priory, convent etc.] Great house Although the historic interest of Heathfield lies Castle almost solely in its origins as a new town of the Town defences railway age, surprisingly little survives from the Other fortification two decades after the arrival of the railway (1880): although the railway station survives, Barracks there is little evidence of the chicken cramming School/college industry. However, some late 19th-century Public housing and, especially, considerable numbers Farmstead/barn of early 20th-century buildings do survive, so that Mill the two foci for the early town (High Suburb [estates and individual houses] Street/Mutton Hall Hill and the Hailsham Road Retail and commercial [i.e. post-1800] area) remain discernible in the standing Extractive industry [e.g. sand pit, brickfield] buildings. Pre-urban houses formerly scattered Heavy industry [e.g. steel or automotive industry] around the common have survived the coming of Light industry [e.g. industrial estates] the town, although there are very few of these within the EUS study area. With such late origins Utility it is of little surprise that there has been no Quay/wharf [inc. boatyards] archaeological investigation. Harbour/marina/dock Station, sidings and track 5.1.2 Historic environment designations Inland water (Map 4) Orchard Market garden [inc. nursery] There are four listed buildings in the EUS study area, all of which are Grade II. Of these, one is Allotments 17th century; two are 18th century; and one is Race course early 19th century.97 Sports field [inc. stadia, courts, centres etc.] Park Heathfield does not have a Conservation Area. Informal parkland [e.g. small civic areas, large grounds] There are no Scheduled Monuments in the town. Seafront [piers, promenades etc.] 5.1.3 Historic building materials Beach/cliffs Table 1. Sussex EUS Historic Character Types. With the late origins of the town there is little in the way of vernacular architecture. The early Historic Character Types have been developed part of Half Moon Place, of c.1700, is timber in the Sussex EUS to describe areas of common framed, with brick thereafter predominating: with character by reference to generic types found numerous local brickfields in the 18th to 20th across all 41 towns. Historic function is often the centuries it is important to recognize that many key determinant of character type, hence the of the pre and post-railway brick buildings utilize term „Historic Character Types‟ and the time- this local material.98 depth implicit in many of the types in Table 1 (e.g. regular burgage plots). The types also 5.2 Historic Character Types reflect the character of these towns, and, thus, they are different from those that would be applied nationally or to another county. 5.2.1 Historic Character Types and chronology (Maps 5-7) The Historic Character Types have been mapped to areas within the towns (polygons in Historic Character Types (HCTs) for Sussex EUS the Geographical Information System that Lane/road [includes all historic routes] underpins the Sussex EUS). Whilst character Major road scheme [modern ring roads, motorways etc.] type can prove consistent throughout a large th Bridge/causeway area (for example, across a late 20 -century

24 Sussex EUS – Heathfield housing estate), different historic use of part of Areas (HUCAs) that area has been used as a basis for subdivision. This is to allow the application of the Whereas Historic Character Types have been types in Table 1 to the mapped polygons applied to areas of the Sussex towns with throughout the 15 periods of the EUS consistent visible character and historical chronology (Table 2). This means that for any development – and are mapped across the area within the town, or mapped polygon on the whole history for each town – Historic Urban Geographical Information System, both the Character Areas (HUCAs) represent present Historic Character Type and the past meaningful areas of the modern town. Although land use(s) are defined. similar areas are found in many towns, HUCAs are unique, can include components of different history and antiquity, and usually represent Period Date amalgamation of several Historic Character Period 1 500,000BC-AD42 Types. Period 2 43-409 Thus, HUCA 3 in Heathfield combines three Period 3 410-949 Historic Character Types that represent irregular Period 4 950-1065 historic plots dating from Period 10 (1700-1799), Period 5 1066-1149 suburb from Period 11 (1800-40) onwards, and Period 6 1150-1349 utility from Period 13 (1881-1913). Combining Period 7 1350-1499 this variety into a single HUCA called Mutton Period 8 1500-1599 Hall Hill reflects the largely coherent character of Period 9 1600-1699 the area today. This coherence renders HUCAs Period 10 1700-1799 suitable spatial units for describing the historic Period 11 1800-1840 environment of the EUS towns, for assessing Period 12 1841-1880 their archaeological potential, Historic Environment Value and for linking to research Period 13 1881-1913 questions. Period 14 1914-1945 Period 15 1946-present Some components of the towns are not included as HUCAs: roads (other than those that were Table 2. Sussex EUS chronology. built as part of a particular development) and This approach gives time-depth to the map- waterways are kept separate as they frequently based character component of the Sussex EUS, antedate surviving buildings or the known urban and is structured to take account of both activity. upstanding and buried physical evidence of the past. It enables the generation of maps (e.g. 5.3.2 Archaeological potential Maps 5-7) showing the changing land use of the urban area throughout the history of each town, Whilst the nature and extent of areas to which and, through use of the Geographical Historic Character Types have been applied is Information System developed as part of this closely related to the survival of buried assessment, for simple interrogation of any area archaeology, this assessment considers the archaeological potential at the larger scale of the in the town to show all its known past land uses. HUCAs. The reasons are twofold: first, the typically smaller scale of areas of common 5.2.2 Historic Character Types in Historic Character Type could misleadingly imply Heathfield (Maps 5-7) that high, or even low, archaeological potential is Although Historic Character Types represent precisely confined, or that archaeological value county-wide types, modern Heathfield is is exactly coterminous with the edge of specific characterized by its particular concentration of features (standing or buried); and, second, most some types and the comparative rarity, or Sussex towns have had insufficient absence, of others. For example, the archaeological investigation to support this identification of large areas of suburbs reflects precision. For this reason, too, there is no the late and largely residential nature of the grading or ranking of archaeological potential. town. Rather, the summary of archaeological potential is used to inform the overall (graded) 5.3 Historic Urban Character assessment of Historic Environment Value of each HUCA (see below). Areas (Maps 9 and 10) When considering the archaeological potential of 5.3.1 Defining Historic Urban Character the towns, it is important to recognize that

25 Sussex EUS – Heathfield archaeology often survives 19th and 20th-century the historic environment (such as that as a development and that it is misleading to assume condition of development, under PPG15 or complete destruction. Also, whilst pre-urban PPG16) is properly focused. archaeology (such as prehistoric and Romano- British features and finds located in the 5.3.6 Heathfield’s Historic Urban Heathfield area) tells us little about the towns Character Areas (Maps 9 and 10) themselves, it contributes to wider archaeological research. HUCA 1 High Street (HEV 1) In assessing the likelihood of buried archaeology HUCA 1 is one of the early commercial nuclei of within areas in the towns there has been the town: the area combines the High Street consideration of the potential for archaeology itself and, leading off this, the northern end of „buried‟, or hidden, within later buildings and Station Road together with the northern side of structures, as well as that for below-ground Station Approach. Today the area is largely features. commercial, combining retail outlets, banks, estate agents and restaurants mostly located on 5.3.3 Historic Environment Value (Map densely built-up street frontages. Although there 10) are no listed buildings, the area does preserve The Historic Environment Value (HEV) of each some of the earlier urban architecture of HUCA is assessed here, and expressed as a Heathfield in the form of very late Victorian and, value from 1 (low) to 5 (high). Such values are especially, Edwardian buildings on the north side iniquitous to some and always subjective, but of the High Street. Two non-commercial here provide a necessary means of consistently buildings also survive from this period: the brick- and intelligently differentiating (for the purposes built Union Church (Congregational and Baptist) of conservation) the upstanding fabric, on the corner of Station Road and High Street boundaries and archaeology that form the (1899-1901); and the State Hall (formerly the historic urban environment. The Historic Recreation Hall: built 1909) in Station Road. Environment Value (HEV) of each HUCA is The absence of any known non-urban based on assessment of: archaeology and the high density of 19th and th • Townscape rarity 20 -century development (and redevelopment) suggests low archaeological potential. • Time-depth or antiquity The quality of the late 19th and predominant 20th- • Completeness. century architecture, the absence of many historic buildings and boundaries, and the low Lesser additional considerations in the assessment comprise: archaeological potential combine to give this HUCA a Historic Environment Value (HEV) of • Visibility 1. • Historic association. The Historic Environment Value of the area means that its vulnerability is low, with the main The full methodology for assessing Historic threat being the loss of this group of unlisted 19th Environment Value forms part of the annexe to and early 20th-century commercial buildings the historic environment management guidance through redevelopment. for Wealden District. Broad, or Heathfield-wide, research questions 5.3.4 Vulnerability only apply to this area.

The vulnerability of each HUCA is also HUCA 2 Station (HEV 2) considered, although many future threats cannot be anticipated. These brief analyses mean that HUCA 2 is centred on the site of the former this Statement of Historic Urban Character can railway station (closed 1968), together with the be used to focus conservation guidance. area formerly occupied by sidings and the goods shed. Today the area houses an industrial estate 5.3.5 Research questions on the site of the station platforms and sidings, with the track bed to the south now re-used as Where relevant, reference is made to questions the Cuckoo Trail and an associated car park. in the Research Framework for Heathfield The tile-hung and brick station building (now a (below, section 6). Where possible, this shop) itself is a key survival of the railway, which referencing links these key questions to specific arrived in 1880. To the north, the entrance to the HUCAs, helping ensure that any investigation of

26 Sussex EUS – Heathfield tunnel survives and, adjacent to the station, the archaeology and the high density of 19th and, road bridge over the former track. Two pairs of especially, 20th-century development (and semi-detached railway cottages (1-4 Station redevelopment) suggest low archaeological Cottages, Station Approach) also survive, but potential. are Edwardian rather than part of the initial The quality of the late 19th and predominant 20th- building. To the south of modern industrial estate century architecture, the absence of many a disused corrugated-iron clad building historic buildings and boundaries, and the low represents the most important monument to the archaeological potential combine to give this Heathfield‟s chicken cramming past: it is a late th HUCA a Historic Environment Value (HEV) of 19 -century corn mill, located immediately 1. adjacent to the railway line. There are no listed buildings. The Historic Environment Value of the area means that its vulnerability is low, with the main The absence of any known non-urban th th th threat being the loss of the surviving unlisted 19 archaeology, and the density of 19 and 20 - and early 20th-century villas. century development (and redevelopment) suggests low archaeological potential. Broad, or Heathfield-wide, research questions th th only apply to this area. The quality of the late 19 and 20 -century architecture (with key survivals in the form of the railway station and the corn mill) and the low HUCA 4 Hailsham Road (HEV 1) archaeological potential combine to give this HUCA 4 lies south-east of the retail centre of the HUCA a Historic Environment Value (HEV) of modern town and is centred on the Hailsham 2. Road around and south of its junction with Station Road. Development began here in the The Historic Environment Value of the area th means that its vulnerability is low, with the main last two decades of the 19 century, with threat being the further loss of unlisted 19th- detached villas, more numerous semi-detached century buildings and structures (especially villas, and short terraces (typically of four or five those related to the railway and, especially houses). With no commercial centre to the town vulnerable as now disused, the former corn mill). in the High Street area at this date, this HUCA established its own shops, post office, pub, and Broad, or Heathfield-wide, research questions chapels: the latter comprise a Gilbert memorial only apply to this area. chapel (i.e. Independent) founded in Alexandra Road in 1886 (remodelled in 1909 and HUCA 3 Mutton Hall Hill (HEV 1) subsequently), and an Anglican chapel of ease (now St Richard‟s church) in 1912-15. There is HUCA 3 lies east of the retail centre of the one listed building: The Glade, Hailsham Road, modern town, and comprises the main east-west a brick building with tile-hanging, probably dating road of Mutton Hall Hill and roads leading off it th from the 18 century (Grade II). (such as Tower Street). Despite some scattered building before 1840, and early, largely terraced, The absence of any known non-urban housing on Tower Street by c.1875, like the rest archaeology, and the density of 19th and 20th- of the town it essentially developed after the century development (and redevelopment) railway arrived in 1880, with a mixture of corn suggests low archaeological potential. mills (for the chicken cramming industry), a saw The quality of the late 19th and predominant 20th- mill and housing. With the demise of the chicken century architecture, the absence of many cramming industry, the area has become almost historic buildings and boundaries, and the low entirely residential, although there are a few archaeological potential combine to give this businesses (mainly on the Mutton Hall Hill HUCA a Historic Environment Value (HEV) of frontage). The Roman Catholic church of St th 1. Catherine was built in the late 20 century. Although the corn mills have been demolished, The Historic Environment Value of the area some of the late 19th-century villas survive, means that its vulnerability is low, with the main although the substantial grounds have been threat being the loss of the surviving unlisted 19th subdivided and redeveloped with 20th-century and early 20th-century villas, shops and chapels. detached houses, bungalows and blocks of flats. Broad, or Heathfield-wide, research questions There is one listed building: Mill View and Vine only apply to this area. Cottage, Mutton Hall Hill, which is a brick-built house of the early 19th-century (Grade II). The absence of any known non-urban

27 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

HUCA 5 Burwash Road (HEV 2) c.1700 to the 20th century, the absence of many historic boundaries, and the limited HUCA 5 is on the eastern edge of the modern archaeological potential combine to give this town and is largely of a non-urban character. It HUCA a Historic Environment Value (HEV) of developed as an area of scattered pre-1840 and, 2. mostly, pre-1800 development on the top of Heathfield Down adjacent to the principal route The vulnerability of this HUCA is medium, with (Burwash Road). Today the area has retained the main threats being the loss or alteration of something of its pre-railway town scattered form, the unlisted historic buildings, and infill of the with buildings in extensive grounds which open spaces that currently retain something of include some fields. At the eastern extremity, the character of the scattered development that next to the Crown Inn, lies the modern market, preceded the building of the railway-age town. with adjacent timber yard and council depot. Broad, or Heathfield-wide, research questions There are two listed buildings, both Grade II. only apply to this area. Half Moon Place, Burwash Road, was built as a cottage on the Down, and gained its name from 5.3.7 Summary table of Historic Urban its later use as an ale house or inn. The earliest part of the timber-framed house dates from Character Areas (HUCAs) for Heathfield c.1700, but contains much re-used medieval Table 3 summarizes the assessments made in material, including two crown-posts. North Down, the individual Historic Urban Character Area Newick Lane, is a tile-hung house of probable descriptions (above). It provides a simplified th 18 -century date. Redwood and High Timbers, comparison of the assessments across different th Burwash Road, is an early 19 -century brick- parts of the town, and helps to draw out key built house, apparently now de-listed (formerly points. As such it supports the preparation of Grade II). Although it appears to have been guidance for the town (see section 1.3). wholly rebuilt in the mid-20th century, the Crown Inn was established by the early 19th century, The table shows how Historic Character Types possibly in the 18th century. combine into more recognizable Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCAs). It summarizes the The absence of any known non-urban archaeological potential that, along with historic th archaeology, and pockets of and 20 -century buildings and boundaries, contributes towards development suggest limited archaeological the assessment of the Historic Environment potential. Value of each HUCA. The assessment of The quality of the late architecture, ranging from vulnerability of each HUCA is important for developing guidance.

Summary of assessment of Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCAs) for Heathfield

Historic Character Types (HCTs) Historic Urban Character Area Archaeological Historic Vulnerability (HUCA) potential Environment Value (HEV)

Retail and commercial 1. High Street Low 1 Low Suburb Station, sidings and track 2. Station Low 2 Low Suburb Light industry Irregular historic plots 3. Mutton Hall Hill Low 1 Low Suburb Utility Suburb 4. Hailsham Road Low 1 Low Irregular historic plots 5. Burwash Road Limited 2 Medium Table 3. Summary of assessment of Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCAs) for Heathfield.

28 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

6 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

6.1 Pre-urban activity Development pressure and opportunities for developer funding mean that archaeological excavations in the town, or prior to expansion of the town, are more likely to occur than in the surrounding area. Thus, archaeological excavations in Heathfield should address: RQ1: What was the nature of the palaeo- environment (ancient environment), and the prehistoric, Roman, and medieval human activity in the area?

6.2 Origins and development There has been little analysis of the historic environment of the town. Key questions include: RQ2: What was the socio-economic make-up of the early occupants of the town, how did this change over time, and is this reflected in the architecture of the town? RQ3: What was nature of the economy of the area immediately before the railway arrived, how did this influence the development of the town, and how did this change as a result of the success of the town? RQ4: What were the factors that determined the scattered or polyfocal plan of the town? RQ5: What has been the influence of the pre- urban houses and farms (and their owners and occupants), and the pre-railway chicken cramming industry on the development of the town? RQ6: What determined – and limited – the socio- economic change of different areas of the town in the late 19th and 20th centuries? RQ7: To what degree has the development of Heathfield been influenced by urban and distinctly non-urban (or suburban) aspirations?

29 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

7 Notes Eastern Sussex Weald (unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1995), 80-3; Gelling, M. & Cole, A., The Landscape of Place-names (2000), 262-79. 1 The 41 towns of the Sussex EUS are: Alfriston, Arundel, 13 Peckham, W. D., „Thirteen Custumals of the Sussex Battle, Bexhill, Bognor Regis, Bramber, Brighton, Burgess Manors of the Bishop of Chichester‟, SRS 31 (1925), 96-8; Hill, Crawley, Crowborough, Cuckfield, Ditchling, Eastbourne, Gardiner, M., „Trade, Rural Industry and the Origins of East Grinstead, Hailsham, Hastings, Haywards Heath, Villages: some Evidence form South-East England‟, in de Heathfield, Henfield, Horsham, Hove, Lewes, Lindfield, Boe, G., & Verhaeghe, F., (eds.), Rural Settlements in Littlehampton, Mayfield, Midhurst, Newhaven, Peacehaven, Medieval Europe: Papers of the Medieval Europe Brugge Petworth, Pevensey, Pulborough, Robertsbridge, Rotherfield, 1997 Conference 6 (1997), 63-73, at 66. Pryce states that Rye, Seaford, Shoreham, Steyning, Storrington, Uckfield, the earliest record of the church is in 1148, but gives no Wadhurst and Worthing. Chichester and Winchelsea are source for this: Pryce R. Heathfield Park, A private estate omitted as they are the subjects of more intensive studies. and a Wealden town (1996) page 15, and Pryce R. Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 8. 2 The Character of West Sussex Partnership Programme is led by West Sussex County Council in conjunction with the 14 Salzman, L. F., Victoria County History 9 (1937). 203. borough and district councils, AONB agencies and 15 stakeholders. The main aims of the partnership are to Gardiner, M., and Warne, H., in Leslie, K., and Short, B., produce a range of interlocking characterization studies; to (eds.), An Historical Atlas of Sussex (1999), 34-5. produce planning and land management guidance; and to 16 Peckham, W. D., „Thirteen Custumals of the Sussex raise public and community awareness of character as a vital Manors of the Bishop of Chichester‟, SRS 31 (1925), 96-8. and attractive ingredient of the environment of the county. The full range of characterization studies comprise: 17 Gardiner, M., „Trade, Rural Industry and the Origins of Villages: some Evidence form South-East England‟, in de Landscape Character Assessments and Landscape Strategy Boe, G., & Verhaeghe, F., (eds.), Rural Settlements in for West Sussex (2005). Medieval Europe: Papers of the Medieval Europe Brugge Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) of Sussex (2003- 1997 Conference 6 (1997), 63-73. 8). 18 Salzman, L. F., Victoria County History 9 (1937), 201; Sussex Extensive Urban Survey (EUS) (2004-8). Bleach, J., and Gardiner, M., „Medieval Markets and Ports‟, in Leslie, K. and Short, B. (eds.), An Historical Atlas of Intensive Urban Survey of Chichester/Fishbourne (2005-6) Sussex (1999), 42-3. (Chichester District Council). 19 Letters, S., Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Local Distinctiveness Study of West Sussex (2004-6). Wales to 1516 (Centre for Metropolitan History, 1998-2007:

3 on-line at http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html); Doff, E., „A Study of Heathfield 1880-1910. The Evolution of Pryce R. Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden a Wealden Railway Town‟ Sussex History vol 1 (2) (1976); town (1996), 16-17 Doff, E., and Gardner, B., Heathfield People. A Miscellany (1989); Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a 20 Salzman, L. F., Victoria County History 9 (1937), 202.

Wealden town (1996); Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An 21 Illustrated History (2000). Gardiner, M. F., Medieval Settlement and Society in the Eastern Sussex Weald (unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, University of 4 Short, B., „”The Art and Craft of Chicken Cramming”‟: London, 1995), 109, n.33.

Poultry in the Weald of Sussex 1850-1950‟, The Agricultural 22 History Review 30 (1982), 17-30. Mawer, A, & Stenton, F.M., The Place-names of Sussex (1929-30; reprinted 2001), 463, n. 2. 5 For example, the Rother at Roberstbridge was unsuited to 23 navigation in 1542-74 as iron from Robertsbridge forge was Hudson, W. H. (ed.), „The three earliest subsidies for the carted to Bodiam before being loaded on to barges: Cleere, County of Sussex in the years 1296, 1327, 1332‟, SRS 10, H., and Crossley, D., The Iron Industry of the Weald (2nd 10, 218-19, 315. edtn., 1995), 159. 24 Cornwall, J. (ed.), „The Lay Subsidy Rolls for the County of 6 Johnston, G. D., Abstract of Turnpike Acts relating to Sussex 1524-25‟, SRS 56 (1956), 149. The calculation for Sussex (transcript at SAS, c.1948), 4, 8 and 18. total population is the author‟s and is necessarily indicative, with a multiplier of 490% used for taxpayers. 7 Farrant, J., „Growth of Communications 1840-1914‟, in 25 Leslie, K. and Short, B. (eds.) An Historical Atlas of Sussex Pennington, J., „Inns and Alehouses in 1686‟, in Leslie, K. (1999), 80-1; Griffiths, I. L., „Road and rail in Sussex‟, in and Short, B. (eds.), An Historical Atlas of Sussex (1999), Geography Editorial Committee (eds.), Sussex: Environment, 68-9. Landscape and Society (1983), 238-9. 26 Johnston, G. D., Abstract of Turnpike Acts relating to 8 Griffiths, I. L., „Road and rail in Sussex‟, in Geography Sussex (transcript at SAS, c.1948), 4, 8 and 18. Editorial Committee (eds.), Sussex: Environment, Landscape 27 Cleere, H., and Crossley, D., The iron Industry of the and Society (1983), 239; Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A Weald (revised edition, 1995). private estate and a Wealden town (1996), 163. 28 Cleere, H., and Crossley, D., The Iron Industry of the 9 Cleere, H., and Crossley, D., The Iron Industry of the Weald nd Weald (revised edition, 1995), 186-216, 309-93. Cleere and (2 edtn., 1995), 57-86. Crossley date the closure of Heathfield furnace as both 1788 10 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden (p. 209) and 1793 (p. 335). town (1996), 133. 29 Salzman, L. F., Victoria County History 9 (1937), 201. 11 Mawer, A, & Stenton, F.M., The Place-names of Sussex 30 Brent, C. E., „Rural Employment and Population in Sussex (1929-30; reprinted 2001), 463-4. Between 1550 and 1640: Part Two‟, SAC 116 (1978), 41-55, 12 Gardiner, M. F., Medieval Settlement and Society in the at 41.

30 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

31 Landscape and Society (1983), 239; Rose, N., „The Railway Cornwall, J., „Sussex Wealth and Society in the Reign of Age‟, in Victorian Wadhurst: Glimpses of our Past (Wadhurst Henry VIII‟, SAC 114 (1976), 1-26, at 19. History Society, 2005), 97-114; Hodson, L. J., Ticehurst: The 32 Brent, C. E., „Urban Employment and Population in Sussex Story of a Sussex Parish (1925), 22. Between 1550 and 1660‟, SAC 113 (1975), 35-50, at 47. 52 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden 33 Salzman, L. F., Victoria County History 9 (1937), 201. town (1996), 115. 53 34 Lucas, P., Heathfield Memorials (1910), 130. Farrant, J., „Growth of Communications 1840-1914‟, in Leslie, K. and Short, B. (eds.) An Historical Atlas of Sussex 35 Doff, E.., Social Conditions in the Cuckmere Valley 1660- (1999), 80-1; Griffiths, I. L., „Road and rail in Sussex‟, in 1780: The influence of Church and Dissent (unpubl. PhD Geography Editorial Committee (eds.), Sussex: Environment, thesis, Open University, 1986), 266 (copy at SAS library, Landscape and Society (1983), 238-9. Barbican House, Lewes).. 54 Mayfield Local History Society, Mayfield. A Short Historic 36 Cornwall, J. (ed.), „The Lay Subsidy Rolls for the County of Guide (1992), 28.

Sussex 1524-25‟, SRS 56 (1956), 149; Cooper, J. H., „A 55 Religious Census of Sussex in 1676‟, SAC 45 (1902), 142-8, Doff, E., „A Study of Heathfield 1880-1910. The Evolution at 145; Ford, W. K., (ed.), „Chichester Diocesan Surveys of a Wealden Railway Town‟ Sussex History vol 1 (2) (1976), 1686 and 1724‟, SRS 78 (1994), 108-9. The calculations for 4. total populations are the author‟s and are necessarily 56 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden indicative, with the following multipliers used: 131% for town (1996), 120; Doff, E., „A Study of Heathfield 1880-1910. surveys of adults (1676), 450% for families (1724), and 490% The Evolution of a Wealden Railway Town‟ in Sussex History for taxpayers (1524). vol 1 (2), 6. 37 Davey, R., „Three Lewes martyrs of 1557‟, SAC 138 57 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 maps Epochs 1-2. (2000), 231-4; Wilkinson, P., „The Struggle for a Protestant Reformation 1553-1546‟, in Leslie, K. and Short, B. (eds.) An 58 Salzman, L. F., Victoria County History 9 (1937), 203. Historical Atlas of Sussex (1999), 52-3. 59 Homan, R., „Mission and fission: the organization of 38 Foster, A., „Chichester Diocese in the Early 17th Century‟, Huntingtonian and Calvinistic Baptist causes in Sussex in the SAC 123 (1983), 187-94, at 190. 18th and 19th centuries‟, SAC 135 (1997), 265-82, at 268. 39 Wilkinson, P., „The Struggle for a Protestant Reformation 60 Elleray, D. R., Sussex Places of Worship: A Gazetteer of 1553-1564‟, in Leslie, K., and Short, B., (eds.), An Historical Buildings erected between c1760 and c1960 (2004), 31; Atlas of Sussex (1999), 52-3. Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden town (1996), 123. 40 Doff, E., and Gardner, B., Heathfield People. A Miscellany (1989), 13-14. 61 Russell, B. K., From Heathfield to East Hoathly in old photographs, (undated), 13 41 Cooper, J. H., „A Religious Census of Sussex in 1676‟, SAC 45 (1902), 145. 62 Taylor, V. M., Heathfield – the Railway and After. A century of change (c.1984), 63. 42 Ford, W. K., (ed.), „Chichester Diocesan Surveys 1686 and 1724‟, SRS 78 (1994), 108-9. 63 Victor, V. M., Heathfield. The Growth of the High Street (1982), 31; OS mapping Epochs 2-4. 43 Homan, R., „Mission and fission: the organization of Huntingtonian and Calvinistic Baptist causes in Sussex in the 64 Wells, R., „The Poor Law 1700-1900‟, in Leslie, K. and 18th and 19th centuries‟, SAC 135 (1997), 265-82, at 278. Short, B. (eds.), An Historical Atlas of Sussex (1999), 70-1. 44 Brandon, P., & Short, B., The South East from AD 1000 65 Morrison, K., The Workhouse: A Study of Poor-Law (1990), 325. Buildings in England (1999), 210. 45 Short, B., „”The Art and Craft of Chicken Cramming”‟: 66 Lucas, P., Heathfield Memorials (1910), 154.

Poultry in the Weald of Sussex 1850-1950‟, The Agricultural 67 History Review 30 (1982), 17-30. Taylor, V. M., Heathfield – the Railway and After. A century of change (c.1984), 12. 46 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden 68 town (1996), 120; Doff, E., „A Study of Heathfield 1880-1910. Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History The Evolution of a Wealden Railway Town‟ Sussex History (2000), 22; Taylor, V. M., Heathfield – the Railway and After. vol 1 (2) (1976), 3-9, at 6. A century of change (c.1984), 45. 69 47 Pryce R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History Taylor, V. M., Heathfield – the Railway and After. A century (2000), 22; Gillet, A., and Russell, B. K., Around Heathfield in of change (c.1984), 45; Doff, E., „A Study of Heathfield 1880- Old Photographs. A second selection (1991), 25. 1910. The Evolution of a Wealden Railway Town‟, in Sussex History vol 1 (2) (1976), 5, 7. 48 Ford, W., „The First Forty Years. Early Mortgages and 70 Mortgagors of the Haywards Heath Building Society‟, SAC Victor, V. M. Heathfield. The Growth of the High Street, 130 (1992), 213-31, at 221. (1982), 21. 71 49 Salzman, L. F., Victoria County History 9 (1937). 201. Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 23. 50 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden 72 town (1996), 18. Russell, B. K., From Heathfield to East Hoathly in old photographs (undated), 47 51 Farrant, J., „Growth of Communications 1840-1914‟, in 73 Leslie, K. and Short, B. (eds.) An Historical Atlas of Sussex Short, B., „”The Art and Craft of Chicken Cramming”‟: (1999), 80-1; Griffiths, I. L., „Road and rail in Sussex‟, in Poultry in the Weald of Sussex 1850-1950‟, The Agricultural Geography Editorial Committee (eds.), Sussex: Environment, History Review 30 (1982), 17-30.

31 Sussex EUS – Heathfield

74 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden town (1996), 133. 75 Ibid., 133. 76 Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 24. 77 Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 25. 78 Ibid,, 29. 79 Ibid., 30, 32. 80 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden town (1996), 161. 81 Griffiths, I. L., „Road and rail in Sussex‟, in Geography Editorial Committee (eds.), Sussex: Environment, Landscape and Society (1983), 239; Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden town (1996), 163. 82 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden town (1996), 169-71. 83 Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 32. 84 Elleray, D. R., Sussex Places of Worship: A Gazetteer of Buildings erected between c1760 and c1960 (2004), 14. 85 Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 29. 86 http://www.parkside.e- sussex.sch.uk/resources/PROSPECTUS%202008.pdf 87 Pers. comm.. Sue Hilton. 88 Salzman, L. F., Victoria County History 9 (1937). 204. 89 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden town (1996), 133, 163. 90 Pryce, R., Heathfield Park, A private estate and a Wealden town (1996), 163; Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 28. 91 Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 33. 92 Ibid. 93 Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 31. 94 Pryce, R., Heathfield & Waldron. An Illustrated History (2000), 33. 95 The old Half Moon Inn and the adjacent brickyard were advertised for sale in 1774: Beswick, M., Brickmaking in Sussex: A History and Gazetteer (2nd edtn. 2001), 143. 96 Martin, D., and Martin, B., Heathfield – Half Moon Place (unpubl. Rape of Hastings Architectural Survey report no. 497, 1979). 97 Listed building data is drawn from the statutory lists produced by English Heritage, but has been amended – especially in regard to the dating – during the Sussex EUS. The GIS data prepared during the Sussex EUS contains the full references to the sources for revised dates: in several cases these come from archaeological surveys undertaken by Barbara and David Martin, and the documentary tenement analysis undertaken by Christopher Whittick. 98 Beswick, M., Brickmaking in Sussex: A History and Gazetteer (2nd edtn. 2001), 143-4.

32 Meters May 2008 KEY 1:5,000 EUS boundary EUS research and mapping: EUS Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA B Harris Roland Dr 20 SCALE Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Ordnance the from Reproduced mapping with the permission of the Controller Crown © Office. Stationery Majesty's Her of infringes reproduction Unauthorised Copyright. to prosecution lead may and copyright crown 100018485. No. Licence OS civil proceedings. or the from reproduced is data map geological The scale original the at data Mapa Geological British Geological British 2003/070 Licence 1:50,000. of reserved. All rights NERC. Survey. County Sussex East © data other and view This and Council, County Sussex West Council, & Hove City Council. Brighton 0 40 80 120 160 HEATHFIELD MAP 1 Extent of Heathfield EUS study area Pond 167.7m Sta Lucia North Lodge North Pond TCB Sluice Pond Cottage Issues BM 180.08m BM Market Heathfield Park Heathfield The (PH) Gas Gov Gas Wr Tr Heathfield Park Heathfield 178.9m

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HEATHFIELD MAP 2

Solid geology with 10m contours

KEY ASHDOWN FORMATION

0

3

1 0 0

1 4 0

1

2

0

0

1

1

0

EUS research and mapping: Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA May 2008

0 SCALE 1:5,000

1 1 Meters

1

2 0 025 50 100 150 200

1 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey 0 0 mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes 96 crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. OS Licence No. 100018485. The geological map data is reproduced from the British Geological Mapa data at the original scale of 1:50,000. Licence 2003/070 British Geological

9 2 Survey. NERC. All rights reserved. This view and other data © East Sussex County Council, West Sussex County Council, and Brighton & Hove City Council. :

HEATHFIELD MAP 3

OS 1st series 25" (1875)

EUS research and mapping: Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA May 2008

SCALE 1:5,000 Meters 020 40 80 120 160

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. OS Licence No. 100018485. The geological map data is reproduced from the British Geological Mapa data at the original scale of 1:50,000. Licence 2003/070 British Geological Survey. NERC. All rights reserved. This view and other data © East Sussex County Council, West Sussex County Council, and Brighton & Hove City Council. Meters KEY May 2008 1:5,000 Delisted II EUS research and mapping: EUS Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA B Harris Roland Dr 20 Heathfield buildings GRADE SCALE Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Ordnance the from Reproduced mapping with the permission of the Controller Crown © Office. Stationery Majesty's Her of infringes reproduction Unauthorised Copyright. to prosecution lead may and copyright crown 100018485. No. Licence OS civil proceedings. or the from reproduced is data map geological The scale original the at data Mapa Geological British Geological British 2003/070 Licence 1:50,000. of reserved. All rights NERC. Survey. County Sussex East © data other and view This and Council, County Sussex West Council, & Hove City Council. Brighton 0 40 80 120 160 HEATHFIELD MAP 4 buildings Historic Pond 167.7m Sta Lucia North Lodge North Pond TCB Sluice Pond Cottage Issues BM 180.08m BM Market Heathfield Park Heathfield The (PH) Gas Gov Gas Wr Tr Heathfield Park Heathfield 178.9m

ttage n Co Crow Pond Timber Yard Timber arage a G Risc Ponds 181.1m

GP

E N A L 180.6m Half Moon Place Moon Half Northdown Pond Pond The Old The Issues

Issues 5

Tower Wood Tower

6

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Issues NUT

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e y

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n Lullington l

Tilsmore Lodge Salcombe i

a 2 H

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w

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o o

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s 7

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0

e l

i

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1

l 0

e

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o S

LB 8

Gavelacre 3 4 n r

Court

R E a e R

r

r e

Burnham e

o

Markly Wood E

o

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M E

M y

r

a

G

Lytham m

e d

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) o L 4

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Fire a m a W 4 r Close O

Cott y

L P T W 2 5 43 5 : Meters KEY May 2008 1:5,000 Irregular historic historic plots Irregular Lane/road Suburb 25 EUS research and mapping: EUS Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA B Harris Roland Dr HCT SCALE 0 50 100 150 200 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Ordnance the from Reproduced mapping with the permission of the Controller Crown © Office. Stationery Majesty's Her of infringes reproduction Unauthorised Copyright. to prosecution lead may and copyright crown civil or proceedings. 2004. 076600 LA No. Licence OS the from reproduced is data map geological The scale original the at data Map Geological British Geological British 2003/070 Licence 1:50,000. of reserved. All rights NERC. Survey. County Sussex East © data other and view This and Council, County Sussex West Council, & Hove City Council. Brighton Period 12 (1841-1880) HEATHFIELD MAP 5 Pond 167.7m Sta Lucia North Lodge North Pond TCB Sluice Pond Cottage Issues BM 180.08m BM Market Heathfield Park Heathfield The (PH) Gas Gov Gas Wr Tr Heathfield Park Heathfield 178.9m

ttage n Co Crow Pond Timber Yard Timber arage a G Risc Ponds 181.1m

GP

E N A L 180.6m Half Moon Place Moon Half Northdown Pond Pond The Old The Issues

Issues 5

Tower Wood Tower

6

2

A

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S 5

6 6

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Issues NUT

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Redwood

W 1

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R Park Heathfield R High Timbers A 9 P 1 1

y 12 r 1

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1 4

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s 5

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Issues 3

C 11 13 1 3 Pond Vines Corner Vines El

El 1 R

e 8 1

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8 6

s 32 1

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n O

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r

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o

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r

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Fire a m e W 4 r Close O Cott y 3

L M P T 2 5 4 5 : Meters KEY May 2008 1:5,000 Irregular historicIrregular plots Lane/road Light industry Retail and commercial Station, sidings and track Suburb Utility 25 EUS research and mapping: EUS Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA B Harris Roland Dr HCT SCALE 0 50 100 150 200 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Ordnance the from Reproduced mapping with the permission of the Controller Crown © Office. Stationery Majesty's Her of infringes reproduction Unauthorised Copyright. to prosecution lead may and copyright crown civil or proceedings. 2004. 076600 LA No. Licence OS the from reproduced is data map geological The scale original the at data Map Geological British Geological British 2003/070 Licence 1:50,000. of reserved. All rights NERC. Survey. County Sussex East © data other and view This and Council, County Sussex West Council, & Hove City Council. Brighton Period 13 (1881-1914) HEATHFIELD MAP 6 Pond 167.7m Sta Lucia North Lodge North Pond TCB Sluice Pond Cottage Issues BM 180.08m BM Market Heathfield Park Heathfield The (PH) Gas Gov Gas Wr Tr Heathfield Park Heathfield 178.9m

ttage n Co Crow Pond Timber Yard Timber arage a G Risc Ponds 181.1m

GP

E N A L 180.6m Half Moon Place Moon Half Northdown Pond Pond The Old The Issues

Issues 5

Tower Wood Tower

6

2

A

E

S 5

6 6

2

LO

5 C A

Issues NUT

L 27 A

Redwood

W 1

D D 3 3 Issues A 2 3

A O 21

Tower Nurseries R 31 O K

R Park Heathfield R High Timbers A 9 P 1 1

y 12 r 1

a 2 u

1 4

b 1 2 o i 9 s 18

s 5

a 2 0 TCB

Issues 3

C 11 13 1 3 Pond Vines Corner Vines El

El 1 R

e 8 1

House 3 d E

i 1 17 Issues

8 6

s 32 1

LB W

2 y 2

Pond 41

n O

E T

n W E N 4 I

V

A 8 21

L u a 8 Tower Gibraltar

E l 2 1 Heathfield Park Heathfield

Y l 2

L S i 4

K 3 Y 4

R 4

A V 2 A

9

M 1 W

5 0 D

3 2 Y N 174.1m

1 A

6 L A

5 D The d

Vine BM O

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t

6

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n Playground

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c

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4

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3 H Car Park 2

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1

d

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171.0m

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s e k l b a G

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6 6 a B e 5

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St Richard's Church Richard's St

H

LB S M 1

4 1

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5

5 2

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Pippins 4 7

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4

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f

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L M P T 2 5 4 5 : Meters KEY May 2008 1:5,000 Irregular historicIrregular plots Lane/road Light industry Retail and commercial Station, sidings and track Suburb Utility 25 EUS research and mapping: EUS Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA B Harris Roland Dr HCT SCALE 0 50 100 150 200 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Ordnance the from Reproduced mapping with the permission of the Controller Crown © Office. Stationery Majesty's Her of infringes reproduction Unauthorised Copyright. to prosecution lead may and copyright crown civil or proceedings. 2004. 076600 LA No. Licence OS the from reproduced is data map geological The scale original the at data Map Geological British Geological British 2003/070 Licence 1:50,000. of reserved. All rights NERC. Survey. County Sussex East © data other and view This and Council, County Sussex West Council, & Hove City Council. Brighton Historic Character Historic Types (2008) HEATHFIELD MAP 7 Pond 167.7m Sta Lucia North Lodge North Pond TCB Sluice Pond Cottage Issues BM 180.08m BM Market Heathfield Park Heathfield The (PH) Gas Gov Gas Wr Tr Heathfield Park Heathfield 178.9m

ttage n Co Crow Pond Timber Yard Timber arage a G Risc Ponds 181.1m

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E N A L 180.6m Half Moon Place Moon Half Northdown Pond Pond The Old The Issues

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L M P T 2 5 4 5 : Meters aracter Type aracter May 2008 1:5,000 3 4 10 11 12 13 14 15 KEY 25 EUS research and mapping: EUS Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA B Harris Roland Dr PERIOD SCALE 0 50 100 150 200 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Ordnance the from Reproduced mapping with the permission of the Controller Crown © Office. Stationery Majesty's Her of infringes reproduction Unauthorised Copyright. to prosecution lead may and copyright crown civil or proceedings. 2004. 076600 LA No. Licence OS the from reproduced is data map geological The scale original the at data Map Geological British Geological British 2003/070 Licence 1:50,000. of reserved. All rights NERC. Survey. County Sussex East © data other and view This and Council, County Sussex West Council, & Hove City Council. Brighton Historic Ch Historic areas showing principal period from which present character is derived HEATHFIELD MAP 8 Pond 167.7m Sta Lucia North Lodge North Pond TCB Sluice Pond Cottage Issues BM 180.08m BM Market Heathfield Park Heathfield The (PH) Gas Gov Gas Wr Tr Heathfield Park Heathfield 178.9m

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L M P T 2 5 4 5 : :

3 - Mutton Hall Hill 5 - Burwash Road

1 - High Street HEATHFIELD MAP 9 Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCAs)

KEY HUCA 1 - High Street 2 - Station 3 - Mutton Hall Hill 4 - Hailsham Road 2 - Station 5 - Burwash Road

EUS research and mapping: Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA May 2008

SCALE 1:5,000

4 - Hailsham Road Meters 025 50 100 150 200

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. OS Licence No. LA 076600 2004. The geological map data is reproduced from the British Geological Map data at the original scale of 1:50,000. Licence 2003/070 British Geological Survey. NERC. All rights reserved. This view and other data © East Sussex County Council, West Sussex County Council, and Brighton & Hove City Council. :

HEATHFIELD MAP 10 Historic Environment Value (HEV)

KEY HUCA HEV 1 2

EUS research and mapping: Dr Roland B Harris FSA MIFA May 2008

SCALE 1:5,000

Meters 025 50 100 150 200

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. OS Licence No. LA 076600 2004. The geological map data is reproduced from the British Geological Map data at the original scale of 1:50,000. Licence 2003/070 British Geological Survey. NERC. All rights reserved. This view and other data © East Sussex County Council, West Sussex County Council, and Brighton & Hove City Council.