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The Role of Online Social Media in the Acculturation Process of North Korean Refugee Young Adults in South Korea Sung Mi Han Wayne State University

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The Role of Online Social Media in the Acculturation Process of North Korean Refugee Young Adults in South Korea Sung Mi Han Wayne State University Wayne State University DigitalCommons@WayneState Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2013 The Role Of Online Social Media In The Acculturation Process Of North Korean Refugee Young Adults In South Korea Sung Mi Han Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Recommended Citation Han, Sung Mi, "The Role Of Online Social Media In The Acculturation Process Of North Korean Refugee Young Adults In South Korea" (2013). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 767. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. THE ROLE OF ONLINE SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE ACCULTURATION PROCESS OF NORTH KOREAN REFUGEE YOUNG ADULTS IN SOUTH KOREA by SUNG MI HAN DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2013 MAJOR: COMMUNICATION Approved by: Advisor Date Co-Advisor Date DEDICATION With much thankfulness to God, I dedicate this dissertation to my father, Sung Dong Han, and to my mother, Mi Ryoung Song, for their unconditional love and support. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all the special people whom I met while I was working with the North Korean refugee community in South Korea in 2012. I will never forget the support and inspiration that I received from the refugee students who are full of hope and passion for their new lives in South Korea and also the people who have dedicated their time and effort to help North Korean refugees. I thank God for working with me the whole time letting me meet the right people at the right time and for giving me faith and power to complete this dissertation. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my co-chairs, Dr. Hayg Oshagan and Pradeep Sopory, as well as my committees, Dr. Fred Vultee, Dr. Karen McDevitt, and Dr. Majorie Beeghly for their sincere support for this research and for their great interest in North Korean refugee issues. Especially, Dr. Karen McDevitt has been a wonderful mentor to me as an enthusiastic scholar and also as a strong woman with a big heart. I also thank the Department of Communication at Wayne State University for financial support for my degree and for its dedicated service to students. I must thank my parents for giving me encouragement and support for my study in the United States. Their wisdom and love have given me a great opportunity and courage to explore the world. I thank my little sister Jinhee, who is my spiritual companion, for constantly praying for me and for sharing my joy and concerns. I would also like to thank my MSU friends, Dana Gwen, Jihyun Kim, and Eunjin Park, for always being there for me throughout my study in Michigan. They are like my second family. Last but not least, I thank my colleagues, Sadaf Ali, Jehoon Jeon, Arata Miyazaki, Sherri Ter Molen, and Rebecca Mahfouz, for the precious friendship we built together. I will always remember all the good times we had at Manoogian 508. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL OVERVIEW ..............................................................................10 Acculturation ......................................................................................................................... 10 Overview of theories and concepts. ........................................................................... 11 Acculturation of refugees. .......................................................................................... 15 Young adults in the cross-cultural context. ................................................................ 17 The Role of Media in Acculturation Processes ..................................................................... 22 Host media: A window to mainstream culture. .......................................................... 24 Ethnic media: An alternative social realty. ................................................................ 27 Online social media as a new social context for immigrants. .................................... 30 Acculturation of North Korean Refugee Young Adults in South Korea ............................... 36 The societal and group level contexts. ....................................................................... 37 The influence of South Korean mass media on acculturation. .................................. 44 North Korean refugee young adults’ use of online social media: The focus of the current study. .............................................................................................................. 48 Statement of Hypotheses and Research Questions ................................................................ 50 CHAPTER 3: METHOD ...............................................................................................................58 Participants and Procedure ..................................................................................................... 58 iv Instruments ............................................................................................................................. 61 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ...............................................................................................................71 Preliminary Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................. 71 Testing Hypotheses and Research Questions ........................................................................ 80 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................98 Appendix A: Instruments ............................................................................................................ 119 References ................................................................................................................................... 135 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 152 Autobiographical Statement ....................................................................................................... 154 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Participant demographic characteristics ..........................................................................60 Table 2: Correlations between demographic variables and cultural identity, language competence, and cultural competence ............................................................................ 74 Table 3: Correlations between demographic variables and social networks, community involvement, self-Esteem, and acculturative stress ........................................................ 75 Table 4: Descriptive statistics for respondents' media use patterns ...............................................78 Table 5: Correlations among main predictor variables ..................................................................79 Table 6: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis for media use predicting South Korean acculturation domains and psychological health domains .............................................. 86 Table 7: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis for media use predicting North Korean acculturation domains and psychological health domains .............................................. 91 Table 8: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis for daily media use by media types predicting South Korean language competence .............................................................. 95 Table 9: Hierarchical multiple regression analysis for North Korea-related media content use by media types predicting North Korean cultural competence ....................................... 96 Table 10: Regression analysis for North Korea-related media content use by media types predicting North Korean community involvement ......................................................... 97 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Hypotheses and research questions model .....................................................................57 Figure 2: The media environment of North Korean refugee young adults in South Korea 113 vii 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Developments in communication and transportation have shrunken the world, blurred the borders, and allowed more people to travel or move overseas. According to a report from United Nations in 2010, there are about 214 million international migrants who left their homelands and moved to different countries. This migrant population is 2.5 times greater than that of the 1970’s, and it indicates that one out of 33 people in the world today is an international migrant (United Nations Department of
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