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Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet c o l o n - %f\SVERIGES l®if LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET Genetic Analysis of Boran, Friesian and Crossbred Cattle in Ethiopia Mekonnen Haile-Mariam Dissertation Uppsala 1994 o o i o ' i g 3\ SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET Genetic Analysis of Boran, Friesian and Crossbred Cattle in Ethiopia Mekonnen Haile-Mariam Institutionen for husdjursfdradling Rapport 113 och sjukdomsgenetik Publication No. 113 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 1994 Department of Animal Breeding ISSN 0347-9706 and Genetics isrn SLU-HFS-R--113-SE Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences De sartment of Animal Breeding and Genetics Box 7023 S-7a50 07 UPPSALA ISI N 91-576-4893-X Printed at SLU Info/Repro, Uppsala 1994 ABSTRACT This thesis, comprising six papers based on Ethiopian data, deals with the evaluation of Boran cattle and their crosses regarding reproductive, survival, and growth traits, and of dairy cattle of Friesian origin and their crosses with Boran regarding lactation milk yield, lactation length, calving interval (Cl) and abortion rate. In addition, estimates of genetic parameters and genetic and environmental trends for growth, milk yield and reproductive traits are included. The results from the analysis of data collected between 1977 and 1985 from the Abemossa Cattle breeding and improvement ranch of the Ministry of Agriculture were: the weight of Boran, F1 and 3/4 Friesian calves were similar at birth but at weaning the F7 and 3/4 Friesian calves were heavier than the Boran by 19 and 22 kg, respectively. The significance of the interaction effect between breed and season of birth showed that Boran calves maintained uniform growth rate regardless of their birth season, while the highest fluctuation in weaning weight was observed in the 3/4 crossbred calves. The weights of Boran cattle at 1, 2, and 3 years of age were 179, 269 and 338 kg, respectively. The pre-weaning calf mortality rates of Boran and F-, calves were 4.0 and 2.9%, respectively. The comparison of Boran, FT Boran-Friesian and 3/4 Friesian heifers showed that the F^ required relatively fewer services per conception and also calved at a younger age than the other two breed groups. The mean CIs were 465, 552, 525 and 487 days for Boran cows naturally mated with Boran and Friesian bulls, and Boran and F1 cows artificially inseminated with Friesian semen, respectively. Heritability estimates based on 24 years of data of naturally bred Boran cattle from the same ranch, ranged from 0.062 to 0.075 and from 0.037 to 0.043 for age at first calving (AFC) and Cl, respectively. The c^-value (the ratio of permanent environmental variance to total) for Cl ranged between 0.028 and 0.031. Estimates of genetic and environmental correlation between AFC and first Cl were -0.054 and -0.176, respectively. The h2-value of Cl among young cows was low (0.002 to 0.015) compared with that in mature cows (0.093). For birth weight (BW) a direct heritability (h/ ) of 0.24 and a maternal heritability (hm2) of 0.08 were estimated. In the case of weaning weight (WW) and yearling weight (YW) the estimates were 0.29 and 0.34 for hd2 and 0.06 and 0.05 for hm2, respectively. The c2-values were 0.14 and 0.05 for WW and YW, respectively. Estimates from bi- and tri-variate analyses were similar to those from univariate analysis but the estimates for hd2 of YW were relatively higher. The across trait correlation estimates were low to medium with the exception of high direct genetic and permanent environmental correlations between WW and YW. The genetic antagonism between direct and maternal effects was also strong (-0.33 to -0.68). The difference between the minimum and maximum direct breeding values was more than 50 kg for both WW and YW, while the variation as well as the annual changes in estimated direct and maternal breeding value for BW were near-zero. The annual changes in direct and maternal breeding value were 0.32 and 0.02 kg I for WW and 0.22 and -0.005 kg for YW, respectively. Whereas the maternal environmental trends were weak, the variation in the direct environmental effects was the highest. Moreover, the mean generation interval was calculated to be 6.7 years, which means that on the average 3.3 generations of selection occurred in a 24-year selection period. During this time span, inbreeding increased to an average of 1.7% in animals bom in 1985. The analysis of data on lactation milk yield, lactation length, Cl and abortion (including stillbirth) rate, collected from dairy cattle of Friesian origin and their Fj, 3/4 and 7/8 crosses with Boran at a University farm, showed that the overall unadjusted mean lactation milk yield, lactation length, Cl and abortion rate were 4,058 kg, 324 days, 437 days and 7.3%, respectively. As a deviation from Friesians, the Fj crosses had -2365 kg, -75 days, and -29 days in lactation yield, lactation length and Cl, respectively. The abortion rate was relatively low (5.5%) in the FI crosses compared with the overall least-squares mean of 8.3%. Heritability and c2- values were 0.08 and 0.24 for lactation yield, 0.0 and 0.20 for lactation length and 0.0 and 0.02 for Cl, respectively. The effects of environmental factors in particular year effects were highly sign ficant for all traits. This was related mainly to shortage of feed during years of drought. In the Boran cattle breeding scheme, genetic gain in aggregate breeding value was 0.2% of the mean WW (169 kg) per year. This low response desjiite the good opportunity for selection was mainly due to selection on the basis of phenotypic performance, colour and conformation and also due to the high! genetic antagonism between maternal and direct genetic effects. Finally, it is recommended that improvement through breeding of indigenous as well as of crossbred or grade cattle in Ethiopia should be based on nucleus breeding systems in selected areas. Due to the extreme variations in cattle production systems and access to services, breed improvement programmes have to be flexible and carefully planned. CONTENTS Page PUBLICATIONS INCLUDED IN THE THESIS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON CATTLE PRODUCTION 4 I. Cattle Production Systems 4 II. Cattle Breeding Activities 5 III. Major Constraints 7 SUMMARY OF THE PAPERS INCLUDED 8 I. Productivity of Boran cattle and their Friesian crosses at Abemossa 8 Ranch, Rift Valley of Ethiopia. I. Reproductive performance and pre-weaning mortality. II. Productivity of Boran cattle and their Friesian crosses at Abemossa 10 Ranch, Rift Valley of Ethiopia. II. Growth performance. III. Estimates of direct and maternal (co)variance components of growth 11 traits in Boran cattle. IV. Estimates of genetic and environmental trends of growth traits in 12 Boran cattle. V. Genetic and environmental effects on age at first calving and calving 13 interval of naturally bred Boran (zebu) cows in Ethiopia. VI. Genetic and environmental effects on performance of dairy cattle 14 of Friesian origin and their Boran (zebu) crosses at Alemaya, Ethiopia. GENERAL DISCUSSION 16 I. Improving Beef Production 16 1. Introduction 16 2. Planning a selection scheme 17 3. Crossbreeding for beef or for dairy and beef as a by-product 23 II. Improving Milk Production 24 1. Introduction 24 2. Production of crossbred heifers 25 3. Improving crossbred or grade cattle populations 26 CONCLUDING REMARKS 29 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 31 REFERENCES 32 SUPPLEMENT: Publications I-VI I PUBLICATIONS INCLUDED IN THE THESIS The present thesis is based on the following publications, which will be referred to by roman numerals I to VI. I. Haile-Mariam, M., Banjaw, K., Gebre-Meskel, T. and Ketema, H. 1993. Productivity of Boran cattle and their Friesian crosses at Abemossa Ranch, Rift Valley of Ethiopia. I. Reproductive performance and pre-weaning mortality. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod. 25:239-248. II. Banjaw, K. and Haile-Mariam, M. 1994. Productivity of Boran cattle and their Friesian crosses at Abemossa Ranch, Rift Valley of Ethiopia. II. Growth performance. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod. 26:49-57. III. Haile-Mariam, M. and Kassa-Mersha, H. 1994. Estimates of direct and maternal (co)variance components of growth traits in Boran cattle. Accepted for publ. J. Anim. Breed, and Genet. IV. Haile-Mariam, M. and Philipsson, J. 1994. Estimates of genetic and environmental trends of growth traits in Boran cattle. To be submitted. V. Haile-Mariam, M. and Kassa-Mersha, H. 1994. Genetic and environmental effects on age at first calving and calving interval of naturally bred Boran (zebu) cows in Ethiopia. Anim. Prod. 58:329-334. VI. Haile-Mariam, M. 1994. Genetic and environmental effects on performance of dairy cattle of Friesian origin and their Boran (zebu) crosses at Alemaya, Ethiopia. To be submitted. 1 INTRODUCTION Ethiopia, with its about 30 million head ranks first in Africa and eighth in the world with regard to the size of its cattle population. For the 3.7 million cows milked, the average yield is estimated to be about 206 kg per year. The average cattle off-take is 7.4% per annum with an average dressed carcass weight of 110 kg (FAO, 1992). Though their productivity in terms of milk and beef are low, cattle play a significant role in the economy of the country by providing hides, draught power and manure for fuel and fertilizer. In Ethiopia unfavourable climatic conditions and the large cattle population contribute to scarcity of feed, overgrazing, frequent drought and high incidence of animal diseases, etc. In addition, socio-economic factors including lack of infrastructure and organisational problems limit productivity and the provision of services and marketing as well as transfer of technology.
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