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Recherche D Indices De Vie Sur Mars THÈSE de doctorat de L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DENIS DIDEROT (Paris 7) École doctorale des Sciences de l’Environnement d’Ile de France Présentée par Fabien STALPORT le vendredi 30 novembre 2007 SPÉCIALITÉ : Chimie de la Pollution Atmosphérique et Physique de l’Environnement Recherche d’indices de vie sur Mars : détermination de signatures spécifiques de biominéraux et étude expérimentale de l’évolution de molécules organiques dans des conditions environnementales martiennes tel-00274870, version 1 - 21 Apr 2008 Commission d’examen composée de : Michel DELAMAR Professeur, Univ. Paris 7 Président Max BERNSTEIN Directeur de recherche, NASA Rapporteur François POULET Astronome-Adjoint, IAS Rapporteur Sylvestre MAURICE Astronome, CESR Examinateur Cyril SZOPA Maître de conférences, Univ. Paris 6 Codirecteur de thèse Patrice COLL Maître de conférences, Univ. Paris 7 Directeur de thèse Alain PERSON Maître de conférences, Univ. Paris 6 Invité Francis ROCARD Astrophysicien, CNES Invité Université Paris 7, Université Paris 12 et CNRS (UMR 7583) Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 CRETEIL Cedex tel-00274870, version 1 - 21 Apr 2008 tel-00274870, version 1 - 21 Apr 2008 tel-00274870, version 1 - 21 Apr 2008 REMERCIEMENTS : Figure 0 : Signe du destin ? Source : Image de la collection « les Crados », sorti dans les cours de récréation de primaire en 1989, que j’ai âprement gagné lors d’un duel d’images épique, pleins de rebondissements et de suspenses. Un jour de classe préparatoire, ma maîtresse d’école me mis entre mes petites mains un livre sur les espèces fossiles, telles que les dinosaures et les reptiles mammaliens. Certes je ne comprenais pas tous les mots, mais j’eus à l’instant une profonde fascination lorsque je découvris les représentations artistiques de ces « reptiles terribles » surdimensionnés. C’est alors que durant toutes mes années de collégien et de lycéen, je me mis à m’intéresser de plus en plus à ces espèces disparues, aux fossiles qu’elles avaient laissés, aux premiers organismes vivants et à l’origine de la vie sur Terre. Tout naturellement, j’ai donc entrepris de suivre à l’université des études de géologie traitant de l’histoire passée de la Terre. Durant mon année de maîtrise, je fis alors une rencontre impromptue et providentielle. Par une nuit étoilée, un grand homme grand (par la taille et par l’esprit) tel-00274870, version 1 - 21 Apr 2008 me mis une main sur l’épaule et me dit « tu vois ce point rouge, c’est Mars ». Il me raconta son histoire, certes brièvement, mais suffisamment pour titiller ma curiosité : cette planète aurait pu, dans un lointain passé, abriter des formes de vie. L’idée était alors d’en rechercher d’éventuelles traces, autrement dit rechercher des « fossiles martiens ». J’ai donc accompagné cet homme en DEA, puis en thèse, autant d’années durant lesquelles j’ai pris un immense plaisir à apprendre et à travailler à ces côtés. A cet homme, Patrice Coll, j’adresse un très grand merci. Tout d’abord, merci de m’avoir proposé ce sujet, hautement stimulant, que je me suis entièrement approprié. Merci pour sa confiance et la marge de liberté énorme qu’il m’a laissé. Merci également pour sa patience que j’ai (parfois ?) mise à rude épreuve. Et enfin merci pour ces nombreuses qualités humaines (et sportives), merci à une personne que je considère comme mon père spirituel. J’adresse également un autre très grand merci à une autre personne que j’estime énormément, qui m’a épaulé durant ces années et que je considère comme un ami : Cyril Szopa. J’ai également pris beaucoup de plaisir à travailler et à apprendre à ses côtés et je le remercie pour son infime patience, son apport et son soutien tant professionnel que personnel. Merci aux membres du jury, Max Bernstein, François Poulet, Sylvestre Maurice, Michel Delamar, Francis Rocard et Alain Person pour avoir accepté de lire ce manuscrit afin d’en juger les qualités et les défauts malgré les délais un peu courts qui leur furent accordés. A ce même Alain Person, j’adresse tous mes remerciements pour sa disponibilité. Il m’a beaucoup appris, toujours de la manière la plus intéressante et la plus compréhensible possible. Mille mercis à Marie Josèphe Vaulay et Patrick Ausset qui m’ont énormément aidé pour les différentes analyses de mes échantillons. Merci également à Michel Cabane qui fut l’un de mes premiers « chefs » en DEA et qui a toujours gardé un œil attentif sur l’avancement de mes travaux. Toutes ces années de thèse n’auraient pas été aussi agréables sans la bonne ambiance et la bonne humeur quotidiennes du GPCOS instaurées, que dis-je, imposées par tous ses membres, qui rendent le travail plus facile et convivial. Ils m’ont, chacun leur tour et quand j’en avais besoin, apporté le petit coup de pouce qui fait avancer : merci à François Raulin, Yves Benilan, Nicolas Fray (même s’il me fait un peu peur), Marie-Claire Gazeau, Robert Sternberg (à qui je dois un resto), Murielle Jérome, Hervé Cottin, Antoine Jolly, Eric Hébrard (que j’ai un tout petit peu enquiquiné pour des questions administratives), Yuan Yong Guan, Frédérique Macari, Marc David, Caroline Freissinet (qui m’a beaucoup trop enquiquiné), Franck Mettetal, Loïc Soldani, Claire Romanzin, Thomas Ferradaz et un ancien GPCOSien David Coscia. D’une manière générale, je remercie les membres du LISA pour leur aide à petite comme à grande échelle, et tout particulièrement Aline Gratien (qui m’a très souvent rendu service). Merci également au CEREVE pour avoir fournit durant toutes ses années des chercheurs-joueurs de football de qualité à affronter durant nos matchs d’anthologie LISA-CEREVE. Tous mes remerciements vont aussi à mes parents et à ma sœur qui ont toujours soutenus mes choix universitaires, qui se sont montrés patients pour me voir quand j’étais complètement immergé dans mon travail et qui ont su me tirer vers le haut dans mes moments de doutes. Merci aussi à tous les membres de ma famille qui ont (quasi)tous assisté à ma soutenance et surtout qui ont organisé mon pot de thèse comme de vrais professionnels. Je remercie l’ensemble de mes amis : Louis, Guillaume C., Guillaume « le tel-00274870, version 1 - 21 Apr 2008 toulousain », Thomas S., Thomas O., Thomas L., Kamel, Adrien et Paul qui ont régulièrement pris des nouvelles sur l’avancement de ma thèse et ont su parfaitement me faire penser à autre chose que le boulot quand le besoin s’en faisait ressentir. Merci également à ceux que j’aurais pu oublié (qu’ils se manifestent s’ils s’estiment lésés). Pour terminer, je consacre ces dernières lignes pour remercier, comme il se doit, Carole qui a été à mes côtés durant toute la rédaction de ce manuscrit et la préparation de ma soutenance (sa présence a été importante) et qui, aujourd’hui encore, arrive à me supporter et à rester à mes côtés. Préambule ................................................................................................................. 1 Preamble ................................................................................................................... 3 Chapitre 1 : Mars, un objet d’intérêt exobiologique ? ........................................... 5 1. Notion de zone habitable..................................................................................... 6 2. Comparaison Terre - Mars .................................................................................. 8 3. Conditions environnementales actuelles à la surface de Mars.......................... 10 4. Un environnement passé favorable à la vie ?.................................................... 11 4.1. De l’eau liquide sur Mars ........................................................................ 12 4.1.1. Ecoulements fluviatiles................................................................. 12 4.1.2. Dépôts sédimentaires .................................................................. 14 4.1.3. Les restes d’un ancien océan ...................................................... 16 4.1.4. Enregistrements minéralogiques.................................................. 17 4.1.5. Histoire de l’eau sur Mars ............................................................ 19 4.2. Sources de matière organique................................................................ 21 4.3. Sources d’énergie................................................................................... 22 5. L’hypothèse de la vie sur Mars.......................................................................... 24 5.1. La vie sur Mars aujourd’hui..................................................................... 24 5.2. Indices d’une vie passée......................................................................... 26 5.3. Du méthane sur Mars ............................................................................. 30 6. Conclusion relative à la présence de vie passée et/ou présente sur Mars ........ 33 7. Quels indices de vie rechercher sur Mars ? ...................................................... 35 8. Sélection des indices de vie liés à ces travaux.................................................. 37 9. Bibliographie...................................................................................................... 38 tel-00274870, version 1 - 21 Apr 2008 Chapitre 2 : Les biominéraux et la recherche d’activité biologique sur Mars... 47 1. Biominéralisation : principes et concepts des matériaux bioinorganiques......... 51 1.1. Définitions d’un biominéral et de la biominéralisation ............................. 51 1.2. Apparition et évolution de la biominéralisation.......................................
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