A Seminar Paper on PANDEMIC COVID-19
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A Seminar paper on PANDEMIC COVID-19: PRESENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES IN BANGLADESH Course Title: Seminar Course Code: PBL 598 Summer-2020 SUBMITTED TO Course Instructors Major Professor Dr. A. K. M. Aminul Islam Professor Dr. Md. Taimur Islam Dr. Md. MizanurRahman Associate Professor & Head Professor Department of Pathobiology Dr. Dinesh Chandra Shaha BSMRAU, Gazipur Associate Professor Dr. Md. SanaullahBiswas Associate Professor BSMRAU, Gazipur SUBMITTED BY NusratBinteRafique Reg No: 19-05-5305 MS student Department of Pathobiology Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University Salna, Gazipur – 1706 PANDEMIC COVID-19: PRESENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES IN BANGLADESH NUSRAT BINTE RAFIQUE ABSTRACT An outbreak of pandemic (COVID-19) has become a global concern in 2020 which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) and possess a serious threat to human health and the economy of the whole world. Healthcare systems ofmost of the countries have failed to combat against this pandemic disease. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countriesin the world and outbreak of this COVID-19 continues to evolve very rapidly in this country. Bangladesh is struggling with this novel viral disease with inadequate resources. Here, we aimed to describe the present status of COVID-19 and challenges to combat this dreadful disease in Bangladesh. The first case of COVID-19 patient in Bangladesh was detected on March 8, 2020. Bangladesh is the 108th country to declare this case. As of June 30, 2020, a total of 145,483 peoples are officially reported as COVID-19 infected with 1,847 deaths.COVID-19 patients were found in all 64 districts in of the country. Again, print, electronic and social media have reported a series of the cases about suspicious deaths of patients with COVID-19 symptoms which weren’t counted nationally. Among the infected patients 69.2% were male and 31.1% were female. Many challenges are remained to be addressed to fight against this fearsome disease like limited number of test, lack of safety equipment, limited number of health service providers, lack of treatment facilities, community transmission, lack of public awareness, effects of economy of the country, disparity in education, large number of rohingya refuges, struggling of transgender, impact on tourism, fall down restaurant businessetc. Though the country has limited resources,the government has taken various steps to control this pandemic the epidemic such as travel bans, remote office activities, regional lockdown, diagnosis of the suspected cases, quarantine of doubted people isolation of infected patients, increase public awareness and enforce social distancing. Moreover, the government has announced several financial stimulus packages. Along with the government, private, autonomous, non-government organizations, researchers, scientists, doctors, industrialists and international organizations have to work together to mitigate this highly contagious disease. [i] LIST OF CONTENTS SL. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO. 01 ABSTRACT i 02 LIST OF CONTENTS ii 03 LIST OF TABLES ii 04 LIST OF FIGURES iv 05 INTRODUCTION 1-2 06 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 07 REVIEW OF FINDINGS 4-22 08 CONCLUSIONS 23 09 REFERENCES 23-27 [ii] LIST OF TABLES SL. TABLE NAME PAGE NO. NO. 01 Coronavirus cases in South Asia 4 02 Division wise distribution of reported confirmed COVID-19 cases 6 03 Isolation and quarantine parameter of COVID-19 patients 8 04 Division wise laboratory number for COVID-19 test 10 05 PPE stock from 22 June -29 June 11 06 Division wise coronavirus treatment facilities 16 [iii] LIST OF FIGURES SL. NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO. 01 Monthly distribution of reported confirmed COVID-19 5 cases, deaths and recovery 02 Weekly COVID-19 confirmed cases 5 03 Gender and age distribution wise COVID-19 confirmed 7 cases 04 Death rate of COVID-19 by age and gender 8 distribution 05 Month wise total COVID-19 case 10 06 Medical team 12 07 The remittance inflows 20 08 COVID-19 impact on weekly flight numbers 21 09 Number of employees at risk of losing service by sector 22 [iv] CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In the last six months, the people across the globe are struggling against a novel coronavirus. The coronaviruses were first identified from the nasal cavities of patients suffered from common cold on mid-1960s (Geller et al., 2012). Coronaviruses are classified under the family Coronaviridae. Coronaviruses have enveloped virions that measure 120nm in diameter. Coronaviruses got their name from the way that they look under a microscope. The virus consists of a core of genetic material enclosed by an envelope with protein spikes. This gives it appearance of a crown. The word Corona means “crown” in Latin (Masters PSet al.,2013). A group of patients of pneumonia with unknown cause were reported for the first time in the Wuhan city of Hubei Province in China in December, 2019 (Zhuet al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020; Peeriet al., 2020; Kraemer et al., 2020). The primary symptoms were fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgia or fatigue, headache, hemoptysis, diarrhea and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (Haunget al., 2020; Jiang et al., 2020).Chinese health authorities identified that those cases were caused by a novel coronavirus (Lu et al.,2020). The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCC) has confirmed the causative agent from throat swab samples on January 7, 2020 and named the pathogen as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Shohrabiet al., 2020). Again, World Health Organization (WHO) named this disease as coronavirus disease (Shohrabiet al., 2020). It has been reported that the virus could have spread from an infected animal to humans through unlawfully trafficked pangolins, prized in Asia for food and medicine (Lu H, Stratton CWet al., 2020). Experts have pointed to either bats or snakes as possible sources (WHO, 2020). The WHO declared the virus a pandemic on March 11 and assumed it was "deeply concerned by the alarming levels of blowout and cruelty" of the outbreak. Outside of China the same kind of disease were reported in Thailand, Japan and South Korea in the same month. The WHO recommends basic hygiene such as regularly washing hands with soap and water, and covering the mouth with elbow when sneezing or coughing. Maintain "social distancing" - keeping at least 1.8 meters (six feet) between person to person and avoid touching face, eyes and mouth with [1] unwashed hands.Avoid unnecessary, undefended contact with animals and be sure to carefully wash hands after contact (WHO,2020b). Common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and loss of sense of smell. Difficulties may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome(Moses R. COVID-19). The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days but may range from two to fourteen days(CDCC, 2019). There is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for this pandemic disease. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated country(170 million people in 147,000 sq.km), with limitedhealth care systems and the poor economy. Recently, Bangladesh's economy is growing well with a GDP growth rate of more than 7.5%. However, about 20% of the total population is poor. Because of the rapid spread of the COVID-19, Bangladesh's economy has started fortaking a big hit. Regional shutdown has already suspended all economic activities except agriculture and made thousands of employments at risk. International trade orders, mainly in ready-made garments industries, are being greatly canceled. The Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) used to carry out all the tests. But presently about 68 other laboratories are performing coronavirus tests in and outside the capital. An estimated 20% of cases lead to clinically in serious conditions. With some sporadic cases of serious illness in younger individuals, adults >60 years of age and with co- morbid conditions make up the most vulnerable group (WHO,2020b). Keeping these considerations in view, the present study was aimed to focuses on the following objectives: To investigate the present status of COVID-19 in Bangladesh To find out the major challenges for combating against pandemic COVID-19 [2] CHAPTER II MATERIALS AND METHODS This seminar paper is exclusively a review paper. All data and information are adopted as asecondary data. It has been prepared by reviewing the various articles published in different books, proceedings, abstracts, review papers, journals etc. available in the library of BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahman Agricultural University, Gazipur. For collecting recent information, I visited different websites through internet. The necessarythoughts, ideas, facts and findings has been collected through internet searching and incorporatedwith the body of the seminar. I prepared this paper in consultation with my learned majorprofessor, and other concerned experts. After collecting necessary information, it has beencompiled and arranged chronologically for better understanding and clarification. [3] CHAPTERIII RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pandemic COVID-19 is the describing the global health crisis of our time and the highest challenge we have faced since World War Two. The pandemic is much more than a health crisis, it’s also an unprecedented socio-economic crisis. As of June 30,2020, it affected 10,573,959 people with 529,127 deathsand 6,125,486 people were recovered within the whole world. In the South Asian region, the pandemicCOVID-19