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World Orthodoxy

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World Orthodoxy World Orthodoxy Content 1 World Orthodox Churches. 1.1 The Autocephalous Churches. 1.1.1 The Church of Constantinople 1.1.2. The Church of Alexandria 1.1.3. The Church of Antioch 1.1.4. The Church of Jerusalem 1.1.5. The Church of Russia (Moscow Patriarchate) 1.1.6. The Church of Georgia 1.1.7. The Church of Serbia 1.1.8. The Church of Romania 1.1.9. The Church of Bulgaria 1.1.10. The Church of Cyprus 1.1.11. The Church of Greece 1.1.12. The Church of Albania 1.1.13. The Church of Poland 1.1.14. The Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia 1.1.15. The Orthodox Church in America 1.2. The Autonomous Orthodox Churches 1.2.1. The Church of Sinai 1.2.2. The Church of Finland 1.2.3. The Church of Estonia 1.2.4. The Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe 1.2.5. The Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America 1.2.6. The Church of Japan 1.2.7. The Church of China 1.2.8. The Latvian Orthodox Church 1.2.9. The Moldovan Orthodox Church 1.2.10. The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 1.2.11. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 1.2.12. The Estonian Orthodox Church 1.2.13. The Byelorussian Exarchate 1.2.14. The Archdiocese of Ohrid 1.2.15. The Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia 1.2.16. The Russian Orthodox Church in America 1.1 The Autocephalous Churches. There are 15 Autocephalous (self-governing) and 4 Autonomous (self-ruling) Orthodox Churches around the World. An autocephalous church possesses the right to resolve all internal problems on its own authority and the ability to choose its own bishops, including the Patriarch, Archbishop or Metropolitan who heads the church. While each autocephalous church acts independently, they all remain in full sacramental and canonical communion with one another. Today these autocephalous Orthodox churches include the four ancient Eastern Patriarchates (Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem), and ten other Orthodox churches that have emerged over the centuries in Russia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, Cyprus, Greece, Poland, Albania, and the Czech and Slovak Republics. On its own initiative, the Patriarchate of Moscow has granted autocephalous status to most of its parishes in North America under the name of the Orthodox Church in America. But since the Patriarchate of Constantinople claims the exclusive right to grant autocephalous status, it and most other Orthodox churches do not recognize the autocephaly of the American church. Nine of these autocephalous churches are Patriarchates: Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, Russia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Georgia. The others are headed by an Archbishop or Metropolitan. A list of all the Autocephalous Churches is given below: - The Church of Constantinople - The Church of Alexandria - The Church of Antioch - The Church of Jerusalem - The Church of Russia - The Church of Georgia - The Church of Serbia - The Church of Romania - The Church of Bulgaria - The Church of Cyprus - The Church of Greece - The Church of Albania - The Church of Poland - The Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia - The Orthodox Church in America (OCA) 1.1.1 The Church of Constantinople The Church of Constantinople (The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople) is one of the fourteen autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches. It is headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch, who has the status of "first among equals" among the world's Orthodox bishops. According to tradition, it has its roots in the preaching of the Apostle Andrew in Constantinople (then Byzantium) in AD 38. Its current leader is Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I. Christianity in Byzantium existed from the time of the Twelve Apostles, but it was in the year 330 that the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great moved his imperial capital to the small Greek town of Byzantium, renaming it Nova Roma. From that time, the importance of the church there grew, along with the influence of its bishop. Prior to the moving of the imperial capital, the bishop of Byzantium had been under the authority of the metropolitan of Ephesus, but beginning in the 4th century, he grew to become independent in his own right. With the development of the hierarchical structure of the Church, the bishop of Constantinople came to be styled as exarch (a position superior to metropolitan), and then later as patriarch (the position into which the title of exarch developed), having administrative jurisdiction over all the bishops within his patriarchate. The Church of Constantinople has functioned for centuries as the church responsible for guiding and preserving the worldwide unity of the family of self-governing Orthodox Churches, also referred to as the Ecumenical Patriarchate.. The local churches of the Ecumenical Patriarchate consist of six archdioceses, eight churches, and 18 metropolises, each of which reports directly to the Patriarch of Constantinople with no intervening authority. In addition, three of the six archdioceses have internal metropolises (17 in all), which are part of their respective archdioceses rather than distinct administrative entities, unlike the other metropolises. Two of the churches of the patriarchate are autonomous, the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Estonian Orthodox Church. 1.1.2. The Church of Alexandria The Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria, also known as the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches. It is sometimes called the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria to distinguish it from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, and in Egypt members of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate were also known as Melkite, because they remained in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople after the schism that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Since the schism occurring as a result of the political and Christological controversies at the Council of Chalcedon (451), the portion of the Church of Alexandria loyal to Chalcedonian Christology has liturgically been Greek-speaking, the majority of its native (i.e., Coptic) population and their modern descendants becoming a part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (i.e., non- Chalcedonian). After the Arab conquest of North Africa in the 7th century the Eastern Orthodox were a minority even among Christians, and remained small for centuries. In recent years, a considerable missionary effort was enacted by Pope Petros VII. During his seven years as patriarch (1997-2004), he worked tirelessly to spread the Orthodox Christian faith in Arab nations and throughout Africa, raising up native clergy and encouraging the use of local languages in the liturgical life of the Church. Particularly sensitive to the nature of Christian expansion into Muslim countries, he worked to promote mutual understanding and respect between Orthodox Christians and Muslims. His efforts were ended as the result of a helicopter crash on September 11, 2004, in the Aegean Sea near Greece, killing him and several other clergy, including Bishop Nectarios of Madagascar, another bishop with a profound missionary vision. Today, some 300,000 Greek Christians constitute the Patriarchate of Alexandria in Egypt, the highest number since the Roman Empire. The current primate of the Greek Church of Alexandria is Theodoros II, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa. 1.1.3. The Church of Antioch The Church of Antioch is one of the five Christian churches that composed the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church before the East-West Schism(in 1054). The Church traces its origins to the Christian community founded in Antioch by the Apostles St. Peter and St. Paul. It later became one of the five major patriarchates of early Christianity. In the Bible, Acts 11:19-26 states that the Christian community at Antioch began when Christians who were scattered from Judea because of persecution went to Antioch. They were joined by Christians from Cyprus and Cyrene who migrated to Antioch. It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first referred to as Christians. The seat of the patriarchate was formerly Antioch, in what is now Turkey. However, in the 15th century, it was moved to Syria in response to the Ottoman invasion. The patriarchate of Antioch is claimed by at least five major Eastern Christian churches, three of which- the Melkite, Syriac, and Maronite Catholic churches- are in communion with the Catholic Church and thus recognize each other's claims. The Antiochian Orthodox Church belongs to the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Syriac Orthodox Church is a member of the Oriental Orthodox Communion. The five branches are: the Antiochian Orthodox Church, the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, the Maronite Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church also claimed the patriarchate and appointed titular Latin rite patriarchs for many centuries until it renounced those claims in 1964. In 466, the Church of Antioch elevated the bishop of Mtskheta to the rank of Catholicos of Kartli, thus rendering the Church of Georgia autocephalous. 1.1.4. The Church of Jerusalem The Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, also known as the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, is a member of the Eastern Orthodox Communion. It is regarded by Orthodox Christians as the mother church of all of Christendom, because it was in Jerusalem that the Church was established on the day of Pentecost with the descent of the Holy Spirit on the disciples of Jesus Christ (Acts 2:1-41). From Jerusalem the Gospel of Christ was spread to the world. This church is part of the universal Eastern Orthodox Church. It is also often called the "Church of Zion". The Church of Jerusalem was declared a patriarchate with primacy in its area (over the claims of the bishop of Caesarea) at the Quinisext Council (the council "in Trullo" 692), which established the canons of the Sixth Ecumenical Council .
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