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Africa Yearbook

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Africa Yearbook AFRICA YEARBOOK AFRICA YEARBOOK Volume 9 Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2012 EDITED BY ANDREAS MEHLER HENNING MELBER KLAAS VAN WALRAVEN SUB-EDITOR ROLF HOFMEIER LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Buyers of this book get free access to the Africa Yearbook Volume 9 E-Book. Please visit and register at booksandjournals.brillonline.com and activate your content subscription under My Account by using token code AfrYb9H20P13pES23398. ISSN 1871-2525 ISBN 978-90-04-25599-9 (paperback) ISBN 978-90-04-25600-2 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents i. Preface ........................................................................................................... vii ii. List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................... ix iii. Factual Overview ........................................................................................... xiii I. Sub-Saharan Africa (Andreas Mehler, Henning Melber & Klaas van Walraven) ...................................................................................................... 1 II. United Nations and Sub-Saharan Africa (Valerio Bosco) .............................. 17 III. African-European Relations (Mark Furness) ................................................ 31 IV. West Africa (Klaas van Walraven) ................................................................ 47 Benin (Eric Komlavi Hahonou) ..................................................................... 59 Burkina Faso (Alexander Stroh) .................................................................... 67 Cape Verde (Gerhard Seibert) ....................................................................... 75 Côte d’Ivoire (Bruno Losch) .......................................................................... 81 Gambia (Alice Bellagamba) ........................................................................... 91 Ghana (Kwesi Aning & Nancy Annan) ........................................................... 97 Guinea (Anita Schroven) ................................................................................ 107 Guinea-Bissau (Christoph Kohl) .................................................................... 115 Liberia (Lansana Gberie) .............................................................................. 123 Mali (Martin van Vliet) .................................................................................. 131 Mauritania (Claes Olsson & Helena Olsson) ................................................. 139 Niger (Klaas van Walraven) .......................................................................... 147 Nigeria (Heinrich Bergstresser) .................................................................... 157 Senegal (Vincent Foucher) ............................................................................ 175 Sierra Leone (Krijn Peters) ............................................................................ 187 Togo (Dirk Kohnert) ...................................................................................... 195 V. Central Africa (Andreas Mehler) ................................................................... 203 Cameroon (Fanny Pigeaud) ........................................................................... 211 Central African Republic (Andreas Mehler) .................................................. 219 Chad (Han van Dijk) ...................................................................................... 227 vi • Contents Congo (Brett L. Carter) ................................................................................ 235 Democratic Republic of the Congo (Claudia Simons) .................................. 241 Equatorial Guinea (Alicia Campos) .............................................................. 255 Gabon (Douglas A. Yates) ............................................................................ 261 São Tomé and Príncipe (Gerhard Seibert) ................................................... 269 VI. Eastern Africa (Rolf Hofmeier) ..................................................................... 275 Burundi (Stef Vandeginste) ........................................................................... 291 Comoros (Rolf Hofmeier) ............................................................................. 301 Djibouti (Rolf Hofmeier) ............................................................................... 309 Eritrea (Nicole Hirt) ...................................................................................... 315 Ethiopia (Jon Abbink) ................................................................................... 325 Kenya (Nic Cheeseman) ............................................................................... 337 Rwanda (Susan Thomson) ............................................................................ 351 Seychelles (Rolf Hofmeier) ........................................................................... 363 Somalia (Jon Abbink) ................................................................................... 369 South Sudan (Peter Woodward) ................................................................... 381 Sudan (Peter Woodward) ............................................................................. 389 Tanzania (Kurt Hirschler & Rolf Hofmeier) ................................................. 401 Uganda (Volker Weyel) ................................................................................. 415 VII. Southern Africa (Henning Melber) ............................................................... 427 Angola (Jon Schubert) .................................................................................. 439 Botswana (David Sebudubudu & Maitseo Bolaane) .................................... 451 Lesotho (Roger Southall) .............................................................................. 459 Madagascar (Richard R. Marcus) ................................................................. 465 Malawi (Tiyesere Mercy Chikapa-Jamali & Lewis B. Dzimbiri) ................. 473 Mauritius (Klaus-Peter Treydte) ................................................................... 481 Mozambique (Joseph Hanlon) ..................................................................... 487 Namibia (Henning Melber) ........................................................................... 497 South Africa (Sanusha Naidu) ...................................................................... 507 Swaziland (John Daniel & Marisha Ramdeen) ............................................ 521 Zambia (Henning Melber) ............................................................................ 527 Zimbabwe (Amin Y. Kamete) ........................................................................ 537 List of Authors ...................................................................................................... 549 Preface In May 2003, the Africa-Europe Group of Interdisciplinary Studies (AEGIS) encouraged some of its member institutions to publish an Africa Yearbook with a wider international appeal. The African Studies Centre in Leiden (ASC), the Institute of African Affairs in Hamburg (IAA) and the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala (NAI) – all very active AEGIS centres sharing similar profiles – accepted this challenge and their joint efforts first bore fruit in the initial volume of the series in 2004. In 2007, the Dag Hammarskjöld Founda- tion in Uppsala (DHF) joined this international project, while the NAI ended its involve- ment with the fifth volume, published in 2009. For this current volume, Rolf Hofmeier once again joined us as sub-editor for the Eastern Africa section. We have always valued his solid input and remain grateful for his reliable services. The country-specific articles cover domestic politics, foreign affairs and socioeco- nomic developments in the states of sub-Saharan Africa during the calendar year under review. While we recognise the impossibility of finding fully objective indicators for the relative importance of each of the states covered by the Yearbook, the length of the country-specific articles aims to reflect the approximate weight of each country. The four sub-regions are also introduced by means of an overview article. Further overviews sum- marise general continental developments, European-African relations and the United Nations and Africa. The Yearbook is based on scholarly work, but is oriented towards a wider target reader- ship, including students, politicians, diplomats, administrators, journalists, teachers, prac- titioners in the sphere of development cooperation and business people. Without forcing the individual contributions too much into a straitjacket, the volume is primarily con- cerned with providing factual (though not necessarily neutral) information.
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