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Mr. Albert C. Lo, Chairperson (Richmond, British Columbia) Ms. Lillian Nakamura Maguire, Vice-Chair

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Mr. Albert C. Lo, Chairperson (Richmond, British Columbia) Ms. Lillian Nakamura Maguire, Vice-Chair Directions Vol 5 No 1 / vol 5, no 1 Guest Editor/Éditorialiste invitée Marie Battiste Ed.M., Ed.D., LL.D., D.H.L. (h.c.) Editorial Advisory Panel/Comité consultatif de rédaction Agnes Calliste*, Ph.D. Associate Professor, St. Francis Xavier University (Antigonish, Nova Scotia) Jean-Claude Icart*, professionnel de recherche, Centre de recherche sur l'immigration, l'ethnicité et la citoyenneté (CRIEC, UQAM), (Montréal, Québec) Inez Elliston, Ph.D. (Unionville, Ontario) David Este*, Ph.D. McGill, University Montreal, Quebec Jo-Anne Lee*, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University of Victoria, (Victoria, British Columbia) Wanda Thomas Bernard*, Ph.D. Dalhousie, University Halifax, Nova Scotia Karihwakeron Tim Thompson*, President and CEO - First Nations Technical Institute (Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, Ontario) Sharon Venne*, Chief Negotiator for the Akaitcho Dene (Enoch, Alberta) Mathew Zachariah, Ph.D. (Professor Emeritus, Calgary, Alberta) *Research Advisory Panel Members Executive Director/Directeur général Ayman Al-Yassini, Ph.D. Managing Editor/Directrice-rédactrice en chef Anne Marrian (Programs Director, Community Support and Knowledge Base) CRRF staff/Personnel de la FCRR Sandra Carnegie-Douglas (Program Director CRRF Board of Directors/Conseil d’administration de la FCRR –Policy & Special Projects) Daniel Chong (Finance & Administration Director) Mr. Albert C. Lo, Chairperson Ms. Toni Silberman Erin Dowe (Receptionist/Office Assistant)) (Leave of Absence) Dominique Etienne (Senior Social Development Officer) (Richmond, British Columbia) (Toronto, Ontario) Patrick Hunter (Communications Director) Maggie Lewis (Library & Information Intern) Ms. Lillian Nakamura Maguire, Ms. Nazanin Afshin-Jam Meg Mochizuki (Executive Secretary) Sandy Yep (Director of Education & Training) Vice-Chair (Vancouver, British Columbia) Sharry Zoubi (Receptionist/Office Assistant) (Whitehorse, Yukon) Production Management/Direction de la production Ms. Marge Nainaar Trevor Smith Mr. Lyn Q. Chow (Prince Albert, Saskatchewan) Translation/Traduction (Calgary, Alberta) Lise J. Roy, traductrice agréée Ms. Claudia Patricia Cáceres Cáceres Design & Layout/Conception et mise en page Mr. Roman Melnyk (Québec, Québec) TDSmith Design (Toronto, Ontario) Printed on Canadian-made recycled paper Government Representative w Imprimé sur papier canadien recyclé. Mr. Ashraf Ghanem Mr. Andrew Griffith Contact us/Veuillez communiquer avec la : (Fredericton, New Brunswick) (Gatineau, Quebec) Canadian Race Relations Foundation 4576 Yonge Street, Suite 701 Toronto, ON. M2N 6N4 Executive Director NAJC Representative Tel: 416-952-3501 Fax: 416-952-3326 Dr. Ayman Al-Yassini Mr. Art Miki Toll-free tel: 1-888-240-4936 Toll-free fax:1-888-399-0333 email: [email protected] (Toronto, Ontario) (Winnipeg, Manitoba) www.crr.ca Mission… To provide leadership to the building of a national framework for the struggle against racism in Canada. The Foundation will advance understanding of the past and present causes and manifestations of racism. The CRRF will provide independent national leadership and serve as a resource and facilitator in the pursuit of equity, healing, fairness and justice in Canada. The CRRF will contribute to Canada's voice in the international struggle against racism. Founding… The CRRF was established as one part of the 1988 Japanese Canadian Redress Agreement to work at the forefront of efforts to combat racism in Canada. Under the terms of the agreement, the CRRF received a one-time endowment of $24 million. The CRRF has registered charitable status and operates on income derived from investments and donations. The Canadian Race Relations Foundation Act of 1990 was proclaimed by the federal government in October, 1996, and the CRRF opened its doors in November 1997. The CRRF is a crown corporation, working at arm’s length from the federal government. The direction of the CRRF is vested in its Board of Directors, consisting of a chair and other directors across Canada. An executive director manages the CRRF’s day-to-day operations. All are appointed by the federal Cabinet. Vision… To be a leading and authoritative voice and agent in the struggle to eliminate racism in all its forms and to promote a more harmonious Canada. Notre mission… La Fondation s’est engagée à instaurer un réseau national consacré à la lutte contre le racisme dans la société canadienne et à mieux faire comprendre les causes et manifestations passées et actuelles de ce fléau. Elle agit à titre de chef de file indépendant et consacre ses ressources à la poursuite de l’équité, de la guérison, du renouveau et de la justice sociale. La Fondation se fait de plus le porte-parole du Canada en matière de lutte internationale contre le racisme. Historique… Créée à la suite de l’Entente de redressement à l’égard des Canadiens japonais, intervenue en 1988, la Fondation canadienne des relations raciales (FCRR) s’est engagée à être au premier plan des initiatives visant à combattre le racisme et toutes les formes de discrimination raciale au Canada. Conformément aux termes de cette entente, elle a reçu un fonds de dotation de 24 millions de dollars. Enregistrée à titre d’organisme de charité, elle exerce ses activités à l’aide des revenus provenant du fonds de dotation et de la collecte de fonds. La Fondation a été constituée par décret du gouverneur en conseil en octobre 1996 et a débuté officiellement ses activités en novembre 1997. Corporation de la Couronne n’ayant aucun lien de dépendance avec le gouvernement fédéral, elle est dirigée par un conseil d’administration composé d’un président et d’administrateurs représentant les provinces et territoires. Le fonctionnement quotidien de la Fondation est assuré par un directeur général. Tous sont nommés par le gouverneur en conseil. Vision… Agir à titre de chef de file et faire autorité en matière de lutte contre le racisme sous toutes ses formes et contribuer à l’essor d’une société canadienne plus har- monieuse. Library and Archives Canada has catalogued this publication as follows: Données de catalogage avant publication de la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Directions (Canadian Race Relations Foundation) Directions (Fondation canadienne des relations raciales) Directions : research reviews from the Canadian Race Relations Directions : research reviews from the Canadian Race Relations Foundation = Foundation = Directions : comptes rendus préparés par la Fondation Directions : comptes rendus préparés par la Fondation canadienne des relations raciales canadienne des relations raciales. Semiannual. Publication semestrielle Vol. 1, no. 1 (Mar. 2001)- Vol. 1, no. 1 (Mar.2001)- Title from cover. Titre de la page couverture Issues for 2007-have subtitles: research and policy on eliminating racism = Numéros de l’année 2007 – sous-titre : research and policy on eliminating racism = recherche et politique sur l’élimination du racisme. recherche et politiques sur l’élimination du racisme Includes some text in French. Comprend des textes en français Includes bibliographical references. ainsi que des références bibliographiques ISSN 1700-2109 ISSN 170-2109 I. Canadian Race Relations Foundation II. Title: Research reviews I. Canadian Race Relations Foundation. II.. Title : Research reviews from the from the Canadian Race Relations Foundation. III. Title: Comptes rendus Canadian Race Relations Foundation. III. Titre : Comptes rendus préparés par la préparés par la Fondation canadienne des relations raciales. IV. Title : Fondation canadienne des relations raciales. IV. Title : Research and policy on eliminating Research and policy on eliminating racism. V. Title: Recherche et politique racism. V. Titre : Recherche et politiques sur l’élimination du racisme. sur l’élimination du racisme. FC104.D47 2001- 305.8'00971'05 C2001-301214-2 FC104.D47 2001- 305.8’00971’05 C2001-301214-2 The analysis, views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors and may not necessarily reflect the views of the Canadian Race Relations Foundation. Copyright © 2008 by the Canadian Race Relations Foundation Price: $22.50 CDN All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying or by any information storage or retrieval systems without the permission of the publisher. Les analyses, conclusions et opinions exprimées dans cette publication sont celles des collaborateurs et ne sont pas nécessairement partagées par la Fondation canadienne des relations raciales. Droits d’auteurs © 2008 détenus par la Fondation canadienne des relations raciales. Prix : 22,50 $CAN Tous droits réservés. Il est interdit de reproduire ou de transmettre cette publication, en totalité ou en partie, sous aucune forme, mécanique, électronique ou autre, notamment par procédé de photocopie ou par systèmes de mise en mémoire ou de récupération de l’information, sans le consentement exprès de la Fondation. 2 Directions Vol 5 No 1, vol 5, no 1 EDITORIAL FEATURE ARTICLES & PAPERS 4 Editorial Commentary/Éditorial 64 Resistance, Recognition, Respect: Protocol latest attempt to Marie Battiste secure the place of Métis in Canada Résistance, reconnaissance, respect : Le Protocole d’entente, 8 Viewpoint • Point de vue la plus récente tentative visant à assurer la place Len M. Findlay des Métis au Canada Clément Chartier DEPARTMENTS 68 Canaries on Ice: Inuit identity and climate change 16 Books, Art and Poetry • Livres, arts et poésie Les Inuits et le changement climatique : Historical Contributions of Aboriginal Peoples
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