DOCSLIB.ORG

Neural Networks of Human Nature and Nurture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neural Networks of Human Nature and Nurture Neural networks of human nature and nurture DANIEL S. LEVINE* University of Texas at Arlington, U. S. A. Abstract Resumen Neural network methods have facilitated the unifi - Los métodos de redes neuronales han facilitado la cation of several unfortunate splits in psychology, unifi cación de varias desafortunadas divisiones en including nature versus nurture. We review the psicología, incluida la de naturaleza versus crianza. contributions of this methodology and then dis- Se revisan aquí las contribuciones de esta metodo- cuss tentative network theories of caring behavior, logía, para luego examinar las propuestas teóricas of uncaring behavior, and of how the frontal lobes basadas en redes acerca de la conducta de cuidado, are involved in the choices between them. The la conducta de descuido y cómo los lóbulos fronta- implications of our theory are optimistic about les están involucrados en las elecciones entre éstas. the prospects of society to encourage the human Las implicaciones de nuestra teoría son optimistas potential for caring. acerca de los prospectos de la sociedad para forta- Key words: neural networks, nature, nurture, lecer el potencial humano para el cuidado. caring behavior, frontal lobe. Palabras clave: redes neuronales, naturaleza, crianza, conducta de cuidado, lóbulo frontal. The interdependent web est: they have infl uenced the popular culture by promoting a fragmented view of human beings. Nature versus nurture? This is one of the many false Ultimately, such fragmenting of our consciousness splits and dichotomies that have retarded research tends to encourage the development of toxic “us in psychology at different times in its history. Tryon versus them” relationships between people (see (1993, 1995) summed up some of these dichoto- also Papini, 2008). mies as follows: But since about the mid-1980s, there has been a surge of interdisciplinary research fi ndings that (1) Mind vs. Body; (2) Biological (Nature) vs. Envi- promise to heal some of these psychological splits. ronmental (Nurture); (3) Language Learning (Innate The development of modern brain imaging tech- vs. Learned); (4) Subjective vs. Objective; (5) Lear- niques has spurred the growth of cognitive neu- ning vs. Development; (6) Holistic vs. Atomistic; (7) roscience and greater productive collaboration Individual (Ideographic) vs. General (Nomothetic); between experimental psychologists and neuros- (8) Experimental vs. Naturalistic; (9) Awareness vs. cientists. The development of modern computa- Conditioning; (10) Freedom vs. Determinism; (11) tional neural network (or connectionist) techniques Human (Cognitive) vs. Animal (Associative) Learning has fostered a greater understanding of dynamical (Tryon, 1995, p. 303). interconnections among elements and subsystems of the mind. The new disciplines that have emer- Why should we care about these academic dis- ged—cognitive neuroscience and neural network tinctions? They are of more than academic inter- theory—have the potential to infl uence popular * Please send correspondence to: Daniel S. Levine Department of Psychology University of Texas at Arlington. 501 S. Nedderman Drive, Arlington, TX 76019-0528, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. http://www.uta.edu/psychology/faculty/levin. 82Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana/Bogotá (Colombia)/Vol. 26(1)/pp. 82-98/2008/ISSN1794-4724 Neural networks of human nature and nurture culture in ways that promote better mutual un- cognitive neuroscience, is one of the “tunnels” derstanding. between them (for a history and overview, see In particular, biologically relevant and plausible Levine, 2000). Neural networks are mathematical neural networks have helped to heal Tryon’s dicho- and computer models that are composed of simu- tomy (2), namely, nature versus nurture. The naive lated brain regions, or in some cases psychological conventional belief is that a theoretical, quantita- constructs, and connections between those regions tive approach to understanding human personality or constructs. At the same time, the networks are would favor genetic over environmental causes. designed with the goal of achieving with computer But the naive belief is wrong because the brain’s simulations some results that can be interpreted as function is to mediate between the internal world of analogous to some set of behavioral data. the body and the external world of the environment. So how is a “neural network” defi ned? The best And in order to mediate successfully, the brain is defi nition so far, though a very imperfect one, is able to change as a result of experience. As the probably the one developed in 1988 by a team of neural network pioneer Stephen Grossberg put it, neural network experts from a study commissio- “brains self-organize on a relatively fast time scale ned by the United States Department of Defense through development and life-long learning, and do (DARPA): so in response to non-stationary, or rapidly chan- ging, statistical properties of their environments” a neural network is a system composed of many… pro- (Grossberg, 2000, p. 244). cessing elements operating in parallel whose function Neural networks, because they are built on the is determined by network structure, connection streng- mathematics of dynamical systems, treat genetic ths, and the processing performed at computing ele- and environmental infl uences as interacting parts ments or nodes. ... Neural network architectures are of a seamless whole, or as some religions call it, an inspired by the architecture of biological nervous “interdependent web.” Genetics provides behavio- systems, which use many simple processing elements ral tendencies, whereas environments infl uence the operating in parallel... expression of these tendencies. The enhancement or inhibition of any genetic capacity is a function of This defi nition is not completely satisfactory the interaction of inherited temperament and perso- because not all mathematically studied neural nality with experiences. These experiences affect networks can be parceled cleanly into nodes and temperament and personality, and thus behavior, connections: some are studied more as continuous, by altering brain chemistry and structure (see Eisler even chaotic, processes (see, e.g., Freeman, 2003). & Levine, 2002). What do the nodes or elements in the DARPA defi nition mean? Typically, though not always, What neural networks are and are not scientists conceptualize the nodes as large groups of neurons (brain cells). Experiments from neurophy- The “Chunnel” across the English Channel between siology laboratories have suggested that the electri- Britain and France was built from both ends, with cal patterns of single neurons and the biochemistry laser technology used to make them meet in the of the synapses between neurons are irregular in middle. By analogy, if one wants to understand the their organization. But if some irregularities at the biological basis of human behavior, one needs to levels of single neurons and synapses are averaged go back and forth between the biology of the brain out across large groups or brain regions, regular and behavioral functions, and try to get them to connection patterns emerge that are important for “meet in the middle.” behavior. If the biology of the brain is analogous to “Bri- Sometimes nodes correspond to brain areas or tain,” and the psychology of behavior, emotion, specifi c cell types in those brain areas. At other and cognition to “France,” then the growing inter- times, when not enough is known about brain disciplinary fi eld of neural networks, along with processes or when modeling at a functional level Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana/Bogotá (Colombia)/Vol. 26(1)/pp. 82-98/2008/ISSN1794-4724 83 Daniel S. Levine is desired, nodes correspond to cognitive entities learning and conditioning data. The late 1980s and such as the memory of a specifi c word, the tendency early 1990s, buoyed by the interdisciplinary cogni- to approach a specifi c object, or the intensity of a tive science revolution, saw early models of high specifi c emotion. level cognition, including language acquisition, Biologists and clinicians frequently talk in- and its breakdown in various mental disorders. All formally of the “neural networks involved in this these areas are still active, and now a few models or that function,” meaning networks in the actual have appeared in social psychology. By now, while brain: that usage is accurate enough. But what is there is little agreement on the “right” model for inaccurate and misleading is the tendency of some any of these phenomena, the available network researchers to restrict the term “neural network” tools available and empirical knowledge are sophis- to a particular type of network structure that has ticated enough that practically any area of psycho- become popular. These structures are multilayer logy, whether cognitive, behavioral, physiological, (usually three-layer) feedforward networks that social, developmental, or clinical, is amenable to learn prescribed responses from a set of training neural network modeling. data (Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986). Such net- works are often called back propagation networ- Variability of human behavior ks because learning takes place by propagation of changes in connection weights back from the By now there is considerable neurophysiological output nodes of the network to other nodes re- evidence that strengths of many synapses between presenting stored input pattern categories. Back pairs of neurons change when the neurons on both propagation networks
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Masakazu Konishi
    Masakazu Konishi BORN: Kyoto, Japan February 17, 1933 EDUCATION: Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, B.S. (1956) Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, M.S. (1958) University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D. (1963) APPOINTMENTS: Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Tübingen, Germany (1963–1964) Postdoctoral Fellow, Division of Experimental Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institut, Munich, Germany (1964–1965) Assistant Professor of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison (1965–1966) Assistant Professor of Biology, Princeton University (1966–1970) Associate Professor of Biology, Princeton University (1970–1975) Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology (1975– 1980) Bing Professor of Behavioral Biology, California Institute of Technology (1980– ) HONORS AND AWARDS (SELECTED): Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1979) Member, National Academy of Sciences (1985) President, International Society for Neuroethology (1986—1989) F. O. Schmitt Prize (1987) International Prize for Biology (1990) The Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award, Brandeis University (2004) Edward M. Scolnick Prize in Neuroscience, MIT (2004) Gerard Prize, the Society for Neuroscience (2004) Karl Spencer Lashley Award, The American Philosophical Society (2004) The Peter and Patricia Gruber Prize in Neuroscience, The Society for Neuroscience (2005) Masakazu (Mark) Konishi has been one of the leaders in avian neuroethology since the early 1960’s. He is known for his idea that young birds initially remember a tutor song and use the memory as a template to guide the development of their own song. He was the fi rst to show that estrogen prevents programmed cell death in female zebra fi nches. He also pioneered work on the brain mechanisms of sound localization by barn owls. He has trained many students and postdoctoral fellows who became leading neuroethologists.
    [Show full text]
  • The Limbic System Conception and Its Historical Evolution
    Review Article TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 2427–2440 ISSN 1537-744X; doi:10.1100/2011/157150 The Limbic System Conception and Its Historical Evolution Marcelo R. Roxo,1, 2 Paulo R. Franceschini,1, 2 Carlos Zubaran,3, 4 Fabrício D. Kleber,1, 5 and Josemir W. Sander6, 7 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil 2Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital São José, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Porto Alegre, RS 90020-090, Brazil 3School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia 4Department of Psychiatry, Sydney West Area Health Service, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia 5Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 6UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 7SEIN-Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands Received 14 February 2011; Accepted 19 September 2011 Academic Editor: Roger Whitworth Bartrop Throughout the centuries, scientific observers have endeavoured to extend their knowledge of the interrelationships between the brain and its regulatory control of human emotions and behaviour. Since the time of physicians such as Aristotle and Galen and the more recent observations of clinicians and neuropathologists such as Broca, Papez, and McLean, the field of affective neuroscience has matured to become the province of neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists. It is accepted that the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and insula participate in the majority of emotional processes. New imaging technologies and molecular biology discoveries are expanding further the frontiers of knowledge in this arena. The advancements of knowledge on the interplay between the human brain and emotions came about as the legacy of the pioneers mentioned in this field.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to CNS: Anatomical Techniques
    9.14 - Brain Structure and its Origins Spring 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Instructor: Professor Gerald Schneider A sketch of the central nervous system and its origins G. Schneider 2005 Part 1: Introduction MIT 9.14 Class 2 Neuroanatomical techniques Primitive cellular mechanisms present in one-celled organisms and retained in the evolution of neurons • Irritability and conduction • Specializations of membrane for irritability • Movement • Secretion • Parallel channels of information flow; integrative activity • Endogenous activity The need for integrative action in multi cellular organisms • Problems that increase with greater size and complexity of the organism: – How does one end influence the other end? – How does one side coordinate with the other side? – With multiple inputs and multiple outputs, how can conflicts be avoided (often, if not always!)? • Hence, the evolution of interconnections among multiple subsystems of the nervous system. How can such connections be studied? • The methods of neuroanatomy (neuromorphology): Obtaining data for making sense of this “lump of porridge”. • We can make much more sense of it when we use multiple methods to study the same brain. E.g., in addition we can use: – Neurophysiology: electrical stimulation and recording – Neurochemistry; neuropharmacology – Behavioral studies in conjunction with brain studies • In recent years, various imaging methods have also been used, with the advantage of being able to study the brains of humans, cetaceans and other animals without cutting them up. However, these methods are very limited for the study of pathways and connections in the CNS. A look at neuroanatomical methods Sectioning Figure by MIT OCW. Cytoarchitecture: Using dyes to bind selectively in the tissue -- Example of stains for cell bodies Specimen slide removed due to copyright reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Julia Anne Leonard Employment Education
    JULIA ANNE LEONARD 425 S University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104 [email protected] November, 2020 EMPLOYMENT Yale University Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology July 2021 - University of Pennsylvania September 2018 - present MindCore postdoctoral fellow with Dr. Allyson Mackey Advisory committee: Dr. Angela Duckworth, Dr. Martha Farah, Dr. Joe Kable EDUCATION Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2013 – May 2018 PhD in Brain and Cognitive Sciences with Dr. John Gabrieli and Dr. Laura Schulz Thesis: Social Influences on Children’s Learning Wesleyan University May 2011 B.A. Neuroscience and Behavior, Phi Beta Kappa, High Honors, GPA: 4.0 Advisor: Anna Shusterman Honors Thesis: The Effects of Touch on Compliance in Preschool-Age Children HONORS AND AWARDS MindCORE Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of Pennsylvania (2018) Walle Nauta Award for Continued Dedication to Teaching, MIT (2017, 2018) Neurohackweek Fellow, University of Washington eScience Institute (2016, 2017) UCLA-Semel Institute Neuroimaging Training Program Fellow (2016) Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience Fellow, UCSB (2015) Graduate Student Summer Travel Award, MIT (2015) Latin America School for Education, Cognition, and Neural Sciences Fellow (2015, 2018) NSF Graduate Student Research Fellowship (2014) Ida M. Green Graduate School Fellowship, MIT (2013) High Honors in Neuroscience and Behavior, Wesleyan University (2011) Connecticut Higher Education Community Service Award Nominee (2011) Dean’s List, Wesleyan University (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011) Phi Beta Kappa, Chapter of Wesleyan University (2010) PUBLICATIONS Leonard, J.A., Martinez, D.N., Dashineau, S., Park, A.T. & Mackey, A.P. (In press). Children persist less when adults take over. Child Development. Julia A. Leonard 1 Leonard, J.A., Sandler, J., Nerenberg, A., Rubio, A., Schulz, L.E., & Mackey, A.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 1971: Reflections Approaching the 50Th Anniversary of the Society’S Formation
    The Journal of Neuroscience, October 31, 2018 • 38(44):9311–9317 • 9311 Progressions The First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 1971: Reflections Approaching the 50th Anniversary of the Society’s Formation R. Douglas Fields National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20904 The formation of the Society for Neuroscience in 1969 was a scientific landmark, remarkable for the conceptual transformation it represented by uniting all fields touching on the nervous system. The scientific program of the first annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience,heldinWashington,DCin1971,issummarizedhere.Byreviewingthescientificprogramfromthevantagepointofthe50th anniversary of the Society for Neuroscience, the trajectory of research now and into the future can be tracked to its origins, and the impact that the founding of the Society has had on basic and biomedical science is evident. The broad foundation of the Society was firmly cast at this first meeting, which embraced the full spectrum of science related to the nervous system, emphasized the importance of public education, and attracted the most renowned scientists of the day who were drawn together by a common purpose and eagerness to share research and ideas. Some intriguing areas of investigation discussed at this first meeting blossomed into new branches of research that flourishtoday,butothersdwindledandhavebeenlargelyforgotten.Technologicaldevelopmentsandadvancesinunderstandingofbrain function have been profound since 1971, but the success of the first meeting demonstrates how uniting scientists across diversity fueled prosperity of the Society and propelled the vigorous advancement of science. Introduction and behavioral levels, but all of these scientific elements of what Before the formation of the Society for Neuroscience (Sf N), in we now recognize as “neuroscience” were represented at that first 1969, research concerning the nervous system was conducted in meeting.
    [Show full text]
  • Spring 03 Complete
    brain and cognitive sciences MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Spring 2003 Volume V; Issue 2 MESSAGE FROM THE MATT WILSON small private college, and Matt developed DEPARTMENT HEAD an affinity for football. Hes been a Packer fan ever since and he and his sons go to the MRIGANKA SUR games in cheese head apparel. The affairs of the department are He attended a parochial school where usually concerned with local details, but the nuns practiced corporal punishment, as the Spring term gets into full swing, and he has vivid memories of having his two national events have assumed major mouth taped shut for talking too much significance for MIT and for us: the (even though he claims to have been very economy and the war. The downturn in shy). Matt likes to characterize himself as the economy has had a significant negative shy but devilish, not overtly delinquent, impact on the MIT operating budget and but lacking a sense of conformity. He likes hence on the departments budget. Like all doing things outside the norm, seeks new other departments, BCS faces a cut in its challenges, and particularly prefers being on budget allocation for July 03 - June 04. the forefront of mischief and academics. The war in Iraq has brought a heightened In his high school days, Matt was sense of tension and apprehension to our interested in constructing things, and spent campus. President Vest has created a a summer building a harpsichord that he Committee on the Community, led by still has. Then, when he got his first Matt and youngest son, Brian Chancellor Phil Clay, to provide guidelines computer, an Apple II, he modified it until for preserving our community and its Matts father was an anthropologist it was his own personal computing device.
    [Show full text]
  • Alan Peters 453
    EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Giovanni Berlucchi Mary B. Bunge Robert E. Burke Larry E Cahill Stanley Finger Bernice Grafstein Russell A. Johnson Ronald W. Oppenheim Thomas A. Woolsey (Chairperson) The History of Neuroscience in" Autob~ograp" by VOLUME 5 Edited by Larry R. Squire AMSTERDAM 9BOSTON 9HEIDELBERG 9LONDON NEW YORK 9OXFORD ~ PARIS 9SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO 9SINGAPORE 9SYDNEY 9TOKYO ELSEVIER Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Elsevier Academic Press 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald's Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. O Copyright 92006 by the Society for Neuroscience. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting "Support & Contact" then "Copyright and Permission" and then "Obtaining Permissions." Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003 111249 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13:978-0-12-370514-3 ISBN 10:0-12-370514-2 For all information on all Elsevier Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com Printed in the United States of America 06 07 08 09 10 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com ] ww.bookaid.org ] www.sabre.org ER BOOK AID ,~StbFC" " " =LSEVI lnt .....
    [Show full text]
  • Free Full Text
    Cerebellum DOI 10.1007/s12311-010-0221-6 Cerebellar Zones: A Personal History Jan Voogd # The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Cerebellar zones were there, of course, before Professor of Neurology at the University of Djakarta when anyone noticed them. Their history is that of young people, the Dutch no longer were tolerated in an independent unhindered by preconceived ideas, who followed up their Indonesia. At the time, the Weigert myelin stain on observations with available or new techniques. In the 1960s celloidin-embedded material and the Marchi method for of the last century, the circumstances were fortunate degenerated myelin, processed with osmic acid that Verhaart because three groups, in Leiden, Lund, and Bristol, using had smuggled out of his lab in Djakarta, were still in use. different approaches, stumbled on the same zonal pattern in However, the real innovation for the years to come was the the cerebellum of the cat. In Leiden, the Häggqvist myelin application of the Häggvist modification of the Alzheimer– stain divulged the compartments in the cerebellar white Mann method. Alzheimer used this method to stain reactive matter that channel the afferent and efferent connections of glia. Material, mordanted in potassium dichromate was the zones. In Lund, the spino-olivocerebellar pathways stained with Mann’s solution, a mixture of methyl blue and activated from individual spinal funiculi revealed the zonal eosin [1, 2]. Fixation with chromium salts still was the pattern. In Bristol, charting the axon reflex of olivocer- routine at the end of the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Galambos 178
    EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Albert J. Aguayo Bernice Grafstein Theodore Melnechuk Dale Purves Gordon M. Shepherd Larry W. Swanson (Chairperson) The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography VOLUME 1 Edited by Larry R. Squire SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE 1996 Washington, D.C. Society for Neuroscience 1121 14th Street, NW., Suite 1010 Washington, D.C. 20005 © 1996 by the Society for Neuroscience. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 96-70950 ISBN 0-916110-51-6 Contents Denise Albe-Fessard 2 Julius Axelrod 50 Peter O. Bishop 80 Theodore H. Bullock 110 Irving T. Diamond 158 Robert Galambos 178 Viktor Hamburger 222 Sir Alan L. Hodgkin 252 David H. Hubel 294 Herbert H. Jasper 318 Sir Bernard Katz 348 Seymour S. Kety 382 Benjamin Libet 414 Louis Sokoloff 454 James M. Sprague 498 Curt von Euler 528 John Z. Young 554 Robert Galambos BORN: Lorain, Ohio April 20, 1914 EDUCATION: Oberlin College, B.A., 1935 Harvard University, M.A., Ph.D. (Biology, 1941) University of Rochester, M.D., 1946 APPOINTMENTS" Harvard Medical School (1942) Emory University (1946) Harvard University (1947) Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (1951) Yale University (1962) University of California, San Diego (1968) Professor of Neurosciences Emeritus, University of California, San Diego (1981) HONORS AND AWARDS: American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1958) National Academy of Sciences USA (1960) Robert Galambos discovered, with Donald Griffin, the phenomenon of echolocation in bats. During his career he carried out fundamental physiological studies of the auditory system using microelectrodes in cats, and later studied brain waves and auditory evoked potentials in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Alan Cowey 125
    EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Giovanni Berlucchi Mary B. Bunge Robert E. Burke Larry E Cahill Stanley Finger Bernice Grafstein Russell A. Johnson Ronald W. Oppenheim Thomas A. Woolsey (Chairperson) The History of Neuroscience in" Autob~ograp" by VOLUME 5 Edited by Larry R. Squire AMSTERDAM 9BOSTON 9HEIDELBERG 9LONDON NEW YORK 9OXFORD ~ PARIS 9SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO 9SINGAPORE 9SYDNEY 9TOKYO ELSEVIER Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Elsevier Academic Press 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, Massachusetts 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald's Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. O Copyright 92006 by the Society for Neuroscience. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting "Support & Contact" then "Copyright and Permission" and then "Obtaining Permissions." Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003 111249 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13:978-0-12-370514-3 ISBN 10:0-12-370514-2 For all information on all Elsevier Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com Printed in the United States of America 06 07 08 09 10 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com ] ww.bookaid.org ] www.sabre.org ER BOOK AID ,~StbFC" " " =LSEVI lnt .....
    [Show full text]
  • OBITUARY Patricia Goldman-Rakic 1937–2003 Joaquín M
    OBITUARY Patricia Goldman-Rakic 1937–2003 Joaquín M. Fuster On July 31, Patricia Goldman-Rakic died in New Haven, Connecticut directly on spines of pyramidal neurons. A more complete picture of from injuries suffered in a traffic accident. Pat was undoubtedly the the prefrontal circuitry grew out of the exploration of interactions most accomplished of the small group of pioneers who ventured into between GABA, serotonin and dopamine receptors (with Williams, the frontal lobe at mid-century, then characterized by a prominent Rao and others). Pat’s most important contribution to translational scientist as a “big chunk of the brain, the size of a fist, which nobody research was undoubtedly her work on dopamine, which points to the knows anything about.” This was not quite accurate, as we knew that prefrontal cortex as deeply involved in the pathogenesis—if not etiol- frontal cortex lesions, in man and monkey, often abolished memory ogy—of schizophrenia. For this work, the NIMH endowed Yale with for recent events, but the connectivity, biochemistry and physiology the Center for the Study of Schizophrenia and put her in charge of it. of the frontal lobe were not yet known, and would be the subjects of The Center will continue under the direction of her husband Pasko Pat’s brilliant career. She was best known for advocating the idea that Rakic, the world-renowned neurobiologist who collaborated with Pat the prefrontal cortex holds working memory—a temporary internal on many projects, especially on the synaptogenesis of primate cortex. http://www.nature.com/natureneuroscience representation for the attainment of a short-term objective—for In the early 1980s, Pat moved to Yale and turned her attention to different types of information in different locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Steve Ramirez, Ph.D. E-Mail [email protected]
    Steve Ramirez, Ph.D. E-mail [email protected] Employment and Education Boston University: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences 2017-Present Department of Biomedical Engineering Assistant Professor Harvard University: Center for Brain Science, 2015—2017 Principal Investigator, Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows MIT: Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2010 — 2015 Ph.D. student in the laboratory of Susumu Tonegawa, Ph.D. Tufts University: Visiting Lecturer of Neuroscience, 2014 Boston University: Neuroscience, B.A., magna cum laude, 2006 — 2010 Researcher in the laboratory of Howard Eichenbaum, Ph.D. Honors and Awards 2019 1. PECASE: Presidential Early Career Award Scientists & Engineers 2. NIH Director’s Transformative R01 Research Award 2018 1. Selected as 1 of 14 Emerging Scholars by Diverse Issues in Higher Education. 2. McKnight Memory and Cognitive Disorders Award 3. NIH Travel Award, UC Irving Learning and Memory symposium 2017 1. Keynote: Society for the Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham 2. Early Independence Award, NIH 3. NARSAD Young Investigator Award, Brain and Behavioral Research Foundation 2016 1. NIH Early Independence Award (DP5) 2. NARSAD Young Investigator Award 3. Gordon Research Conference Travel Award 4. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Travel Award 2015 1. Forbes 30 innovators under the age of 30 award, in the area of Science and Technology 2. National Geographic Breakthrough Explorer 3. Office of the Dean for Graduate Education Diversity Fellowship 4. Science News’ Top 10 Bright Young Minds 5. Science magazine’s Breakthrough of the Year, runners up for memory manipulation 2014 1. Smithsonian magazine’s 2014 American Ingenuity Award, in the area of the Natural Sciences 2.
    [Show full text]