Introduction to CNS: Anatomical Techniques
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Some Aspects of Neuromorphology, and the Co-Localization of Glial Related Markers in the Brains of Striped Owl (Asio Clamator) from North East Nigeria
Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 35 (June 2020): 109 - 113 www.njps.physiologicalsociety.com Research Article Some Aspects of Neuromorphology, and the Co-localization of Glial Related Markers in the Brains of Striped Owl (Asio clamator) from North East Nigeria Karatu A.La., Olopade, F.Eb., Folarin, O.Rc., Ladagu. A.Dd., *Olopade, J.Od and Kwari, H.Da aDepartment of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria bDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria cDepartment of Biomedical Laboratory Medical Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria dDepartment of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria Summary: The striped owl (Asio clamator) is unique with its brownish white facial disc and they are found in the north eastern part of Nigeria. Little is known in the literature on the basic neuroanatomy of this species. This study focuses on the histology and glial expression of some brain regions of the striped owl. Five owls were obtained in the wild, and their brains were routinely prepared for Haematoxylin and Eosin, and Cresyl violet staining. Immunostaining was done with anti- Calbindin, anti MBP, anti-GFAP, and anti-Iba-1 antibodies; for the expression of cerebellar Purkinje cells and white matter, cerebral astrocytes and microglia cells respectively. These were qualitatively described. We found that the hippocampal formation of the striped owl, though unique, is very similar to what is seen in mammals. The cerebellar cortex is convoluted, has a single layer of Purkinje cells with profuse dendritic arborization, a distinct external granular cell layer, and a prominent stem of white matter were seen in this study. -
Masakazu Konishi
Masakazu Konishi BORN: Kyoto, Japan February 17, 1933 EDUCATION: Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, B.S. (1956) Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, M.S. (1958) University of California, Berkeley, Ph.D. (1963) APPOINTMENTS: Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Tübingen, Germany (1963–1964) Postdoctoral Fellow, Division of Experimental Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institut, Munich, Germany (1964–1965) Assistant Professor of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison (1965–1966) Assistant Professor of Biology, Princeton University (1966–1970) Associate Professor of Biology, Princeton University (1970–1975) Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology (1975– 1980) Bing Professor of Behavioral Biology, California Institute of Technology (1980– ) HONORS AND AWARDS (SELECTED): Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1979) Member, National Academy of Sciences (1985) President, International Society for Neuroethology (1986—1989) F. O. Schmitt Prize (1987) International Prize for Biology (1990) The Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award, Brandeis University (2004) Edward M. Scolnick Prize in Neuroscience, MIT (2004) Gerard Prize, the Society for Neuroscience (2004) Karl Spencer Lashley Award, The American Philosophical Society (2004) The Peter and Patricia Gruber Prize in Neuroscience, The Society for Neuroscience (2005) Masakazu (Mark) Konishi has been one of the leaders in avian neuroethology since the early 1960’s. He is known for his idea that young birds initially remember a tutor song and use the memory as a template to guide the development of their own song. He was the fi rst to show that estrogen prevents programmed cell death in female zebra fi nches. He also pioneered work on the brain mechanisms of sound localization by barn owls. He has trained many students and postdoctoral fellows who became leading neuroethologists. -
The Limbic System Conception and Its Historical Evolution
Review Article TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 2427–2440 ISSN 1537-744X; doi:10.1100/2011/157150 The Limbic System Conception and Its Historical Evolution Marcelo R. Roxo,1, 2 Paulo R. Franceschini,1, 2 Carlos Zubaran,3, 4 Fabrício D. Kleber,1, 5 and Josemir W. Sander6, 7 1Faculty of Medicine, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil 2Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital São José, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Porto Alegre, RS 90020-090, Brazil 3School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia 4Department of Psychiatry, Sydney West Area Health Service, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia 5Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil 6UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 7SEIN-Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands Received 14 February 2011; Accepted 19 September 2011 Academic Editor: Roger Whitworth Bartrop Throughout the centuries, scientific observers have endeavoured to extend their knowledge of the interrelationships between the brain and its regulatory control of human emotions and behaviour. Since the time of physicians such as Aristotle and Galen and the more recent observations of clinicians and neuropathologists such as Broca, Papez, and McLean, the field of affective neuroscience has matured to become the province of neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists. It is accepted that the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and insula participate in the majority of emotional processes. New imaging technologies and molecular biology discoveries are expanding further the frontiers of knowledge in this arena. The advancements of knowledge on the interplay between the human brain and emotions came about as the legacy of the pioneers mentioned in this field. -
Julia Anne Leonard Employment Education
JULIA ANNE LEONARD 425 S University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104 [email protected] November, 2020 EMPLOYMENT Yale University Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology July 2021 - University of Pennsylvania September 2018 - present MindCore postdoctoral fellow with Dr. Allyson Mackey Advisory committee: Dr. Angela Duckworth, Dr. Martha Farah, Dr. Joe Kable EDUCATION Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2013 – May 2018 PhD in Brain and Cognitive Sciences with Dr. John Gabrieli and Dr. Laura Schulz Thesis: Social Influences on Children’s Learning Wesleyan University May 2011 B.A. Neuroscience and Behavior, Phi Beta Kappa, High Honors, GPA: 4.0 Advisor: Anna Shusterman Honors Thesis: The Effects of Touch on Compliance in Preschool-Age Children HONORS AND AWARDS MindCORE Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of Pennsylvania (2018) Walle Nauta Award for Continued Dedication to Teaching, MIT (2017, 2018) Neurohackweek Fellow, University of Washington eScience Institute (2016, 2017) UCLA-Semel Institute Neuroimaging Training Program Fellow (2016) Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience Fellow, UCSB (2015) Graduate Student Summer Travel Award, MIT (2015) Latin America School for Education, Cognition, and Neural Sciences Fellow (2015, 2018) NSF Graduate Student Research Fellowship (2014) Ida M. Green Graduate School Fellowship, MIT (2013) High Honors in Neuroscience and Behavior, Wesleyan University (2011) Connecticut Higher Education Community Service Award Nominee (2011) Dean’s List, Wesleyan University (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011) Phi Beta Kappa, Chapter of Wesleyan University (2010) PUBLICATIONS Leonard, J.A., Martinez, D.N., Dashineau, S., Park, A.T. & Mackey, A.P. (In press). Children persist less when adults take over. Child Development. Julia A. Leonard 1 Leonard, J.A., Sandler, J., Nerenberg, A., Rubio, A., Schulz, L.E., & Mackey, A. -
The First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 1971: Reflections Approaching the 50Th Anniversary of the Society’S Formation
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 31, 2018 • 38(44):9311–9317 • 9311 Progressions The First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 1971: Reflections Approaching the 50th Anniversary of the Society’s Formation R. Douglas Fields National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20904 The formation of the Society for Neuroscience in 1969 was a scientific landmark, remarkable for the conceptual transformation it represented by uniting all fields touching on the nervous system. The scientific program of the first annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience,heldinWashington,DCin1971,issummarizedhere.Byreviewingthescientificprogramfromthevantagepointofthe50th anniversary of the Society for Neuroscience, the trajectory of research now and into the future can be tracked to its origins, and the impact that the founding of the Society has had on basic and biomedical science is evident. The broad foundation of the Society was firmly cast at this first meeting, which embraced the full spectrum of science related to the nervous system, emphasized the importance of public education, and attracted the most renowned scientists of the day who were drawn together by a common purpose and eagerness to share research and ideas. Some intriguing areas of investigation discussed at this first meeting blossomed into new branches of research that flourishtoday,butothersdwindledandhavebeenlargelyforgotten.Technologicaldevelopmentsandadvancesinunderstandingofbrain function have been profound since 1971, but the success of the first meeting demonstrates how uniting scientists across diversity fueled prosperity of the Society and propelled the vigorous advancement of science. Introduction and behavioral levels, but all of these scientific elements of what Before the formation of the Society for Neuroscience (Sf N), in we now recognize as “neuroscience” were represented at that first 1969, research concerning the nervous system was conducted in meeting. -
The Neocortex of Cetartiodactyls. II. Neuronal Morphology of the Visual and Motor Cortices in the Giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis)
Brain Struct Funct (2015) 220:2851–2872 DOI 10.1007/s00429-014-0830-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The neocortex of cetartiodactyls. II. Neuronal morphology of the visual and motor cortices in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Bob Jacobs • Tessa Harland • Deborah Kennedy • Matthew Schall • Bridget Wicinski • Camilla Butti • Patrick R. Hof • Chet C. Sherwood • Paul R. Manger Received: 11 May 2014 / Accepted: 21 June 2014 / Published online: 22 July 2014 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract The present quantitative study extends our of aspiny neurons in giraffes appeared to be similar to investigation of cetartiodactyls by exploring the neuronal that of other eutherian mammals. For cross-species morphology in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) neo- comparison of neuron morphology, giraffe pyramidal cortex. Here, we investigate giraffe primary visual and neurons were compared to those quantified with the same motor cortices from perfusion-fixed brains of three su- methodology in African elephants and some cetaceans badults stained with a modified rapid Golgi technique. (e.g., bottlenose dolphin, minke whale, humpback whale). Neurons (n = 244) were quantified on a computer-assis- Across species, the giraffe (and cetaceans) exhibited less ted microscopy system. Qualitatively, the giraffe neo- widely bifurcating apical dendrites compared to ele- cortex contained an array of complex spiny neurons that phants. Quantitative dendritic measures revealed that the included both ‘‘typical’’ pyramidal neuron morphology elephant and humpback whale had more extensive den- and ‘‘atypical’’ spiny neurons in terms of morphology drites than giraffes, whereas the minke whale and bot- and/or orientation. In general, the neocortex exhibited a tlenose dolphin had less extensive dendritic arbors. -
Impaired Axonal Regeneration in Α7 Integrin-Deficient Mice
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1, 2000, 20(5):1822–1830 Impaired Axonal Regeneration in ␣7 Integrin-Deficient Mice Alexander Werner,1 Michael Willem,2 Leonard L. Jones,1 Georg W. Kreutzberg,1 Ulrike Mayer,2 and Gennadij Raivich1 1Department of Neuromorphology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, and 2Department of Protein Chemistry, Max- Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany The interplay between growing axons and the extracellular the regenerating facial nerve. Transgenic deletion of the ␣7 substrate is pivotal for directing axonal outgrowth during de- subunit caused a significant reduction of axonal elongation. velopment and regeneration. Here we show an important role The associated delay in the reinnervation of the whiskerpad, a for the neuronal cell adhesion molecule ␣71 integrin during peripheral target of the facial motor neurons, points to an peripheral nerve regeneration. Axotomy led to a strong increase important role for this integrin in the successful execution of of this integrin on regenerating motor and sensory neurons, but axonal regeneration. not on the normally nonregenerating CNS neurons. ␣7 and 1 Key words: axonal regeneration; reinnervation; facial nerve; subunits were present on the axons and their growth cones in growth cone; motoneuron; integrin; knock-out mice Changes in adhesion properties of transected axons and their Flier et al., 1995; Kil and Bronner-Fraser, 1996; Velling et al., environment are essential for regeneration. In the proximal part, 1996). In the adult nervous system, we now show that ␣7is the tips of the transected axons transform into growth cones that strongly upregulated in axotomized neurons in various injury home onto the distal part of the nerve and enter the endoneurial models during peripheral nerve regeneration, but not after CNS tubes on their way toward the denervated tissue (Fawcett, 1992; injury. -
Comparative Morphology of Gigantopyramidal Neurons in Primary Motor Cortex Across Mammals
Received: 23 August 2017 | Revised: 19 October 2017 | Accepted: 24 October 2017 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24349 The Journal of RESEARCH ARTICLE Comparative Neurology Comparative morphology of gigantopyramidal neurons in primary motor cortex across mammals Bob Jacobs1 | Madeleine E. Garcia1 | Noah B. Shea-Shumsky1 | Mackenzie E. Tennison1 | Matthew Schall1 | Mark S. Saviano1 | Tia A. Tummino1 | Anthony J. Bull2 | Lori L. Driscoll1 | Mary Ann Raghanti3 | Albert H. Lewandowski4 | Bridget Wicinski5 | Hong Ki Chui1 | Mads F. Bertelsen6 | Timothy Walsh7 | Adhil Bhagwandin8 | Muhammad A. Spocter8,9,10 | Patrick R. Hof5 | Chet C. Sherwood11 | Paul R. Manger8 1Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 2Human Biology and Kinesiology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 3Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 4Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio 5Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 6Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Fredericksberg, Denmark 7Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia 8School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 9Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa 10Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 11Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia Correspondence Bob Jacobs, Ph.D., Laboratory of Abstract Quantitative Neuromorphology, Gigantopyramidal neurons, referred to as Betz cells in primates, are characterized by large somata Neuroscience Program, Colorado College, and extensive basilar dendrites. Although there have been morphological descriptions and draw- 14 E. -
Spring 03 Complete
brain and cognitive sciences MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Spring 2003 Volume V; Issue 2 MESSAGE FROM THE MATT WILSON small private college, and Matt developed DEPARTMENT HEAD an affinity for football. Hes been a Packer fan ever since and he and his sons go to the MRIGANKA SUR games in cheese head apparel. The affairs of the department are He attended a parochial school where usually concerned with local details, but the nuns practiced corporal punishment, as the Spring term gets into full swing, and he has vivid memories of having his two national events have assumed major mouth taped shut for talking too much significance for MIT and for us: the (even though he claims to have been very economy and the war. The downturn in shy). Matt likes to characterize himself as the economy has had a significant negative shy but devilish, not overtly delinquent, impact on the MIT operating budget and but lacking a sense of conformity. He likes hence on the departments budget. Like all doing things outside the norm, seeks new other departments, BCS faces a cut in its challenges, and particularly prefers being on budget allocation for July 03 - June 04. the forefront of mischief and academics. The war in Iraq has brought a heightened In his high school days, Matt was sense of tension and apprehension to our interested in constructing things, and spent campus. President Vest has created a a summer building a harpsichord that he Committee on the Community, led by still has. Then, when he got his first Matt and youngest son, Brian Chancellor Phil Clay, to provide guidelines computer, an Apple II, he modified it until for preserving our community and its Matts father was an anthropologist it was his own personal computing device. -
Neural Plasticity in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Chronic Inflammation, Neurotrophic Signals, and Hypersensitivity
Acta Neuropathol DOI 10.1007/s00401-013-1099-4 REVIEW Neural plasticity in the gastrointestinal tract: chronic inflammation, neurotrophic signals, and hypersensitivity Ihsan Ekin Demir • Karl-Herbert Scha¨fer • Elke Tieftrunk • Helmut Friess • Gu¨ralp O. Ceyhan Received: 11 September 2012 / Revised: 31 January 2013 / Accepted: 7 February 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Neural plasticity is not only the adaptive inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic/malignant, or degen- response of the central nervous system to learning, struc- erative—neural plasticity in the GI tract primarily occurs in tural damage or sensory deprivation, but also an the presence of chronic tissue- and neuro-inflammation. It increasingly recognized common feature of the gastroin- seems that studying the abundant trophic and activating testinal (GI) nervous system during pathological states. signals which are generated during this neuro-immune- Indeed, nearly all chronic GI disorders exhibit a disease- crosstalk represents the key to understand the remarkable stage-dependent, structural and functional neuroplasticity. neuroplasticity of the GI tract. At structural level, GI neuroplasticity usually comprises local tissue hyperinnervation (neural sprouting, neural, and Keywords Neural plasticity Á Gastrointestinal tract Á ganglionic hypertrophy) next to hypoinnervated areas, a Enteric nervous system Á Neuro-inflammation Á switch in the neurochemical (neurotransmitter/neuropep- Hypersensitivity Á Pain tide) code toward preferential expression of neuropeptides -
Dendritic Modelling
Dendritic Modelling Dendrites (from Greek dendron, “tree”) are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrical stimulation received from other cells to and from the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons via synapses which are located at various points throughout the dendritic arbor. Dendrites play a critical role in integrating these synaptic inputs and in determining the extent to which action potentials are produced by the neuron. 80% of all excitatory synapses - at the dendritic spines. 80% of all excitatory synapses - at the dendritic spines. learning and memory, logical computations, pattern matching, amplification of distal synaptic inputs, temporal filtering. 80% of all excitatory synapses - at the dendritic spines. learning and memory, logical computations, pattern matching, amplification of distal synaptic inputs, temporal filtering. 80% of all excitatory synapses - at the dendritic spines. learning and memory, logical computations, pattern matching, amplification of distal synaptic inputs, temporal filtering. Electrical properties of dendrites The structure and branching of a neuron's dendrites, as well as the availability and variation in voltage-gated ion conductances, strongly influences how it integrates the input from other neurons, particularly those that input only weakly. This integration is both “temporal” -- involving the summation of stimuli that arrive in rapid succession -- as well as “spatial” -- entailing the aggregation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs from separate branches. Dendrites were once believed to merely convey stimulation passively, i.e. via diffusive spread of voltage and without the aid of voltage-gated ion channels. -
The Dendritic Lamellar Body: a New Neuronal Organelle Putatively Associated with Dendrodendritic Gap Junctions
The Jcumal of Neuosdence. February 1995, f5(2): 1587-1604 The Dendritic Lamellar Body: A New Neuronal Organelle Putatively Associated with Dendrodendritic Gap Junctions C. I. De Zeeuw,1,2J E. L. Hertzberg, and E. Mugnainil ILaboratory of Neuromorphology, Biobehavioural Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269- 4164, 2Department of Anatomy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and 3Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (D.C.S.), New York, New York 10461 It is shown in rat that antiserum a12B/18 specifically labels Sasaki, 1989; Sasaki et al., 1989). To date, there has been no a new lamellar organelle that is exclusively located in den- description of any neuronal structure, other than the gap junc- dritic appendages. These dendritic lamellar bodies occur tion, that appearsto be associatedwith electrotonically coupled in a restricted number of brain regions, which include ar- neurons. eas like the inferior olive, area CA1 and CA3 of the hippo- More recently, antibodiesand mRNA probes have been used campus, dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb, and cerebral cortex. to detect the distribution of gap junctions, but theselatter mark- In these regions the neurons with lamellar bodies form ers are unable to indicate, directly or indirectly, specifically the dendrodendritic gap junctions. lmmunoreactivity in the in- presenceof neuronal gap junctions (Nagy et al., 1988; Dermi- ferior olive is first detected between P9 and P15, which co- etzel, 1989; Shiosaka et al., 1989; Yamamoto et al., l989a, incides with the development of gap junctions in this nu- 1990a.c; Naus et al., 1990; Matsumoto et al., 1991; Micevych cleus.