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The First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 1971: Reflections Approaching the 50Th Anniversary of the Society’S Formation

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The First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 1971: Reflections Approaching the 50Th Anniversary of the Society’S Formation The Journal of Neuroscience, October 31, 2018 • 38(44):9311–9317 • 9311 Progressions The First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 1971: Reflections Approaching the 50th Anniversary of the Society’s Formation R. Douglas Fields National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20904 The formation of the Society for Neuroscience in 1969 was a scientific landmark, remarkable for the conceptual transformation it represented by uniting all fields touching on the nervous system. The scientific program of the first annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience,heldinWashington,DCin1971,issummarizedhere.Byreviewingthescientificprogramfromthevantagepointofthe50th anniversary of the Society for Neuroscience, the trajectory of research now and into the future can be tracked to its origins, and the impact that the founding of the Society has had on basic and biomedical science is evident. The broad foundation of the Society was firmly cast at this first meeting, which embraced the full spectrum of science related to the nervous system, emphasized the importance of public education, and attracted the most renowned scientists of the day who were drawn together by a common purpose and eagerness to share research and ideas. Some intriguing areas of investigation discussed at this first meeting blossomed into new branches of research that flourishtoday,butothersdwindledandhavebeenlargelyforgotten.Technologicaldevelopmentsandadvancesinunderstandingofbrain function have been profound since 1971, but the success of the first meeting demonstrates how uniting scientists across diversity fueled prosperity of the Society and propelled the vigorous advancement of science. Introduction and behavioral levels, but all of these scientific elements of what Before the formation of the Society for Neuroscience (Sf N), in we now recognize as “neuroscience” were represented at that first 1969, research concerning the nervous system was conducted in meeting. several separate scientific disciplines, including anatomy, physi- This review article provides a synopsis and analysis of neuro- ology, psychiatry, psychology, neurology, and zoology, but the science research presented at the first annual meeting. Held in the concept that all of these pursuits could be combined into one coher- age of typewriters, there is no digital copy of the first annual ent new field of science was revolutionary. The history of the forma- meeting program, but a personal copy of the blue, 288-page, tion of the Sf N has been reviewed elsewhere (see The Creation of program booklet bearing the inked stamp and signature of Alan Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, 2018), but the scientific pro- D. Grinnell, Department of Biology at University of California, gram of that first meeting is a time capsule preserving the state of Los Angeles on the cover, was preserved in the archives at the Sf N brain science at a pivotal point in history. The pioneering neurosci- headquarters in Washington, DC. Grinnell is well known for his entists meeting in 1971 grappled with many of the most fundamen- research on synaptic transmission, notably at the neuromuscular tal issues in brain function at a time of comparatively rudimentary junction, and fortunately his personal copy of the Program and techniques and limited understanding of the brain. In the fullness Abstracts of that first meeting survives (Fig. 1). of time, it is now possible to see retrospectively how the early evidence available, some of it presented at this meeting, was mis- interpreted and projected into new grand hypotheses that were The beginning of Sf N annual meetings constrained and misdirected by the limited information available The first Annual Meeting was held on October 27–30, 1971, at the at the time. Today, the field of neuroscience has grown into one of Shoreham Hotel in Washington, DC. The registration fee was the most vigorous areas of biomedical research, spanning broadly $20.00 for members and $5.00 for students. Adjusted for infla- from mathematical modeling, to molecular, cellular, systems, tion, $20 would be $126 today (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018). The more than quadrupled registration cost of $550 for the 2018 Annual Meeting might reflect in part the enormous success of the Received July 27, 2018; revised Sept. 5, 2018; accepted Sept. 7, 2018. Society, which has grown so large its gatherings can only be ac- ThisworkwassupportedbyNationalInstituteofChildHealthandHumanDevelopmentZIAHD000713-22(funds for intramural research). commodated at the largest convention centers in the country, The author declares no competing financial interests. drawing on all hotels in the vicinity for housing during the week- Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. R. Douglas Fields, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of long annual event (Fig. 2). In contrast, that first meeting was an Child Health and Human Development, Building 9, Room 1E126, MSC 0905, Bethesda, MD 20904. E-mail: intimate gathering of 1395 scientists, including 390 students, held [email protected]. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3598-17.2018 in one hotel, where everyone could interact over the course of 3 Copyright © 2018 the authors 0270-6474/18/389311-07$15.00/0 days. “You could go to everything,” David Lange, an electro- 9312 • J. Neurosci., October 31, 2018 • 38(44):9311–9317 Fields • The First Sf N Annual Meeting, 1971 Figure 1. Program booklets for the first four Sf N Annual Meetings. The first annual meeting was held in 1971, in Washington, DC. physiologist at National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Synopsis of the first sessions Stroke, now retired, recalled about that first meeting. There were two types of sessions at this first meeting: long format It is notable that this first annual meeting included a press Selected Topics Seminars, held for 2.5 hours in the morning, and room, welcoming journalists to promote research on the brain to short Contributed Papers grouped thematically and held in the the general public. Today, the press room at the annual meeting is afternoons (Table 1). The Contributed Papers sessions in the abuzz with 300 registered journalists from around the world, afternoons resembled the short talks in nanosymposia at today’s furiously typing up newspaper and magazine articles on laptops, Annual Meeting, but the Selected Topic Sessions varied widely in others with microphone in hand and wearing headphones re- format, mixing together what would be considered Special Lec- cording TV and radio interviews with scientists, and attending tures, Symposia, and nanosymposia today. Typically, each Se- well-organized press conferences where leading scientists in “hot lected Topics Seminar session included one or two Introductory topic” areas of research are invited in a panel discussion to pres- Lectures by luminaries in the field, typically followed by a few ent their latest findings directly to the press. Likewise, it is notable shorter contributed papers related to that research topic, and that this first meeting devoted one morning session to education. sometimes closed by a Summarizing Lecture, but some of the A belief in promoting understanding of neuroscience in medical, Selected Topic Sessions were comprised entirely of three Invited graduate, and undergraduate education was one of the prime lectures by leading neuroscientists, and others were all short, ϳ10 reasons for forming the Sf N, and the mission of academic and min presentations of Selected Contributed Papers that pertained public education about brain science remains paramount. to topic of the session. Fields • The First Sf N Annual Meeting, 1971 J. Neurosci., October 31, 2018 • 38(44):9311–9317 • 9313 7000 jective intensity discrimination, and another described a study on the intensity and wavelength of light in vision. This session was 6000 held while two other Selected Topics Seminars on Molecular 5000 Mechanisms and Critical Periods in CNS Development were be- ing held in nearby rooms. 4000 One of the talks in the morning session on psychophysics, in contrast to the others, which were performed on human subjects, 3000 reported experiments by Stanford Psychologist, Karl Pribram Attendance Attendance and colleagues, on slow cortical potentials recorded in the rhesus 2000 monkey performing a learned task. The purpose here is not to 1000 dwell on Pribram’s research specifically, but rather to use re- search presented at this first meeting to give the flavor of the 0 status of brain research at the formation of the Sf N, and to see 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 from a current vantage point how research of that era has SfN Annual Meeting (year) developed. Pribram devoted his career to studying in humans and non- Figure2. AttendanceatSf NAnnualMeetingsintheyearsimmediatelyafterthefirstmeet- human primates what is today called systems neuroscience, ingin1971,showingaconsistentsteepriseinattendance,whichaveragesϳ30,000attendeestoday which is the study of complex electrophysiological and anatom- (http://www.brainfacts.org/Home/SfN/Annual-Meeting/Past-and-Future-Annual-Meetings/ ical interactions among different parts of the brain to produce Annual-Meeting-Attendance-Statistics). Data before 1979 are replotted from Joel Braslow (https:// perceptions, motor outputs, emotions, and behavior. In contrast www.sfn.org/About/History-of-SfN/1969-1995/Chapter-3). to the textbook concept of the sequential progression of sensory input from simple feature detection in primary sensory cortex to Three Selected
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