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Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems Frederico Torres Fonseca

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Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems Frederico Torres Fonseca The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 5-2001 Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems Frederico Torres Fonseca Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Databases and Information Systems Commons, and the Geographic Information Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Fonseca, Frederico Torres, "Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems" (2001). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 588. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/588 This Open-Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. ONTOLOGY-DRIVEN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS By Frederico Torres Fonseca B.S. Federal University of Minas Gerais - Brazil, 1977 B.E. Catholic University of Minas Gerais - Brazil, 1978 M.S. Joao Pinheiro Foundation - Brazil, 1997 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Spatial Information Science and Engineering) The Graduate School The University of Maine May, 2001 Advisory Committee: Max J. Egenhofer, Professor of Spatial Information Science and Engineering, Advisor Peggy Agouris, Assistant Professor of Spatial Information Science and Engineering Claudia M. Bauzer Medeiros, Professor of Computer Science, IC-UNICAMP, Brazil M. Kate Beard-Tisdale, Professor of Spatial Information Science and Engineering David M. Mark, Professor of Geography, State University of New York, Buffalo ONTOLOGY-DRIVEN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS By Frederico Torres Fonseca Thesis Advisor: Dr. Max J. Egenhofer An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in Spatial Information Science and Engineering) May, 2001 Information integration is the combination of different types of information in a framework so that it can be queried, retrieved, and manipulated. Integration of geographic data has gained in importance because of the new possibilities arising from the interconnected world and the increasing availability of geographic information. Many times the need for information is so pressing that it does not matter if some details are lost, as long as integration is achieved. To integrate information across computerized information systems it is necessary first to have explicit formalizations of the mental concepts that people have about the real world. Furthermore, these concepts need to be grouped by communities in order to capture the basic agreements that exist within different communities. The explicit formalization of the mental models within a community is an ontology. This thesis introduces a framework for the integration of geographic information. We use ontologies as the foundation of this framework. By integrating ontologies that are linked to sources of geographic information we allow for the integration of geographic information based primarily on its meaning. Since the ii integration may occurs across different levels, we also create the basic mechanisms for enabling integration across different levels of detail. The use of an ontology, translated into an active, information-system component, leads Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems. The results of this thesis show that a model that incorporates hierarchies and roles has the potential to integrate more information than models that do not incorporate these concepts. We developed a methodology to evaluate the influence of the use of roles and of hierarchical structures for representing ontologies on the potential for information integration. The use of a hierarchical structure increases the potential for information integration. The use of roles also improves the potential for information integration, although to a much lesser extent than did the use of hierarchies. The combined effect of roles and hierarchies had a more positive effect in the potential for information integration than the use of roles alone or hierarchies alone. These three combinations (hierarchies, roles, roles and hiearchies) gave better results than the results using neither roles nor hierarchies. iii Acknowledgments I was happy enough to find many people along the way that lead to the conclusion of this thesis. The words thank you are not enough to express my feelings towards them but they are all I have right now. First, I gratefully acknowledge the guidance and support from the members of my advisory committee, Max Egenhofer, Peggy Agouris, Kate Beard-Tisdale, David Mark, and Claudia Bauzer Medeiros. I would like to thank specially my advisor Dr. Max Egenhofer whose support, guidance, and friendship were always plentiful. This research would not be possible with the huge personal and academic support from Karla Albuquerque, Clodoveu Davis, Gilberto Câmara, and Andrea Rodríguez. Thank you all my friends specially João Crispim, João Paiva, Paulo Segantine, Andreas Blaser, Rob Liimakka, Jim Farrugia, Jorge Campos, and Kathleen Hornsby. I would like to thank everybody in SIE that helped and supported me in a way or another, specially my teachers Harlan Onsrud, Alfred Leick, Tony Stefanidis, Douglas Flewelling, and members of the staff, Karen Kidder and Blane Shaw. This work was funded in part by grants, contracts, and fellowships. I am grateful for the support of the National Science Foundation under grant numbers SBR-9700465 and IIS-997012; Lockheed-Martin M&DS; a NASA/EPSCoR fellowship under grant number 99-58; and an ESRI graduate fellowship. I also would like to thank my former employer in Brazil, Prodabel, its management and my former colleagues that helped me to get here. And finally I thank all my family both in Brazil and in Maine. My parents Francisco and Teresa for introducing me to the road of knowledge, my aunts Za and Lili for helping through all my life, my brother Alexandre for sharing with me all the iii moments of his thesis and my thesis, good and bad, my wife Dayse and my daughter Isabela for sharing their lives with me. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments................................................................................................................ i Table of Contents................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures..................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 1 1.1 Representing Ontologies: Hierarchies and Roles ............................................... 4 1.2 Goal and Hypothesis........................................................................................... 7 1.3 Scope of the Thesis............................................................................................. 8 1.4 Major Results...................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Intended Audience ............................................................................................ 10 1.6 Thesis Organization .......................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 2 OBJECTS AND ONTOLOGIES FOR GIS INTEGRATION............... 13 2.1 An Object View of the World........................................................................... 14 2.2 Objects with Roles............................................................................................ 16 2.3 GIS Interoperability .......................................................................................... 18 2.4 Ontology and Interoperation............................................................................. 20 2.5 Ontology Levels................................................................................................ 21 2.6 Ontology-Based System Architectures............................................................. 25 2.6.1 Ontolingua................................................................................................. 26 2.6.2 OBSERVER.............................................................................................. 29 2.7 Summary........................................................................................................... 31 v CHAPTER 3 A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION INTEGRATION ......................................................... 32 3.1 An Abstraction Paradigm for the Geographic World ....................................... 33 3.2 A Multiple-Ontology Approach........................................................................ 35 3.2.1 Phenomenological Domain Ontology....................................................... 38 3.2.2 Application Domain Ontology.................................................................. 41 3.2.3 Semantic Mediators .................................................................................. 42 3.3 Bi-Directional Integration................................................................................. 44 3.4 Summary........................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4 A METHODOLOGY FOR CREATING AN ODGIS ..........................
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