Algemeen Ambtsbericht Zuid- En Centraal- Somalië Gecorrigeerde Versie

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Zuid- En Centraal- Somalië Gecorrigeerde Versie Algemeen Ambtsbericht Zuid- en Centraal- Somalië gecorrigeerde versie Datum november 2017 Pagina 1 van 83 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië | Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Cluster Ambtsberichten (CAB) / Directie Afrika (DAF) Pagina 2 van 83 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië | Inhoudsopgave Colofon ....................................................................................................... 2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................. 3 Inleiding ...................................................................................................... 5 1 Landeninformatie ........................................................................................ 7 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ................................................................................. 7 1.1.1 Algemeen .................................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Vorming van een federale staat ...................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Nationale verkiezingen ................................................................................... 8 1.1.4 Maatregelen ten aanzien van veiligheid, rechtshandhaving, bestuur, en corruptiebestrijding ...................................................................................... 10 1.1.5 Militaire situatie / aankondiging terugtrekking AMISOM ..................................... 12 1.1.6 Controle gebieden ........................................................................................ 13 1.1.7 Humanitaire situatie ..................................................................................... 14 1.1.8 Piraterij ...................................................................................................... 16 1.1.9 Al-Shabaab ................................................................................................. 16 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie ........................................................................................ 25 1.2.1 Algemeen ................................................................................................... 25 1.2.2 Veiligheidssituatie per regio ........................................................................... 27 1.3 Documenten ............................................................................................... 34 2 Mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 38 2.1 Juridische context ........................................................................................ 38 2.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen .............................................................................. 38 2.1.2 Grondwet ................................................................................................... 38 2.1.3 Overige nationale wetgeving .......................................................................... 39 2.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ...................................................................... 39 2.2.1 Aangiftemogelijkheden ................................................................................. 40 2.3 Naleving en schendingen .............................................................................. 40 2.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting, incl. persvrijheid ................................................... 40 2.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ........................................................... 43 2.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst en levensovertuiging ................................................... 44 2.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid ........................................................................................ 45 2.3.5 Rechtsgang ................................................................................................. 47 2.3.6 Arrestaties, bewaring en detenties .................................................................. 49 2.3.7 Mishandeling en foltering .............................................................................. 50 2.3.8 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen ...................................................................... 50 2.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden ....................................................... 51 2.3.10 Doodstraf ................................................................................................... 51 2.4 Positie van specifieke groepen ....................................................................... 52 2.4.1 Leden van oppositiepartijen / politieke activisten .............................................. 52 2.4.2 Etnische minderheden, beroepsgroepen en specifieke clans ................................ 53 2.4.3 Vrouwen ..................................................................................................... 55 2.4.4 Lhbt’s ......................................................................................................... 61 2.4.5 Minderjarigen .............................................................................................. 62 3 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden ................................................................... 66 3.1 Ontheemden- en vluchtelingenstroom ............................................................. 66 3.2 Opvang in de regio ....................................................................................... 68 3.3 Activiteiten internationale organisaties ............................................................ 72 Pagina 3 van 83 3.4 Terugkeer ................................................................................................... 73 4 Bijlagen ..................................................................................................... 76 4.1 Geraadpleegde openbare bronnen .................................................................. 76 4.1.1 Rapporten ................................................................................................... 76 4.1.2 Websites .................................................................................................... 77 4.2 Afkortingen ................................................................................................. 80 4.3 Kaarten ...................................................................................................... 81 Pagina 4 van 83 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië | Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië beschreven, voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit dat land en voor de besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Somalische asielzoekers. Dit algemeen ambtsbericht is een actualisering van het eerdere algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië dat in 2016 verscheen, en de periode van 1 december 2014 tot en met 31 december 2015 versloeg. Het ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van januari 2016 tot en met 17 oktober 2017. Dit algemeen ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie uit openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende (inter-)nationale, (niet-)gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen bevindingen in de regio en vertrouwelijke rapportages van Nederlandse vertegenwoordigingen aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In dit rapport wordt veelvuldig verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen, en naar vertrouwelijke bronnen indien informatie op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. In hoofdstuk één wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek en veiligheidsgebied. Tevens wordt ingegaan op identiteits- en reisdocumenten. In hoofdstuk twee wordt vervolgens de mensenrechtensituatie in Somalië geschetst, gevolgd door de beschrijving van de naleving dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten. Ten slotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen belicht. In hoofdstuk drie komen de opvang van vluchtelingen en ontheemden, en de activiteiten van internationale organisaties aan de orde. Pagina 5 van 83 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië | 1 Landeninformatie 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen 1.1.1 Algemeen De verslagperiode kenmerkte zich door de vorderingen bij de inrichting van een federale staat, het houden van nationale verkiezingen en de vreedzame machtsoverdracht naar een nieuwe president en een nieuwe premier. Tevens spande de federale regering zich in om met behulp van de internationale gemeenschap de veiligheidssituatie te verbeteren. Het land had te kampen met steeds weer oplaaiende gevechten tussen Al-Shabaab enerzijds en het Somali National Army Forces (SNAF) en de African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) anderzijds, en gevechten tussen andere actoren, zoals rivaliserende clans. Al- Shabaab beschikte over een niet aflatende slagkracht, dit bleek onder meer uit de frequente aanslagen die de groepering pleegde in Zuid- en Centraal-Somalië, in het bijzonder in de hoofdstad Mogadishu. Het land werd eveneens geteisterd door een zeer ernstige droogte, die een verdere verslechtering van de humanitaire situatie tot gevolg had. In combinatie met het oorlogsgeweld leidde dit tot een massale stroom ontheemden. In totaal zouden in de zomer van 2017 meer dan zes miljoen mensen hulpbehoevend zijn, van de geschatte elf miljoen inwoners die Somalië heeft. Van de zes miljoen zouden zich drie miljoen mensen in een noodsituatie bevinden
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