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Nowak, Mattias Ökade möjligheter för nyanserad bild av Vitryssland i Sverige Lennhag, Mi; Nowak, Mattias Published in: Annus Albaruthenicus 2007 2007 Document Version: Förlagets slutgiltiga version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Lennhag, M., & Nowak, M. (2007). Ökade möjligheter för nyanserad bild av Vitryssland i Sverige. I S. Janowic (Red.), Annus Albaruthenicus 2007 (s. 347-356). (Annus Albaruthenicus). Villa Sokrates. http://kamunikat.fontel.net/pdf/annus/annus2007.pdf Total number of authors: 2 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 ANNUS ALBARUTHENICUS 2007 ГОД БЕЛАРУСКІ 2007 VILLA SOKRATES ANNUS ALBARUTHENICUS 2007 ГОД БЕЛАРУСКІ 2007 ВОСЬМЫ ТОМ Рэдактар САКРАТ ЯНОВІЧ KRYNKI 2007 Выдавецкае афармленьне: ЮРКА ХМЯЛЕЎСКІ Рэцэнзенты: prof. dr hab. Jerzy Tomaszewski prof. dr hab. Antoni Mironowicz Editor: STOWARZYSZENIE VILLA SOKRATES 16-120 KRYNKI POLAND Phone: (+48 – 85) 722 81 44 E-mail: [email protected] Друк: OFFSET-PRINT BIAŁYSTOK © Copyright by Villa Sokrates ISSN 1640-3320 Zrealizowano dzięki dotacji Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji ЗЬМЕСТ – CONTENTS Yury Vashkievich, Metamorphoses of Sovietism..................................................7 Ryszard Radzik, Der weißrussische und tschechische nationsschöpferische Prozess im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts: Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede............................................................................................29 Aliaksandar Smalianchuk, Belarusian National Idea in the Early Twentieth Century ..........................................................................................................55 Pavel Tserashkovich, Social Preconditions of National Revival of the Peoples in the East of Central Eastern Europe in the 19th – early 20th Centuries (Belarusians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians)........................69 Miroslav Hroh, Nation as a Product of Social Communication? (Report on the issue of comparison of the Czech and Belarusian „models”) .......... 111 Miloš Řezník, Historische Staatlichkeit und Nationalbewegung: ein weißrussisch-tschechischer Vergleich.....................................................131 Ewa Bacia, Entstehung des Sozialkapitals als Folge der historisch-kulturellen Bedingungen (am Beispiel einer Vergleichsuntersuchung zwischen zwei Ortschaften: Krynki/Ostpolen und Letschin/Ostdeutschland)......................145 Michael Fleming, Talking about Białowieża: Recent problems and issues .....163 Arnold McMillin, Three poets of the future: Valžyna Mort, Volha Hapiejeva and Vika Trenas ...........................................................................................173 Alena Tabolich, Sakrat Yanovich’s Prose: Stylistic Peculiarities in Translating ...............................................................................................201 Алена Таболіч, Пераклады паэзіі..................................................................207 Eva Stsepaniuk, A hole into the sky .................................................................221 Sakrat Yanovich, No regret... ...........................................................................225 Pálfalvi Lajos, Müvek a fehérorosz irodalom poszttotalitárius korszakából ...237 З іспанскай паэзіі .............................................................................................283 З ірляндзкай паэзіі ...........................................................................................285 З цыганскай паэзіі ...........................................................................................287 Карліс Скалбэ, Цудоўная скрынка................................................................289 Алеха Карпенцер, Выбраныя ........................................................................297 Rezensionen ......................................................................................................307 Skizze ................................................................................................................347 Varia ..................................................................................................................357 6 Yury Vashkievich Юры Вашкевіч Metamorphoses of Sovietism elarus is experiencing a diffi cult period of its development. The consequences of a long-term reign of totalitarianism in this country proved much more serious than initially expected. The B prospects of political, economic and social changes also proved more complicated than assumed. Numerous arising diffi culties, the problem of democratisation of Belarusian state and social institutions as well as the nature of development of political processes may be to a considerable extent explained by the heavy burden of the communist system legacy. A further devel- opment requires not only delineation of goals but also a precise analysis of the totalitarian past. This is not possible without being aware of the basic peculiarities of the Soviet communism as a political, sociological and cultural phenomenon. Neo-communist tendencies resurging recently in Belarusian society increase inter- est in the analysis of problems connected with the way it is functioning. Part of it is the phenomenon of Sovietism, the Soviet man that revealed itself on a massive scale and developed in the time of USSR but still exists losing, however, its close connection with the „maternal womb.” This means it is still alive. Therefore an 7 Yury Vashkievich understanding of the phenomenon of „Sovietism” itself has not only a cognitive and theoretical, but also a quite practical meaning. It is necessary to emphasise that as far as the Soviet society is concerned, paral- lels with other societies, both in historical and social-political respect, often fail. The Soviet society was a new historical type. Therefore its accurate description requires focusing especially on terminology and meaning since the system created by the Bolscheviks differed considerably from previous formations. It was found- ed on communist ideology and class struggle theory, it introduced state-exclusive property, one party dictatorship, absolute centralisation of power and abolition of distribution of authority. Together with a complex chain of state and party control it constituted a perfectly tailored set of tools for the party dictatorship. The abso- lute power of the communist party facilitated an effective elimination of noncon- formism. At the same time, a careful selection elevated bureaucrats, role models of a perfect Soviet man for millions of its co-citizens, to the top of the party hierarchy. For the Bolsheviks, the justifi cation of the coup d’etat was the power that made the building of utopia possible. They also believed they had on their hands the key to the secret of social development and a magical recipe for a miracle. They needed the man, inhabitant of this utopia, a man-cogwheel of the state machine. The idea of this type of individual was nothing new; it came from the nineteenth-century Russian theories of socialism. Its then-contemporary prototype was the „new man” intended to carry out a revolution in tsar’s Russia and to introduce socialism. It is of this kind of man that the Russian „Narodniks” dreamed trying to unite with the people to enlighten them and prepare them for the revolution. Their activity in this direction amounted mainly to attempts at forming the new mentality. Its manifestation was to be a negative attitude towards Christian tradition and its spiritual values. It was an activity of the new type of people that considered every way of fi ghting for their ideals to be right. This model of the new man found its incarnation in the attitudes of activists and ideologists of the Bolshevik coup. The Soviet man of the post-revolution era took to creating a new social-political order. In reality, it was a struggle with the world of universal values in the name of rela- tive ones subordinate to the idea of socialism-communism. In the mature period of totalitarianism, „Sovietism” spread wider and wider, engulfi ng greater and greater number of people that did not have any infl uence on politics, economy or social life. They were characterised by conformism and acquiescence of the existence of the ruling system. The totalitarian system formed individuals that reasoned in categories detached 8 from reality and closely connected with the ideology. Soviet people constituted a Metamorphoses of Sovietism collective founded on a specifi c ideology, because the latter had a decisive infl u- ence on moulding their outlook on life. It was thanks to this ideology that they
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