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Distinguishing Wild and Domestic Wheat and Barley Spikelets from Early Holocene Sites in the Near East

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Distinguishing Wild and Domestic Wheat and Barley Spikelets from Early Holocene Sites in the Near East Distinguishing wild and domestic wheat and barley spikelets from early Holocene sites in the Near East Ken-ichi Tanno & George Willcox Vegetation History and Archaeobotany The Journal of Quaternary Plant Ecology, Palaeoclimate and Ancient Agriculture - Official Organ of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany ISSN 0939-6314 Volume 21 Number 2 Veget Hist Archaeobot (2012) 21:107-115 DOI 10.1007/s00334-011-0316-0 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Veget Hist Archaeobot (2012) 21:107–115 DOI 10.1007/s00334-011-0316-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Distinguishing wild and domestic wheat and barley spikelets from early Holocene sites in the Near East Ken-ichi Tanno • George Willcox Received: 6 December 2010 / Accepted: 16 August 2011 / Published online: 3 September 2011 Ó Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract Identifying morphologically domestic cereals during the Middle PPNB about 10,000 years ago but wild is essential to understanding the origins of agriculture. forms continue as part of the crop after this period. These Charred spikelet bases provide the best evidence for dis- conclusions are based on limited data. Future studies will tinguishing wild from domestic varieties of emmer, einkorn undoubtedly produce a more accurate picture. and barley; however until now, identification criteria have not been agreed upon or well established. We examined Keywords Wheat Á Barley Á Origins Á Near East Á more than 20,000 remains of charred spikelets from eleven Domestication Á Agriculture early Holocene sites in the Near East, classing them into nine groups. We show that damage and fragmentation of wheat spikelets probably due to dehusking makes identi- Introduction fication problematic, and only when the abscission scar is well preserved is it possible to distinguish wild spikelets Identifying pre-domestic cultivation and morphologically which shatter from domestic spikelets which adhere and domestic cereals is crucial to our understandings of the separate during threshing. Barley spikelets were found to origins of agriculture in the Near East. Pre-domestic cul- be less damaged and more easily identified, perhaps tivation has been suggested for ten sites in the Near East because the processing was less damaging. Einkorn was (Colledge 1998; Edwards et al. 2004; Kislev 1997; Kuijt dominant over emmer on early sites, whereas on later sites and Finlayson 2009; Meadows 2004; Weiss et al. 2006; emmer was dominant. Identifications presented here from White and Makarewicz 2011; Willcox et al. 2008). eleven sites date from approximately 13000 to 8200 cal B.P. Domestication of wild cereals involved selection of traits They give an incomplete picture, but no domestic cereals favoured under the conditions of cultivation. Two of these were identified during the PPNA (Pre-pottery Neolithic A). traits can be identified in the archaeological record: chan- Early PPNB Aswad produced domestic barley but at ges in grain size and a change in the dispersal mechanism other sites for this period the evidence is inconclusive. from shattering wild types to non-shattering domestic Unequivocal signs of domestic emmer spikelets appear types. It is the latter which is the subject of this article. Identifying the earliest domestic spikelets and compar- ing data from different sites in the Near East is problematic due to (a) lack of agreed identification criteria, (b) lack of Communicated by F. Bittmann. direct AMS dating on cereal remains and (c) poorly pre- served archaeobotanical material. In this study we attempt K. Tanno Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi-shi, to consolidate the data presented in a previous article Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan (Tanno and Willcox 2006). Tracking the earliest domesti- e-mail: [email protected] cates is under constant revision due to new or revised identifications. G. Willcox (&) Arche´orient UMR 5133 CNRS, Jale`s 07460, France For the PPNA period non-shattering domestic types e-mail: [email protected] were reported from PPNA Aswad and Iraq ed-Dubb 123 Author's personal copy 108 Veget Hist Archaeobot (2012) 21:107–115 (Nesbitt 2002; Colledge et al. 2004). However at Aswad Materials and methods direct AMS dates on the grains and recent excavations by Stordeur have demonstrated that the samples and the layers Archaeological sites from which they were recovered date to the early PPNB (10500 cal B.P.) (Stordeur et al. 2010). At Iraq ed-Dubb Archaeological sites from which we examined charred identification needs to be confirmed by direct dating and re- spikelets include Dederiyeh (unpubl.), a cave site dating to examination of the material: contamination from later the Natufian period situated in north-west Syria (Fig. 1). material from higher levels cannot be ruled out (Nesbitt Also in northwest Syria, Tell Qaramel, an open air site with 2002). The low frequencies of domestic barley at PPNA round houses, is dated to the Khiamian and PPNA. Further Netiv Hagdud are not evidence for domestication (Kislev east on the Euphrates the PPNA site of Jerf el Ahmar and 1997). Kislev’s (1989) detailed study of the anatomy of the the early PPNB site of Dja’de produced evidence of pre- dispersal mechanism showed that wild populations of domestic agriculture (Willcox et al. 2008). To the north in barley may contain 10% of domestic types which come southeast Turkey, Nevali C¸ ori is also dated to the early from the basal spikelet. This is about the quantity found at PPNB and was re-examined following an initial study by Netiv Hagdud. At the time of writing there are no finds Pasternak (1998), here we give the full results. Aswad in from the PPNA in the southern or in the northern Levant south Syria, of similar date, was first excavated in the with more than 10% domestic spikelets. 1970s and the plant remains were published by van Zeist For the early PPNB, domesticated hulled wheat was and Bakker-Heeres (1984). Recent excavations by Stordeur reported from Cayo¨nu¨ and Mylouthkia but no firm criteria have more accurately dated this site and produced more were given, indeed identification may have relied on the spikelet remains, which are reported here (Stordeur et al. tear-off scar which as we explain below is not an indica- 2010). Late PPNB sites include Seker al-Aheimar Khabur tion of domestication (Murray 2003; van Zeist and de in northeast Syria and Ramad in south Syria. Pottery Roller 1994, Figs. 8, 2–6 and 9, 3–3). For PPNB Jericho Neolithic sites include Salat Cami Yanu in the Tigris valley the sample was too small and like Cayo¨nu¨ there were no in southeast Turkey and Tell el-Kerkh in northwest Syria. direct AMS dates on the grains. Early reports from Nevali These sites represent a limited sample and it is hoped that C¸ ori (Pasternak 1998) suggested morphological domesti- in the future this study will include a wider range of sites. cation; this was confirmed by Nesbitt and Willcox, who examined the material at the IWGP meeting in Innsbruck A proposition for the classification of charred wheat in 1995. However further examination of the material in and barley spikelet fragments from early Neolithic sites 2005 and again with colleagues at the IWGP in Krako´win in the Near East 2007 showed that the identification was not clear-cut for reasons that will be described below. At Cafer Ho¨yu¨k In this study we classified spikelets into nine groups for which identifications are more precise, 60% of the depending on whether they were wild or domestic and how spikelets were domestic in levels XII-IX, dated to about they become fragmented (Fig. 2). This classification is 10000 cal B.P. Barley in the northern Levant, for example based on both modern and charred material. Spikelets at Cayo¨nu¨ during this period is wild (van Zeist and de consist of the rachis internode with an upper and lower Roller 1994, Figs. 8,7). In the southern Levant however it abscission scar. In wheat, the glumes are often partially was domesticated at Aswad and at Wadi el Jelat 7 where preserved and form what are often called spikelet forks. finds date at the earliest to the early PPNB, c. 10500 cal Charred spikelets or fragments of spikelets from archaeo- B.P. logical sites would have undergone harvesting, threshing In this study we attempt to clarify the situation by (separation of spikelets, removal of straw), followed by suggesting rigorous identification criteria and new data. dehusking to separate the grains from the glumes, lemma However because of the inherent problems of the material, and palea. Conditions of charring and burial would also the scant archaeological record and difficulties in dating, it affect the specimens. Frequently the more fragile parts of is not possible to provide an accurate record of domesti- the spikelets such as hairs, lemmas and upper parts of the cation for each species. glumes do not survive. Complete spikelets with unbroken Data from grain measurements indicates that an increase rachis internodes are very rare; the fragile lower part is in size started before the appearance of a change in the frequently missing. Longitudinal fragmentation results in dispersal mechanism during the PPNA (Fuller 2007; glume bases which are not diagnostic. We examined Willcox 2004). This increase in grain size could result from 20,887 spikelet remains of hulled wheat and barley from morphological domestication, but at present it is not pos- the above-mentioned sites.
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