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El “Efecto 1812” En La Prensa Y La Ciencia Del Siglo Xix

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El “Efecto 1812” En La Prensa Y La Ciencia Del Siglo Xix EL “EFECTO 1812” EN LA PRENSA Y LA CIENCIA DEL SIGLO XIX Rogelio Altez Franco Urbani Andrea Noria Michael Schmitz Caracas, 2016 EL “EFECTO 1812” EN LA PRENSA Y LA CIENCIA DEL SIGLO XIX Rogelio Altez Franco Urbani Andrea Noria Michael Schmitz Caracas, 2016 DIRECTORA DE LA ACADEMIA NACIONAL DE LA HISTORIA Inés Quintero Montiel COMISIÓN DE PUBLICACIONES Manuel Donís Ríos Inés Quintero Germán Carrera Damas Pedro Cunill Grau Elías Pino Iturrieta ISBN: 978-980-7088-79-4 Depósito Legal: lfi37220159003828 Contenido PREFACIO DE LOS AUTORES ......................................................................................... 5 ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR ................................................................................................. 9 Terremotos con brillo propio ..................................................................................... 9 Tiempos y escogencias de la investigación ............................................................... 15 Más de quince años de investigación documental ................................................... 19 El interminable viaje tras las fuentes y los criterios de búsqueda y selección .......... 23 La clasificación de los documentos .......................................................................... 32 Humboldt y los terremotos de 1812 ........................................................................ 42 Pesquisas que viajaron en el tiempo ......................................................................... 53 La secuela en el siglo XX ......................................................................................... 61 Fuentes del Estudio Preliminar ................................................................................ 67 EL “EFECTO 1812” EN LA PRENSA Y LA CIENCIA DEL SIGLO XIX ............................. 73 Cuando los terremotos fueron noticia ...................................................................... 75 Narraciones, descripciones y testimonios ............................................................... 128 1812 como ejemplo ilustrativo entre los terremotos más destructores ................... 239 Los sismos en las relaciones generales sobre Venezuela y Colombia ..................... 317 Escritos científicos .................................................................................................. 335 ÍNDICES .................................................................................................................. 443 Onomástico ........................................................................................................... 445 Títulos ................................................................................................................... 457 Geográfico ............................................................................................................. 467 Cronológico ........................................................................................................... 479 Figuras .................................................................................................................... 489 Prefacio de los autores Los estudios y razonamientos sobre los sismos de 1812 en Venezuela se inician casi al mismo tiempo que sus efectos destructores. Hubo quienes ni siquiera esperaron a que el polvo de las ruinas se calmara frente a sus ojos para comenzar a especular y explicar las causas de aquella ruina estreme- cedora. Envueltos en un contexto de pugnacidad y desgaste de referentes, la ocurrencia de estos violentos terremotos sirvió de combustible a las lla- mas de los enfrentamientos. Sin embargo, a la distancia y con la perspec- tiva de quien observa a los conflictos desde lejos, los temblores y la guerra, la independencia y el surgimiento de la nación, alimentaron imaginarios, columnas de periódicos, debates científicos, discusiones ideológicas, y has- ta contribuyeron al nacimiento de las disciplinas geocientíficas. Se trata de fenómenos naturales que amplificaron sus efectos de la mano de un contexto simultáneamente sacudido por la crisis de la monar- quía española, el ocaso de la sociedad colonial y el inicio de la guerra; por otro lado, ese mismo contexto daba lugar al surgimiento del positivismo, de la ciencia moderna, y las especializaciones del conocimiento. Todo esto, en conjunto y complicidad con la extensa y compleja destrucción ocurrida aquella tarde del 26 de marzo, habría de contribuir significativamente al despliegue de un perfil protagónico insospechado por entonces y descono- cido hasta el presente. Los sismos del Jueves Santo de 1812 en la naciente Venezuela darían la vuelta al mundo y serían, por muchas décadas, el centro de atención de las miradas científicas, literarias, y periodísticas con las que se observaba a esta sociedad. Sólo en el propio año de 1812, luego de que los terremotos tuvieran lugar en el mes de marzo, más de cincuenta referencias fueron registradas EL “EFECTO 1812” EN LA PRENSA Y LA CIENCIA DEL SIGLO XIX 6 en periódicos de Europa, Estados Unidos y el resto de América, dando noticia u opinando al respecto. Descripciones, testimonios, explicaciones teológicas o pretendidamente científicas, así como radicales posiciones po- líticas, condujeron las columnas de docenas de publicaciones que hallaron en estos sismos una interesante oportunidad para ensanchar el campo de sus coberturas informativas. Con el paso de los años, cuando ya dejaron de ser primicia, los terremotos y sus efectos pasaron a ser un colorido tes- timonio de la independencia, una arriesgada anécdota de intrépidos viaje- ros, una estremecedora efeméride, o un ejemplo de la flamanteseismología . Aquel protagonismo descollante acabaría cediendo el paso a otros sismos destructores en el mundo y a la aparición de los instrumentos de medición de los terremotos; sin embargo, y especialmente para la historia sísmica venezolana, el estudio de estos temblores continuaría dando de qué hablar incluso hasta el presente, representando una pieza clave en el rompecabe- zas telúrico de nuestras regiones. Esta investigación, que comenzó con el acopio aislado de lo que nos encontrábamos eventualmente en archivos y repositorios documentales al respecto, fue impulsada desde el asombro inevitable que representó el tro- piezo recurrente con todas estas referencias que no dejaban de aparecer cada vez que se iniciaba una búsqueda sobre terremotos en la historia de Venezuela. La sistematización de todos esos hallazgos acabó desbordando los esfuerzos individuales y convocando un equipo de investigación que cruzó miradas y especialidades para dar cuenta del “efecto 1812” en la historia periodística y científica del siglo XIX. No obstante, el estudio re- presenta un eslabón más en una cadena de trabajos sobre 1812, sobre la historia de las geociencias y del pensamiento científico en Venezuela, o bien sobre las condiciones geofísicas de algunas ciudades en el país, todo lo cual ya lleva varios años. Los autores acumulamos estudios e interés acerca del tema a través de recorridos individuales o asociados, pero confluyentes, al fin y al cabo. Des- de la Sociedad Venezolana de Historia de las Geociencias (a la cual per- tenecemos), se realizaron trabajos acerca de algunos de los protagonistas fundamentales de la documentación aquí presentada. Los estudios sobre EL “EFECTO 1812” EN LA PRENSA Y LA CIENCIA DEL SIGLO XIX 7 Manuel Palacio Fajardo y Alejandro de Humboldt, así como su relación con el francés Louis Delpeche en torno a sus publicaciones sobre los sis- mos de 1812, ya configuraban antecedentes al respecto y se aproximaban a advertir el asunto. Del mismo modo, las investigaciones documentales e históricas sobre los procesos sociales venezolanos observados a través de aquel año, acumularon fuentes primarias y publicaciones contemporáneas. Las indagaciones sobre la historia del pensamiento sismológico en el siglo XIX, desplegadas en libros antecedentes e inclusive en una tesis de grado, también nos aproximaron a la cuestión y nos identificaron con objetivos comunes. Las traducciones de textos especializados que se presentan al pú- blico a través de estas páginas representan la profundización y el ensancha- miento necesario de la mirada sobre la documentación hallada, así como el ineludible regocijo de publicarlas por vez primera. Estas experiencias y manejo de la información fueron enriquecidas con las pesquisas especiali- zadas en torno a los enigmas documentales que hallamos (que no fueron pocos, ciertamente). Fue un esfuerzo colectivo tenaz y plural. En varias oportunidades pasamos tardes enteras ante una mesa repleta de fotocopias, libros y periódicos, en el intento de descifrar anónimos que se antojaban sospechosos de coincidir con autores ya conocidos. Persegui- mos publicaciones originales que jamás logramos hallar, o bien pasamos largas horas en bibliotecas lejanas detrás de periódicos que sería imposible consultar en nuestro país, a pesar de haber dedicado años de búsqueda en las hemerotecas nacionales (mucho de lo hallado procede de los repo- sitorios venezolanos, igualmente). Fue un recorrido de múltiples caminos que nos llevó a tomar tiempo de otras dedicaciones para hurgar en este asombroso pasado noticioso y científico acerca de los temblores más con- troversiales de la historia venezolana. En el marco del bicentenario de aquellos terremotos, hemos decidido dar a conocer un aspecto nunca mencionado sobre sus efectos, destacando su presencia alrededor del mundo y la construcción de una memoria sobre el evento que hoy parece desaparecida, quizás disuelta ante la ocurrencia
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