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Heat Generation in Denmark

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APRIL 2016 HEAT GENERATION IN DENMARK The Danish district heating system supplies technologies distributed between multiple need not worry whether there is heat in almost three-quarters of the population plants. their radiators and hot water in their taps. with heating. There are around 400 district The technologies currently available The reason for this is that all plants operate heating companies in Denmark, which also include CO2-free sources of heat such reserve load boilers, typically gas- or oil- either generate the heat themselves or buy as solar and geothermal heat. In addition, fired. These boilers are brought online if the it from other production companies. The many places also exploit surplus heat from CHP plant fails to deliver, but they are also heat is generated in many different ways, industrial facilities to supply district heating, useful during the winter months when more using a wide variety of fuels. Most of the and other plants likewise use heat pumps heat production is required. production takes place in CHP plants that and electricity cartridges to utilise the elec- generate both electricity and heat. They do tricity generated by wind turbines. OWNERSHIP so by harvesting energy from a number of In practice, the district heating system 340 district heating companies in Denmark different fuels such as waiste, gas, coal and actually functions like a giant battery with are cooperative societies owned by the biomass. the capacity to assimilate and store produc- users, 50 are municipally owned and only Some district heating companies use tion from other energy technologies. few are in private hand. only natural gas in their production facili- Denmark enjoys a high level of supply ties, while others combine several different reliability, which means that customers HEAT PUMPS – ENERGY FROM WIND TURBINES Heat pumps provide an efficient way to utilise wind energy in the district heating system as they generate heat from electricity on a ratio of 1:4 (i.e. one part energy = four parts heat). However, they are costly to SOLAR HEAT – WITH/WITHOUT PIT STORAGE buy and expensive to run in Den- A solar heating installation that consists of solar panels, mark on account of high duties. where in many cases the energy is accumulated in giant pit storage facilities – a kind of artificial lake with a cover GEOTHERMAL ENERGY on top. This makes it possible to store the heat generated This involves drawing hot until winter, when there is more call for it than in the sum- water up from deep under- mer when the weather is typically more sunny – which ground and then using the naturally means less demand for heating. There are cur- heat from this water for rently 86 facilities in use in Denmark – with more to come. district heating. ELECTRIC BOILER DISTRICT HEATING FACILITY A giant electric ‘kettle’, just like the ones we use in A boiler used exclusively for generating our kitchens. These boilers are excellent at utilising heat. These facilities are also used as wind energy, but they are not as efficient as heat reserve capacity to cover extremely cold pumps because they can only gene- periods, for example, when the district rate heat on a ratio of 1:1. On the other heating companies need to be able to hand, they are inexpensive. A total of generate more heat. 400 MW is currently being used for district heating in Denmark. WASTE INCINERA- TION PLANTS SURPLUS CHP PLANT These plants make HEAT A production facility that generates both electricity and heat, it possible to utilise This approach thus making the most efficient use of the energy from fossil heat generated entails using fuels. Most CHP plants that were originally coal-fired have now from the incinera- the heat generated as a waste been converted to run on biomass. tion of refuse col- product from factory operati- lected from large ons, for example. areas of Denmark. FUELS: Many different types of fuel are used to harsh winter. Denmark has been utilising generate heat. The most common fuels heat from waste incineration for more include natural gas, waste and biomass. than 100 years. Biogas is another green Coal is still used in a number of plants, but fuel that is becoming increasingly preva- its use is being phased out in favour of lent in district heating production in Den- more eco-friendly fuels and technologies. mark. The Danish district heating system Oil is only used to a limited extent, firing a is 58% green today. few boilers as reserve capacity for when Denmark is in the grip of a particularly OIL NON-BIOLOGICALLY 2 % DECOMPOSABLE REFUSE 9 % BIOLOGICALLY DECOMPOSABLE REFUSE 11 % NATURAL GAS 24 % BIO-GAS 1 % WOOD REFUSE 2 % WOOD PELLETS 10 % COAL SOLAR ENERGYI 1 % 15 % GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 0 % BIO-OIL 1 % ELECTRICITY 0 % WOODCHIPS HEAT PUMPS 0 % 14 % STRAW 9 % THE DISTRICT HEATING NETWORK District heating in Denmark comprises the network would be disproportionally numerous independent district heating high. However, there are large, wide- grids that are not interconnected. This spread district heating grids in the big- means that unlike electricity, it is not gest cities: Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense possible to send hot water from Skagen and Aalborg – and in South Jutland. in the north of the country to Tønder in the south, or from Amager in the east to Esbjerg in the west. This would demand huge pipes to transport the volume of water required, as well as extremely high pressure to drive the water across such large distances – and the loss of heat in A SMALL DISTRICT HEATING AREA Has a small district heating network supplying a village of down to 100 dwellings. The primary heat source is typically biomass, but some villages and smaller towns also exploit solar heat and natural gas as reserve capacity sources. A CENTRALIZED DISTRICT HEATING AREA Consists of one large district heating network connecting several large CHP plants, refuse inci- neration plants and heat generation facilities. This A DECENTRALIZED type of system also allows DISTRICT HEATING for generation of district AREA cooling. Consists of a larger district heating network usually connecting a medium large town with smaller, neighbouring towns. Several different types of fuels and heat sources are used here. AARHUS AS AN EXAMPLE To provide an example of a plant in Studstrup, which has major district heating system, been converted from coal let us take a look at Aarhus to wood pellets. An 80 MW – one of the biggest cities electric boiler has also been in Denmark with a total of installed as an extension to the STUDSTRUPVÆRKET 350,000 customers. Studstrup plant. This is equiva- SKØDSTRUP AffaldVarme Aarhus opera- lent to adding 55,000 electric tes a giant waste incineration kettles to the kitchen, lined up plant and is currently building next to each other. The elec- one of the biggest straw-fired tricity is brought online when CHP plants in Denmark. The electricity prices are at their HJORTSHØJ new facility will use 670 tonnes lowest, thus providing a sup- of straw per day, which trans- plement to the other produc- LYSTRUP lates into 240,000 tonnes of tion facilities. straw every year. In addition, the company AFFALDVARME AARHUS receives heat from the CHP LISBJERG TILST OTHER HEAT BRABRAND SOURCES TRANBJERG MÅRSLET BEDER SKANDERBORG HEAT EXCHANGER FACILITY MALLING BOILER FACILITY SOLBJERG HEATING FACILITY USING STRAW / BIOGAS TRANSMISSION PIPE LINE ODDER.
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