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Major Review SURVEY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY VOLUME 52 NUMBER 5 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2007 MAJOR REVIEW Diagnosis and Management of Enophthalmos Mehrad Hamedani, MD,1 Jean-Antoine C. Pournaras, MD,1 and David Goldblum, MD2 1Jules Gonin Eye Hospital—University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and 2Universita¨ts-Augenklinik, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Abstract. Enophthalmos is a relatively frequent and misdiagnosed clinical sign in orbital diseases. The knowledge of the different etiologies of enophthalmos and its adequate management are important, because in some cases, it could be the first sign revealing a life-threatening disease. This article provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of enophthalmos. The main etiologies, such as trauma, chronic maxillary atelectasis (silent sinus syndrome), breast cancer metastasis, and orbital varix, will be discussed. Its objective is to enable the reader to recognize, assess, and treat the spectrum of disorders causing enophthalmos. (Surv Ophthalmol 52:457--473, 2007. Ó 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.) Key words. breast cancer metastasis enophthalmos fat atrophy orbital fracture pseudoenophthalmos scleroderma silent sinus syndrome trauma varix I. Diagnosis of Enophthalmos 2. Clinical Examinaton A. DEFINITION Enophthalmos is often obvious during the in- Enophthalmos is a posterior displacement of the spection of a patient’s face. The diagnosis is eyeball within the orbit in an antero-posterior plane simplified in cases of unilaterality or major asym- due to several etiologies.33 The volume of the globe is metry. Indirect clinical signs contribute to the normal. In case of unilaterality, a difference of more diagnosis of enophthalmos and include deep than 2 mm between the two eyes can be considered superior sulcus, narrowing of the palpebral fissure diagnostic. It is the opposite of exophthalmos (pseudoptosis), and lagophthalmos. (proptosis) where the globe is pushed forward. The position of the globe in the orbit has a high variability due to age, sex, and ethnic background. The best position for the clinical recognition of enophthalmos is asking the patient to look up with B. CLINICAL PRESENTATION the head tilted back, and the observer being in front of the patient (Fig. 1). Objective and quantitative 1. Symptoms measurement can be achieved by Hertel exophthal- Subjective complaints depend strongly on the mometry. In case of orbital fractures with displace- etiology and severity of enophthalmos. The most ment of the lateral orbital rim, other devices using common disturbances are facial asymmetry and a frontal support are necessary (e.g., Naugle exoph- double vision. Sometimes, the patient may consider thalmometer). Concomitant vertical misalignement the disorder as a ptosis or contralateral proptosis. (hypoglobus) is often present. 457 Ó 2007 by Elsevier Inc. 0039-6257/07/$--see front matter All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2007.06.009 458 Surv Ophthalmol 52 (5) September--October 2007 HAMEDANI ET AL disease. Due to the reduced volume, the eye will appear sunken in to the orbit and the lids will seem ptotic without actual axial displacement of the globe in relation to its surrounding structures (Fig. 2A).3 b. Microphthalmos, Microcornea Microphthalmos is defined as a congenitally small eye with reduction of the volume of the globe in the absence of other ocular anomalies.42,49 On the basis of the small corneal diameters the diagnosis is obvious and seldom missed, even in young infants. As described for phthisis bulbi, the volume reduction Fig. 1. Left enophthalmos. of the globe or anterior segment will make the eye appear enophthalmic. Microphthalmos could be C. RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING part of hemifacial microsomia (Fig. 2B). Radiological investigations, computed tomogra- phy (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging c. Refractive-Anisometropia (MRI), confirm and also quantify enophthalmos. In case of significant anisometropia the shorter Axial sections in the neuro-ocular plane provide eye may lead to the wrong impression of being reproducible measurements and can be used for enophthalmic. It should be noted that the general 22,170 follow-up comparison. Coronal and sagittal rule that 3 diopters translated into 1 mm of sections are equally important for the analysis of biometric axial length may sometimes be mislead- the surrounding tissues and sinuses. The CT scan ing, given the widespread use of refractive surgery. serves as the reference for the analysis of the bony structures (orbital container), whereas the MRI is 2. Altered Lid Position more relevant for the observation of the globe surrounding soft tissues (orbital content). a. Horner Syndrome The syndrome named after Johann Friedrich D. PSEUDOENOPHTHALMOS Horner76 has generally been described with miosis, The definition of true enophthalmos has been ptosis, and enophthalmos, as well as anhidrosis. described in previous sections; therefore, it is A lesion at any point along the oculosympathetic pathway will result in this syndrome with symptoms important to distinguish disorders that may initially 86 appear as enophthalmos, due to lid malpositions, on the same side and anisocoria. Anisocoria is globe size anomalies, or structural deviations (Table more apparent in dim illumination, and the 1), but are not associated with an actual axial affected pupil shows dilation lag. Light and near displacement of the globe. pupillary reactions are intact. The eyelid is ptotic because of paresis of the sympathetically innervated Mu¨ller’s muscle. There seems to be apparent 1. Globe enophthalmos (pseudoenophthalmos) due to the a. Phthisis Bulbi ptosis and because the lower eyelid may be elevated; Phthisis bulbi is defined as a shrinking of the exophthalmometry readings, however, are generally 108,126,175 globe often following injury, surgery, infection, or equal (Fig. 2C). b. Ptosis TABLE 1 Ptosis is defined as a drooping of one or both Etiologies of Pseudoenophthalmos eyelids. It may be complete or incomplete, varying Globe Phthisis bulbi in degree of severity. As described in the Horner Microphthalmos, microcornea syndrome section, a blepharoptosis can lead to the Refractive-Anisometropia impression of an enophthalmos (Fig. 2D).8 Altered lid position Horner’s syndrome Ptosis Contralateral lid retraction 3. Structural Lesions Structural lesions Post Enucleation Socket Syndrome (PESS)/Anophthalmic socket a. Post-Enucleation Socket Syndrome (PESS) Contralateral exophthalmos Marked pseudoenophthalmos frequently occurs Facial/Bony asymmetry after enucleation with or without the use of intra- DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ENOPHTHALMOS 459 Fig. 2. A: Left pseudoenophthalmos: Phthisis Bulbi. B: Right pseudoenophthalmos: Microphthalmos. C: Right pseudoenophthalmos: Horner’s syndrome. D: Right pseudoenophthalmos: Congenital Ptosis. orbital implants (Fig. 3). It is often associated with condition on the contralateral side. Therefore, any a superior sulcus syndrome, which is another difference in the position of the eyes has to be common finding in the anophthalmic socket. The carefully evaluated for being pseudoexophthalmic or causes are reduction of orbital content, and pro- pseudoenophthalmic in respect to its side. gressive relaxation of the lower eyelid leading to downward passage of the prosthesis, with associated c. Facial Asymmetry ectropion development and decreased volume of the Any bony malformation in the skull resulting in orbit. The main theory (based on clinical impression) a facial asymmetry can lead to the impression of an of orbital fat atrophy due to metabolic or circulatory enophthalmos due to the asymmetry of the face with alterations was never proven by clinical or experi- 97,98 anterior or posterior displacement of the whole orbit. mental studies. To prevent PESS, careful evalua- The globe, however, might well be in a physiological tion of an adequate-sized implant and correct position in regard to the orbital surroundings. placement during surgery are important. Neverthe- less, if the syndrome becomes apparent, relaxation of the lower eyelid can be corrected with surgical repair II. Pathophysiology of Enophthalmos and if necessary support using, for example, autog- enous fascia lata.132 Decreased volume of the orbital Three main mechanisms are proposed in the content can be corrected also with materials such as genesis of enophthalmos: enlargement of the autogenous fat79 or dermis-fat,69,157,162 autogenous orbital container, reduction of the orbital content, 143 cartilage,36 autogenous bone, sclera and liquid and contraction of the orbital content (Table 2). collagen,160 silicone,123,155,167 glass beads,161 or po- rous polyethylene,18,66,147 using several surgical ap- A. ENLARGEMENT OF THE ORBITAL CONTAINER proaches and techniques (intraorbital, subperiostal). Enlargement of the orbital container seems to be the most frequent cause of enophthalmos. Different b. Contralateral Proptosis/Exophthalmos mechanisms may modify the orbital walls and hence Exophthalmos is defined as a forward displace- increase the orbital volume. It could be a defect of ment of the normal globe in relation to its bony orbit. the orbital wall(s) or an external displacement of This may lead to the impression of an enophthalmic these walls. Orbital fractures, chronic maxillary 460 Surv Ophthalmol 52 (5) September--October 2007 HAMEDANI ET AL Fig. 3. A: Left pseudoenophthalmos: Post Enucleation Socket Syndrome (PESS). B: CT-Scan Sagittal view showing the posterior and inferior displacement of the implant.
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