News in Review Resource Guide

September 2011 Credits Resource Guide Writers: Sean Dolan, Kim Earle, Peter Flaherty, Jim L’Abbé Copy Editor and Desktop Publisher: Susan Rosenthal Resource Guide Graphics: Laraine Bone Production Assistant: Carolyn McCarthy Resource Guide Editor: Jill Colyer Supervising Manager: Karen Bower Host: Michael Serapio Senior Producer: Nigel Gibson Producer: Lou Kovacs Video Writers: Nigel Gibson Director: Douglas Syrota Graphic Artist: Mark W. Harvey Editor: Stanley Iwanski

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News in Review, September 2011 1. The Massacre in Norway (Length: 14:42) 2. War and Famine in Somalia (Length: 13:06) 3. The 9/11 Attacks: Ten Years Later (Length: 15:58) 4. Life, Work, and Smartphones (Length: 16:14) Contents In This Issue ...... 4

THE MASSACRE IN NORWAY ...... 6 Introduction ...... 6 Video Review ...... 7 Terror Strikes ...... 9 Why? ...... 12 The Victims ...... 14 Activity: How should we remember? ...... 16

WAR AND FAMINE IN SOMALIA ...... 17 Introduction ...... 17 Video Review ...... 18 The Current Crisis in Somalia ...... 21 The Issues behind the Famine ...... 23 Somalia: A Brief History ...... 26 Activity: Taking the Next Steps ...... 29

THE 9/11 ATTACKS: TEN YEARS LATER ...... 30 Introduction ...... 30 Video Review ...... 31 Shock and Awe ...... 33 How have our lives been changed? ...... 36 The Death of Osama bin Laden ...... 39 Activity: Are we safer today? ...... 41

LIFE, WORK, AND SMARTPHONES ...... 42 Introduction ...... 42 Video Review ...... 43 Smartphones – A Snapshot ...... 45 Transformation in Schools ...... 48 The Work-Life Balance ...... 50 Activity: Could you live without a smartphone? ...... 51

News in Review Index ...... 52

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 3 In This Issue . . .

THE MASSACRE IN NORWAY (Length: 14:42) NiR Study In late July, a man went on a bloody rampage in Norway. He detonated a powerful Modules Using print and video bomb in the country’s capital and then opened fire at a youth camp. Seventy-six material from archival people were killed and many others injured. In this News in Review story we’ll look issues of News in at the tragedy and what drove the gunman to kill so many. Review, teachers and students can create NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos thematic modules The Shooting of Gabrielle Giffords Air India for independent March 2011 Al Qaeda’s Family assignments, and small The Terrorist Attack on Mumbai Darfur: On Our Watch group study. February 2009 Of Fatwas and Beauty Queens A Gunman Attacks Students in Montreal October 2006 Related CBC Videos Other videos available from CBC Learning; see the back cover for contact details.

WAR AND FAMINE IN SOMALIA (Length: 13:06) In the African country of Somalia a long drought is causing mass starvation. It’s threatening the lives of millions of people, and a civil war is making it hard to help them. In this News in Review story we’ll look at the desperate situation and what is being done to try to feed the hungry. NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos K’Naan: A Canadian Sings for the World Big Thirst: The Coming Drought May 2010 Playing God with Planet Earth Peace Radio: Canadian Voices in Somalia Watershed May 2004

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 4 THE 9/11 ATTACKS: TEN YEARS LATER (Length: 15:58) It’s been 10 years since a group of terrorists carried out a devastating assault on the United States. They crashed two planes into buildings in New York City, another one into a building in Washington D.C., and brought down a fourth one over Pennsylvania. In this News in Review story we’ll look back at that terrible day and how it changed the world. NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos 9/11: The Day That Changed the World 9/11 Toxic Legacy October 2006 My Life After 9/11 Toronto Arrests: 18 Face Terror Charges Secret History of 9/11 September 2006 Terrorist Attack: Protecting Canada November 2001 United States Under Terrorist Attack October 2001

LIFE, WORK, AND SMARTPHONES (Length: 16:14) A new generation of cell phones is changing the way people live and work. But how are these so-called smartphones affecting those who use them? In this News in Review story we’ll look at why smartphones are so popular and examine some of the drawbacks and the dangers.

NiR Study Modules Related CBC Videos How Facebook Changed the World Are We Digital Dummies? April 2011 Canada’s Worst Cellphone Bill Cell Phones and Drivers, December 2008 Cellphone Frenzy: Making Money with Mobile Applications Cellphones: The Ring Heard Around the World The End Google World Village Cellphone: Empowering Bangladesh

Sections marked with this symbol contain content suitable for younger viewers. Exercises marked with this symbol indicate that a worksheet to aid in the exploration of the topic is available online.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page  THE MASSACRE IN NORWAY Introduction July 22, 2011, is a day that will live in over half of whom were under the age of Focus infamy for the people of Norway—a 17—on Utoeya island. In the summer of 2011, Norwegians country with a humanitarian reputation. The targets were clear: the bomb was were horrified when Norway’s innocence was shattered as intended to take down the leader of the one of their own a fellow Norwegian set off a bomb on existing Labour Party government and detonated a massive the front steps of Prime Minister Jen the shooting rampage was designed bomb in Oslo and Stoltenberg’s office in Oslo before to kill as many future Labour Party then drove to a youth making his way to a Labour Party youth members as possible. Why? Because camp and opened fire camp on the island of Utoeya and going Breivik believed that the immigration on scores of people. This News in Review on a shooting rampage. policy of Stoltenberg and his political story examines the The shooter was Anders Behring comrades was destroying the fabric of incident that left 77 Breivik. Investigators have learned that Norwegian culture. Despite the fact that Norwegians dead Breivik meticulously planned the attacks this belief was patently untrue, Breivik and explores how a for years. He thought that the bombing could not be dissuaded from his position. tragedy like this can and massacre would inspire a revolution Norway responded to the attacks with happen in a country that would see Europe deport its a call for unity and compassion instead that holds peace in high regard. immigrant population and clamp down of blood and vengeance. One hundred on Muslim influence in Europe. and fifty thousand people marched Before leaving a farm north of Oslo through the streets of Oslo carrying roses Definition to set off the bomb and attack the youth and candles. Prime Minister Stoltenberg Eurabia refers to the camp, Breivik e-mailed a 1 500-page told those assembled, “I am infinitely neo-conservative manifesto to thousands of Facebook grateful to be living in a country where, notion that Muslims have been taking over “friends.” By the time anyone paid at a critical time, people take to the Europe. attention to the manifesto, the Oslo bomb streets with flowers and candles to had killed eight people and shattered the protect democracy” (Toronto Star, July Prime Minister’s office, and Breivik had 27, 2011). systematically murdered 69 people— To Consider 1. Why do you think gunmen target innocent victims when they are mad at government policy?

2. How do you feel about the way Norwegians took to the streets after the massacre? Do you think Canadians would have responded similarly or differently? Explain.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 6 THE MASSACRE IN NORWAY Video Review

Did you know . . . Pre-viewing Questions Breivik’s bomb was Norway is one of the most peaceful nations in the world and among the most a combination of generous when it comes to foreign aid. Its social democratic form of government fertilizer and fuel seeks a balance of economic development and social justice. Norway’s oil revenues similar to the one used have been funneled into a $350-billion trust to secure its future. by Timothy McVeigh 1. Based on this information, why is the title of this video such a shock for in Oklahoma City in most people? 1995.

2. How do Canadian values and priorities compare with those of Norway?

Viewing Questions As you watch the video, respond to the questions in the spaces provided. 1. What two tragedies occurred in Norway on July 22, 2011?

2. Describe the scene of the Oslo bombing.

3. How did the attacker trick people before he began opening fire on the young people gathered at the Labour Party youth camp?

4. What did Adrian Pracon do to keep from being shot by the gunman?

5. a) For how many years did Anders Breivik say he was planning the attack?

b) What did Breivik’s manifesto reveal about his beliefs?

6. Why did Breivik’s neighbours find his behavior to be a bit odd?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 7 7. Why would it have been difficult to detect the threat posed by Breivik prior to July 22?

8. How does Breivik’s lawyer describe his client’s thoughts about the attacks?

9. Roughly how many ultra-nationalist groups does former CSIS agent Michel Juneau-Katsuya think pose a threat to Canadian security?

10. What evidence is there that extremism may be on the rise in Canada?

11. Why does Khaled Mouammar of the Canadian Arab Federation believe that all racist messages must be denounced?

12. What positive development emerged in Norway shortly after the attacks?

Post-viewing Analysis After Anders Breivik’s twin attacks on the people of Norway, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg delivered these inspiring words: “To the person who attacked us, you are not going to destroy us. You are not going to destroy our democracy and our work for our better world. We are a small country, but a very proud country. No one can bomb us to be quiet, no one can shoot us to be quiet. No one can ever scare us from being Norway” (CBC News in Review video). 1. What message was the Prime Minister trying to send to his people?

2. a) How do you think this message was received by the people of Norway?

b) By the victims’ families?

c) By other extremists in the country?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 8 THE MASSACRE IN NORWAY Terror Strikes Focus for Reading As you read the following information about the horrific events of July 22, 2011, make note of any points where authorities, or others who knew Breivik, could have intervened and possibly prevented the tragedy from happening.

A Diabolical Plan for a Glock pistol, which he eventually Anders Behring Breivik spent years purchased in early 2011. Around the same planning to bring terror to his Norwegian time, he ordered some of the component homeland. But the main elements of his parts of the bomb he would use in Olso. horrifying attack really came together in Breivik also illegally ordered badges from the year leading up to events of July 22. an online vendor for the police uniform he Breivik’s first step was to purchase made and wore on the day of the attacks. weapons. After a failed effort to buy By the end of winter, most of the guns illegally in the Czech Republic, he materials Breivik needed to carry out his concluded that it was just as easy to buy attacks were in place, with one exception: guns legally in Norway. In late 2010, he the six tonnes of fertilizer he would legally bought a semi-automatic weapon need for his bomb. Breivik’s plan was to for $2 000. Next he spent three months detonate a bomb similar to the one that training at a gun club to earn a permit destroyed a federal building in Oklahoma City in 1995. However, the purchase of such a large amount of fertilizer would likely draw the suspicion of authorities, so he rented a farm north of Oslo in the village of Aasta and formed a company called Breivik Geofarm. He claimed he would be growing sugar beets, a crop that requires a lot of fertilizer. This allowed him to order the fertilizer without incident, which he stored in a barn on his property. Authorities later concluded that Breivik used at least 500 kilograms of fertilizer and fuel in the bomb he placed in a rented Volkswagen that he blew up in front of the Prime Minister’s office.

The Oslo Bombing A few days before the attacks, Breivik dropped either the bomb-laden van or his getaway vehicle off in Oslo. He then caught a train back to the town nearest to his farm. On July 22, he made his way back to Oslo, moved the bomb into position in front of the Prime Minister’s office, made his way

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 9 to his getaway vehicle and detonated the in the wake of the bombing. He told bomb just before 3:30 in the afternoon. them to come close and when they did The explosion was tremendous, he pulled the automatic weapon off his shattering windows and starting fires shoulder and opened fire, mowing down in neighbouring buildings. The bomb those who approached him. The rest of killed eight and wounded 30 others. the campers scattered and, for the next Security personnel working at the Prime 90 minutes, Breivik hunted them. He Minister’s office later told investigators killed some in their tents, some as they that they saw Breivik park the vehicle darted through the forest, and others as but didn’t challenge him because he was they sat defenceless along the island’s dressed in a police uniform. rocky shoreline. While authorities scrambled to get Some tried to swim to the mainland things under control in Oslo, Breivik and, when residents across from Utoeya was climbing into his other vehicle and figured out what was happening on the preparing to drive 40 kilometres to the island, they assembled a flotilla of small town opposite Utoeya island. News boats to ferry frantic campers away from networks the world over were reporting the killer. Still, Breivik was able to pick that a massive bomb had exploded in Oslo, off people swimming in the water. By and authorities immediately suspected the the time he surrendered to authorities, Islamist militant group Al Qaeda. Little Breivik had murdered 69 people, most of did they know that the bomber was a local them around the age of 17. man who was on his way to carry out phase two of his horrific plan. Aftermath Breivik did not hesitate to claim The Rampage on Utoeya responsibility for the attacks. He hoped Young people gathered at a Labour to use his first appearance in court as Party youth camp on the island of an opportunity to share his beliefs with Utoeya stopped what they were doing the world, but a Norwegian judge was when word of the bombing reached quick to close the courtroom and throw them and started monitoring the news Breivik into solitary confinement. on their smartphones. They weren’t However, Breivik had already made his sure if the Prime Minister was safe. He views public; first in a video posted on was scheduled to arrive at Utoeya the YouTube days before the attacks and next day and address the close to 600 then in a Facebook message sent to his youth who had gathered at the camp. 7 000 “friends” that linked to a massive Eventually they broke off into groups, 1 500-page manifesto called 2083 – A some clustering around their tents, others European Declaration of Independence. in the cafeteria, and a few down by the Breivik’s goal was to inspire all of dock. All of their focus was on gathering Europe to initiate a cultural revolution to news from Oslo. rid the continent of Muslim immigrants. Just before 5:00 p.m., Breivik, still But Norwegians responded with an dressed as a policeman, arrived on the unparalleled demonstration of both last ferry of the day from the mainland. grief and unity, as 150 000 people He waved the young campers toward gathered in Oslo’s City Hall Square in a him, telling them that he had come to compassionate show of strength for the provide news and a sense of security victims and their families.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 10 Follow-up 1. How much planning went into Breivik’s attacks? Does this level of planning make the attacks that much more frightening? Explain.

2. Survivors of the attacks on Utoeya were extremely fearful when the real police came to their rescue. Why were they so afraid? How do you think the survivors will feel when they see a police officer in the future?

3. a) What was Breivik’s goal in the attacks? b) What do you think is the likelihood he will achieve those goals?

4. Compare the notes you made while reading with a partner. How many opportunities did you identify where someone could have intervened and stopped Breivik?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 11 THE MASSACRE IN NORWAY Why?

Did you know . . . Focus for Reading According to Breivik’s The word empathy refers to the feeling that you understand and share another manifesto, he used the person’s experiences. In other words, you have the ability to feel what others video games Call of feel and, based on this connection, you are able to develop a bond with that Duty: Modern Warfare other person. Someone who acts with violence does not have empathy for his or 2 and World of her victims. As you read the following information, look for clues as to why this Warcraft as part of his is so. weapons training for the July 22 attacks. Why did he do it? he was able to do was identify something The search for plausible explanations as evil or cruel and there wasn’t much for shockingly destructive behaviour else to say. His research then shifted always begins in earnest shortly after a away from a study of evil to the absence massacre like this one. In Norway’s case, of empathy in people. regular citizens probed their collective According to Baron-Cohen, empathy conscience to find a rational reason for is a natural human ability. People want to this horrific violence—the murder of 77 feel what others feel. This provides them people in just over three hours. with an understanding of what motivates Was something actually “wrong” and inspires others. Empathy allows for with Breivik? Was he suffering from an the growth of caring and compassion. untreated mental illness? Had he been The actions of Breivik point to an abused as a child? Had he recently lost absence of empathy. In other words, a job or was he dealing with another Breivik had somehow shut off his ability significant source of stress? Or did he to feel what others feel. He managed to lack a sense of morality or compassion turn his victims into objects that were as for others? Not that any of these would significant to him as images that pop up justify the massacre. But a better on the screen of a first-person-shooter understanding of why this occurred video game. might possibly help us to prevent Baron-Cohen claims that an inability tragedies like this in the future. to feel empathy can emerge through: • genetic problems Empathy and Evil • damage to the brain, in particular to the Modern neuroscience has begun to amygdala in the pre-frontal cortex examine the circuitry of the brain in • an abusive or neglectful childhood relation to a person’s sense of empathy— • other social factors that erode empathy their ability to feel what others feel. Source: “The anatomy of evil” by Professor Simon Baron-Cohen of Elizabeth Renzetti (The Globe and Mail, Cambridge University in Britain became July 30, 2011) an expert on empathy after spending years studying human cruelty. He It is the last item on the list that has initially wondered how people could turn become most evident to investigators off their conscience and do unimaginably gathering information in the Breivik cruel things to others. He pursued this case. Over the years, Breivik isolated as far as he could before determining himself from others and became that labelling something as evil was an obsessed with the idea that Muslim intellectual dead end. In other words, all immigration was destroying the fabric

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 12 of Norwegian culture. He spent a great All people have the ability to feel deal of time online with like-minded empathy to some degree. In Breivik’s individuals who espoused the same case, his empathic abilities were beliefs. Eventually he concluded that severely diminished. One lesson that action had to be taken to demonstrate can be drawn from the nightmare he what he believed — however mistaken delivered to the world in July 2011 is or twisted those beliefs were. And the need to practise empathy. If empathy somewhere in the process, he lost his works through the brain’s circuitry, it is ability to feel empathy for his fellow essential to exercise that part of the brain human beings. so that one’s empathic abilities improve. Analysis 1. This section concludes with the statement that one lesson we can learn from this is that it is important to practise empathy. What other lessons can be learned from this tragedy?

2. If Breivik suffered from a genetic problem or brain damage, how responsible is he for the actions he took on July 22, 2011?

3. In your view, are people naturally inclined to empathy as Simon Baron- Cohen suggests or are people naturally inclined to evil? Or to both?

4. This section focuses on the role of empathy, or lack thereof, in violent crimes. Investigators have also learned that Breivik was racist and influenced by other racists, and that he was estranged from his father. How might these factors have influenced his behaviour?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 13 THE MASSACRE IN NORWAY The Victims

Did you know . . . Focus for Reading Breivik killed 69 When Anders Breivik opened fire on the innocent people gathered at the people on Utoeya Labour Party youth camp he was essentially trying to destroy the political future island. of Norway. The Labour Party has been the dominant force in Norwegian politics for the last 80 years and currently holds the balance of power in a coalition government led by Jens Stoltenberg. Those gathered on Utoeya island were young people who were bright and politically active. But they were also just kids. Many were under the age of 17. As you read the following tributes to a few of the victims, ask yourself how it is possible that Breivik could have seen these young people as a threat.

The Victims of July 22, 2011 possible world. We want openness, better Trond Berntsen, 51, was an off-duty work conditions and a better deal for police officer hired to provide security pensioners” (“Stories behind Norway’s at the camp. Berntsen was at the victims emerge,” MSNBC, www.msnbc. camp with his 10-year-old son. When msn.com). Apparently Fridtun sent a Breivik arrived Bernsten got his son message from her phone asking for help out of danger before he himself was shortly before she was killed. killed. According to one eyewitness account, Breivik approached the boy Gunnar Linakar, 23, was the son of a after killing the father, and the boy said: Labour Party activist. Linakar called “Now you’ve killed my dad. Let us his father during the attack and told him alone” (Huffington Post, July 23, 2011). that someone was shooting people at Surprisingly, Breivik turned away from the camp. According to some witnesses, the boy and searched for other victims. Linakar acted as a human shield for other younger campers before he was shot and Tore Eikeland, 21, was called “one of killed. Linakar’s father, Roald, said his the most talented young politicians son was “a calm, big teddy bear with lots [in Norway]” by Prime Minister Jens of humour and lots of love” (“Stories Stoltenberg. Eikeland addressed the behind Norway’s victims emerge,” Labour Party convention the spring MSNBC, www.msnbc.msn.com). before he was killed by Breivik. Johannes Buoe, 14, was described by Hanne Kristine Fridtun, 19, was a his parents as “an independent boy with community activist who addressed a good sense of humour” (BBC News, Norway’s Labour Party at its conference August 2, 2011). He was interested in in April 2011. She told her audience, dogs, snowmobiling, and took an active “We want the right to live in the best part in the youth community.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 14 The Victims of July 22, 2011

Monda Adbinur, 18 Ronja Soetter Johansen, 17 Ismail Haji Ahmed, 19 Maria Maagerø Johannesen, 17 Thomas Margido Antonson, 16 Sondre Kjøeren, 17 Porntip Ardem, 21 Margrethe Boeyum Kloeven, 16 Modupe Ellen Awoyemi, 15 Syvert Knudsen, 17 Lene Maria Bergum, 19 Andres Kristiansen, 18 Kevin Daae Berland, 15 Elisabeth Troennes Lie, 16 Torjus Jakobsen Blattmann, 17 Tamta Lipartelliani, 23 Sverre Flate Bjorkavåg, 28 Jon Vegard Lervag, 32 Monica Boesei, 45 Hanne Ekroll Loevlie, 30 Carina Borgund, 18 Eva Kathinka Lütken, 17 Johannes Buø, 14 Even Flugstad Malmedal, 18 Asta Sofie Helland Dahl, 16 Tarald Kuven Mjelde, 18 Sondre Furseth Dale, 17 Ruth Benedicte Vatndal Nilsen, 15 Monica Iselin Didriksen, 18 Häkon Ødegaard, 17 Gizem Dogan, 17 Emil Okkenhaug, 15 Bendik Rosnaes Ellingsen, 18 Diderick Aamodt Olsen, 19 Andreas Edvardsen, 18 Henrik André Pedersen, 27 Hanna Endresen, 61 Rolf Christopher Johansen Perreau, 25 Aleksander Aas Eriksen, 16 Karar Mustafa Qasim, 19 Andrine Bakkene Espeland, 16 Bano Abobakar Rashid, 18 Hanne Blach Fjalestad, 43 Henrik Rasmussen, 18 Silje Merete Fjellbu, 17 Synne Roeyenland, 18 Andreas Dalby Grønnesby, 17 Ida Beathe Rogne, 17 Snorre Haller, 30 Simon Saebo, 18, Kai Hauge, 33 Kjersti Sandberg, 26 Rune Havdal, 43 Marianne Sandvik, 16 Guro Vartdal Håvoll, 18 Fredrik Lund Schjetne, 18 Ingrid Berg Heggelund, 18 Lejla Selaci , 17 Ida Marie Hill, 34 Birgitte Smetbak, 15 Karin Elena Holst, 15 Isabel Victoria Green Sogn, 17 Anne Lise Holter, 51 Silje Stamneshagen, 18 Eivind Hovden, 17 Victoria Stenberg, 17 Jamil Rafal Mohammad Jamil, 20 Tina Sukuvara, 18 Steinar Jessen, 16 Sharidyn Svebakk-Bohn, 14 Espen Joergensen, 17 Havard Vederhus, 21

Sources: “Norway attacks: The victims,” BBC (www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe- 14276074); “Stories behind Norway’s victims emerge,” MSNBC (www.msnbc.msn. com)

Follow-up Conduct additional research to locate all the names of those who were victims of the Oslo bombing then create a name collage.

OR

Make a picture collage in a program like PowerPoint using as many photos of Breivik’s victims as possible. You can look for pictures from the websites listed above.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 15 THE MASSACRE IN NORWAY Activity: How should we remember?

Five days after Anders Behring Breivik detonated a bomb in Oslo and murdered scores of young people on Utoeya island, The Globe and Mail ran an editorial entitled “His 15 minutes are up” (July 27, 2011). What was said in this editorial was that although in the immediate aftermath of the massacre Breivik had received extensive media coverage it was now time to forget about him.

In fact, the editorial never mentioned Breivik by name. Instead it referred to him as “whatshisname.” The editorial warns, “Any country can produce a man like whatshisname. Perhaps it is a surprise that there aren’t more such people in the world” and concludes with the statement, “His 15 minutes are now, to all intents and purposes, done.”

The reason the editor wrote this is that in most cases of mass murder, the shooter becomes famous while no one knows the names of the victims. The shooter often wants to become famous, wants people to talk about him. So the media should not take part in giving perpetrators of violence the satisfaction of seeing their name in print over and over.

With this in mind, complete one of the following tasks.

Option 1: Forget About the Murderer? Take a position for or against The Globe and Mail’s editorial. What do you think? Should the media stop identifying people like Breivik shortly after they execute their murderous plans? Or do the media have an obligation to report on people like Breivik in the hopes of coming to some kind of understanding of what motivated their crimes? Can such reporting unearth satisfactory explanations without specifically identifying the perpetrators of these horrible crimes? Write your conclusions in a brief explanatory report.

Length of report: 500 words

Option 2: Remembering the Victims Too often the focus of attention after a horrifying event like the attacks in Oslo falls on the perpetrator of the atrocities. Many are left to wonder: what about the victims?

Your task is to write a tribute to one of the victims of the massacre. It should be a compassionate account of the person’s life and should focus on the lessons that can be learned from the attacks.

Length of tribute: 500 words

For a detailed review of the lives of many of those killed go the BBC website (www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14276074) or the SKY news website (http:// news.sky.com/home/article/16037474).

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 16 WAR AND FAMINE IN SOMALIA Introduction Famine is once again haunting the Horn for two decades and is plagued by an Focus of Africa, which includes the countries ongoing civil conflict. An extremist This News in Review story examines the of Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, Islamic group controls the southern famine in Somalia and Somalia. Unfortunately, this area is part of Somalia where the famine is and how a civil war is no stranger to cataclysmic droughts and most serious and has been unwilling to making it harder to famines. The most devastating occurred permit aid to enter the area. In addition, help those in need. in Ethiopia in1984. At that time, world the Somali government, whose control opinion was moved by scenes of people barely extends beyond the capital dying of hunger. Massive amounts of city, Mogadishu, has proved to be too humanitarian donations poured in. This corrupt, inept, or unreliable to organize generosity was largely triggered by the an effective food-distribution campaign. Live Aid concerts organized around the And finally, long-term causes such world that featured the most famous as climate change, rising food prices, pop and rock bands of the time. Songs and the lack of access to agricultural such as “We are the World,” “Feed the technology have all contributed to this World,” and “Tears Are Not Enough” catastrophe, which is affecting other resulted from these concerts. countries in the region besides Somalia. Since then, there have been other For the moment, however, the focus of famines in the region, but the current global attention is on Somalia. Canada one is exceptionally harsh. The war- and other Western countries have torn country of Somalia is being hit pledged major amounts of humanitarian particularly hard. In late July 2011, the aid, and individuals and groups have also United Nations declared many parts rallied to raise public awareness of the of Somalia to be famine zones. As a unfolding tragedy. Well-known Somalis result, a massive airlift of food aid to now living abroad, such as the famous the hardest-hit areas—where over two fashion model Iman and the Somali- million people were facing the threat Canadian pop singer K’naan have lent of starvation—began. Many of those their voices to the cause and are calling affected were famine refugees on the on people in Canada and elsewhere move in search of food, both within to respond to this emergency with the Somalia itself and across the borders of same commitment and generosity that nearby countries. the world demonstrated during the 1984 The job of aiding famine victims in famine in the Horn of Africa. Whether Somalia is not easy. The country has this will happen, however, remains to be been without a functioning government seen. To Consider 1. Do you think it is important to study humanitarian disasters like the famine in the Horn of Africa? Explain your position.

2. When a country is unstable because of civil war, it is more dangerous for aid workers to help citizens in need. Do you feel that this makes it more important that the world community try to help, or is it unfair to ask aid workers to provide assistance when they face danger by doing so? Provide reasons for your answer.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 17 WAR AND FAMINE IN SOMALIA Video Review

Quote Pre-viewing Questions “Now is the time to With a partner or in a small group discuss and respond to the following act; there are already questions. huge losses and a 1. How much do you know about the famine that is currently affecting huge level of risk. Somalia and other countries in the region called the Horn of Africa? There are 12 million people who are in jeopardy in this situation.” — Robert Fox, executive director, 2. Why do you think this part of the world is so frequently affected by Oxfam Canada (CTV News, July 28, 2011) droughts and famines?

Did you know . . . Weather forecasters predict that the 3. Give examples of some natural disasters that have taken place recently drought in the Horn in different parts of the world. How have Canadians responded to these of Africa will persist events? Do you think they will be as generous to victims of the famine until the end of 2011, in Somalia as they were in helping other people in need? Explain your making it the worst in answer. 60 years.

Viewing Questions As you watch the video, respond to the questions in the spaces provided. 1. Why is it so difficult for international relief agencies to ship emergency food aid into Somalia?

2. What step did the United Nations take in late July 2011 to focus world attention on the situation in Somalia?

3. What is the name of the refugee camp where hundreds of thousands of Somalis are now seeking help? In what country is it located? How many people are living there?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 18 4. What are the three main causes of the current famine now afflicting Somalia?

5. How much money has the Canadian government spent on aid to East Africa in 2011? What percentage of that amount went to help victims of the drought and famine in Somalia?

6. Why do many aid workers believe that the solution to the problem is to feed Somalis in their own country? What group inside Somalia has made this difficult?

7. How many people are affected by the drought in the Horn of Africa? How many need food aid?

8. Why does former CBC reporter Brian Stewart think that Canadians are more reluctant to contribute money to help famine victims in Somalia than they were with other natural disasters?

9. What is “Plumpy’doz” and why is it so effective in treating malnutrition in very young children?

10. How have Somali-Canadians and other Canadians responded to the famine in the Horn of Africa?

11. Why was the holy month of Ramadan such an appropriate time for Muslims to be contributing to famine relief fundraising drives in Canada?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 19 Post-viewing Questions 1. Now that you have watched the video, revisit your responses to the Pre- viewing Questions. How has watching the video helped you to respond to the questions in greater depth?

2. Do you think that non-Somali or non-Islamic Canadians have responded as generously as a group to the famine in the Horn of Africa as people of those backgrounds? Why or why not?

3. Do you agree with Brian Stewart’s views about why the response of Canadians to the famine in the Horn of Africa has been so slow?

4. Do you think that the world has responded in time to help the famine victims in Somalia and the Horn of Africa? Why or why not?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 20 WAR AND FAMINE IN SOMALIA The Current Crisis in Somalia Focus for Reading As you read this section, make notes on the most significant factors in the current famine crisis that is confronting Somalia and other countries of the Horn of Africa. Use the following chart as a template to organize your responses.

Definition of a Famine • The United Nations has defined a famine according to three criteria of human suffering. • Twenty per cent of households face food shortages, 30 per cent suffer acute malnutrition, and two adults and four children per 10 000 people are dying per day. Why Somalia?

Crisis in the Horn of Africa

The Scope of the Emergency

Definition of a Famine city, Mogadishu—where many thousands Although all of the countries of the Horn of famine refugees had fled in search of of Africa are affected by the famine, the food aid—and two other areas. Tens of situation in Somalia is the most serious. thousands of people are believed to have When the United Nations declared a already died, and an estimated 2.2 million famine in the southern part of the country others are considered at risk. After the on July 20, 2011, the gravity of this famine was declared, the UN and other catastrophe became apparent. This is relief agencies began an emergency food because the UN does not use the term airlift to the most severely affected areas. famine lightly. In order for a famine to On August 6, the radical Islamist group exist, a number of criteria have to be met. Al Shebab, which controls the southern These include: part of Somalia and part of Mogadishu, • At least 20 per cent of households are announced that it was withdrawing its facing extreme shortages of food with forces. This move was greeted with relief limited or no ability to cope. by international agencies whose efforts to • More than 30 per cent of the population aid famine victims had met with resistance must be suffering from acute from this group. On the same day, the malnutrition. United States pledged $100-million in • Two adults and four children must be new famine aid to Somalia. After a tour dying of hunger each day for every of a Somali famine refugee camp in group of 10 000 people. neighbouring Kenya in late July, Bev Oda, Canada’s minister of international Why Somalia? co-operation, committed Canada to spend The famine in Somalia is most acute in $50-million (an increase from the $22- the two southern regions of the country. million originally pledged by Canada). In But on August 3, the UN broadened the addition, for every dollar individuals or Somali famine zone to include the capital groups in Canada were able to donate to

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 21 help famine victims in Somalia between The Scope of the Emergency Did you know . . . July 6 and September 16, the federal The drought that has During the first six months of 2011, an hit the Horn of Africa government would match the contribution. estimated 130 000 Somalis fled to Kenya has already led to and Ethiopia—with over 50 000 in June the deaths of 90 per Crisis in the Horn of Africa alone. These famine refugees presented cent of the cattle and Other countries in the region are also a serious challenge for their host nations, other livestock of the facing serious threats of famine, having which were already coping with a serious nomadic people of the suffered devastating droughts that have drought within their own borders. As area. wiped out crops and caused the deaths the famine continues, there have been of cattle that provide sustenance for the fears that refugee camps in Kenya would area’s nomadic peoples. Some areas have be overloaded, creating yet another not seen a drop of rain for years. While humanitarian emergency in that country. the population has grown considerably, The people of Somalia and the Horn of food production has not been able to keep Africa are facing a serious situation, and pace because local farmers lack access to any help may be long in coming. Nothing machinery, irrigation, and fertilizers. To short of a massive infusion of aid, funded make matters worse, local conflicts and by foreign governments, international rapidly rising food prices on world markets organizations, and individuals and have also had a negative impact. According groups will help to prevent the deaths of to the World Food Program, an estimated thousands more people who are facing 11.5 million people in Somalia, Ethiopia, starvation. In addition, Somalia will Kenya, Djibouti, and Uganda are in need need to establish long-term peace and of food and medical assistance, and a stability to create conditions for economic total of 13 million have been affected by development and a secure and reliable drought. food supply. The weather will also have However, it is in the southern part of to co-operate, with at least some rainfall Somalia where the need for emergency occurring before the end of 2011. And assistance is most acute and where finally, there will have to be an effort international relief agencies are hoping to address the crisis in spiraling global world opinion will change and result in food prices that is causing devastating generous financial contributions. The consequences for poor farmers in the Horn UN estimates it needs $300-million over of Africa and other areas of the world. the two months following the famine Source: “Special report: Famine in declaration to prevent spread to other parts Africa,” CBC InDepth (www.cbc.ca/news/ of Somalia and an additional $1.6-million world/story/2011/07/20/f-africa-famine- for long-term relief programs. topix.html) Follow-up 1. With a partner or in small groups compare the information in your summary chart. Help each other to complete any missing information. 2. From what you have learned from this section about the famine in Somalia and other countries of the Horn of Africa, do you think this region and the world should have been better prepared in advance for this emergency? Why or why not? 3. In addition to receiving emergency food aid, Somalia will require major long-term assistance to prevent similar catastrophes in the future. With a partner or in a small group design a five-point plan for preventing or lessening the impact of future famines in this region.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 22 WAR AND FAMINE IN SOMALIA The Issues behind the Famine Focus for Reading As you read this section, complete the following Cause and Consequence Chart, noting the most important causes and consequences of each of the four issues behind the famine in Somalia and the Horn of Africa.

Your teacher may choose to have you complete the Cause and Consequence web diagram available on the News in Review Web site at http://newsinreview. cbclearning.ca/worksheets/.

Issue Cause Consequence The Global Economy of A combination of natural and human Millions of farmers are unable to grow Food factors have led to a severe shortage of crops or feed livestock and are facing food in the Horn of Africa. starvation.

Desertification and Climate Change

Internal Conflicts

Agricultural Self- Sufficiency

The famine in Somalia is like other more than 40 per cent regularly confront natural disasters such as earthquakes, severe shortages of food, even when hurricanes, or tornadoes in that it droughts and famines are not a problem. is caused by forces beyond human The population has doubled over the past control. But this catastrophe is also few decades, but food production has not the consequence of human actions. A been able to keep pace. Many farmers in number of causes lie behind this famine, the area do not have access to machinery and each has resulted in profound and and fertilizers, leading to a very low rate tragic consequences. Below you will of productivity, even in good years when read about some of the most significant. rainfall is abundant. This means that they must consume all of the food they grow The Global Economy of Food to feed themselves and their livestock, The Horn of Africa is the poorest part leaving nothing in reserve as a protection of the world’s poorest continent. Of the against future droughts or famines. over 160 million people who live there, The food crisis in the region has

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 23 become chronic. This is because local for the nomadic farmers of Somalia who Definition farmers cannot compete with cheaper depend on pastures and water for their Desertification is the transformation of food imported from developed countries. herds of cattle. With the remaining land once-arable (farmable) This surplus food is dumped on local being sold off to foreign agri-businesses land into desert—in markets for far less than local producers based in China, Saudi Arabia, and India. other words, the loss might expect to earn for their crops. As a local farmers are often evicted and must of farmable land. result, they see no incentive in producing find alternative work as day labourers more, and when famine strikes they do for the foreign agri-business combines not have the resources to purchase even or migrate to the cities in search of Did you know . . . the cheaper imported food that may be employment. In Somalia, deforestation is being available. accelerated by the When the harvest failed at the end Internal Conflicts cutting down of trees of 2010, the nomadic farmers who Somalia remains at the epicentre of an to produce charcoal constitute about 70 per cent of Somalia’s ongoing conflict that shows few signs of that is exported to people started to lose their cattle and ending soon. Since 1991, Somalia has Saudi Arabia and other livestock, which are the basis been a “failed state” with no functioning India. of their way of life. Thus, they had government able to take control. In the nothing left to sell in order to purchase wake of this chaos, a radical Islamist food to prevent them from starving to group called Al Shebab has controlled death. After eating whatever food they the southern part of Somalia, the region had in reserve, they were literally left most affected by the famine. It is making with nothing. To make matters worse, it difficult for UN agencies to enter the rising food prices in the region made region. Al Shebab believes that the UN it impossible for them to buy food in is using the excuse of the famine, the Mogadishu, where many had migrated. existence of which it denies, as a cover for undermining its authority. Desertification and Climate In return for allowing Western food Change agencies to enter southern Somalia, Al Rain is the source of life for the people Shebab has imposed conditions, such as of southern Somalia and the Horn of a total ban on female aid workers and Africa. This is a region that is no stranger the levying of taxes and security fees. to severe droughts and famines. But the In addition, it is alleged that the group effects of climate change are impacting has looted food-aid convoys meant for the region’s ecological balance, with starving Somalis in order to feed its devastating consequences for its people. own members. This policy has led to an There is very little irrigation, and farmers erosion of popular support for the group. must make the best of the rains when they come. The main factor responsible The Goal of Agricultural Self- for desertification is deforestation, the Sufficiency loss of trees that provide anchors for the The famine in southern Somalia and soil and prevent it from drifting away other parts of the Horn of Africa is just when the rains stop falling. According to a symptom of a much deeper problem the Food and Agricultural Organization facing the entire continent. After the end (FAO), Ethiopia lost almost 19 per cent of European colonialism in the 1960s of its total forest cover between 1990 and and 70s, Africa gained independence. 2010. But since that time, the continent has The loss of arable land is making an been unable to feed itself. While some already difficult situation even worse countries, such as South Africa, can

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 24 afford to import sufficient quantities them by stockpiling emergency supplies of food, poorer nations face serious in advance. But this is not the case in shortfalls and resulting malnutrition, Somalia because of civil conflict and even when droughts and famines are not the lack of governmental authority. As present. a result, Somalia has become dependent The irony in this situation is that the on foreign food aid, and many people countries of the region possess large are fleeing the country in search of help amounts of potentially fertile land that, elsewhere. The Dadaab refugee camp if effectively developed, could grow in Kenya is now home to an estimated more than enough food to provide for half million Somalis and is growing the local population and even produce a by thousands every day, making it the surplus that could be exported abroad. largest in the world. What is lacking is the right agricultural Source: “Horn of Africa famine is as strategy on the part of the region’s much about geopolitics as drought,” governments. In Kenya and Ethiopia CBC News Online, July 25, 2001 (www. food shortages have occurred, but local cbc.ca/news/story/2011/07/25/f-famine- authorities have been able to cope with somalia-analysis.html) Follow-up 1. With a partner or in small groups, complete the information in the Cause and Consequence Chart. Help each other to complete any missing information.

2. With a partner or in small groups, read one part of this section discussing a specific issue behind the famine in the Horn of Africa. Brainstorm some possible solutions that local and foreign governments, international humanitarian relief organizations, and other agencies could adopt in order to deal effectively with this issue. Then present your plan to the entire class and evaluate its merits, focusing on the likelihood of its being enacted.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 25 WAR AND FAMINE IN SOMALIA Somalia: A Brief History

Focus for Reading In your notebook create an organizer like the one below. As you read the following information on different periods in the history of Somalia, record key points in your organizer. You should be able to enter at least four or five points in each section of your chart. You will be using this information in the activities that follow the text material.

An Ancient, Fabled Land • • A Plaything of the Cold War • • Descent into Chaos • •

An Ancient, Fabled Land To the ancient Egyptians, Somalia Somalia is located on the eastern coast of was known for its spices, ebony, and Africa in an area known as the Horn of other exotic goods. A flourishing trade Africa. It borders Djibouti to the north, developed between Somalia and other Ethiopia to the west, and Kenya to the ancient civilizations, including Egypt, south. Its coastline faces the Arabian Greece, Rome, and eventually India. Sea. Somalia’s population is estimated Indian spices such as cinnamon were at 9.3 million and its capital city is imported to Somalia and later shipped to Mogadishu. The main religion is Islam. other parts of the Mediterranean, where Somalia is one of the poorest countries in they were in great demand and fetched Africa, and most of its people make their high prices in local markets. living from raising crops or livestock. It Islam spread to Somalia in the seventh frequently suffers from lack of rainfall, century CE and quickly took root. leading to drought and sometimes The Adel sultanate became the most widespread famine. powerful local monarchy and established important trading centres in the cities of Mogadishu and Zeila. By the late Middle Ages, however, it had fractured into a number of warring successor states that sometimes allied themselves with the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia in order to subdue their rivals. Throughout this period, trade between Somalia and parts of Asia continued to thrive. Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to take an interest in Somalia. Vasco da Gama sailed into Mogadishu on his voyage to India and noted its splendid

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 26 port and houses. In 1875, Egypt claimed group of army officers known as the Did you know . . . control over the Somali coast and parts Derg had toppled Emperor Haile Selassie Somalia became an independent country of the interior. At the Congress of Berlin and seized power in Ethiopia. The Derg on July 1, 1960, when in 1884, the major European powers appealed to the Soviet Union and Cuba the former Italian divided Africa among themselves, thus for military aid to drive out the Somali and British colonies beginning the “Scramble for Africa.” invaders, and by 1978 Somali troops had were merged into the In 1887, Britain took over the northern to retreat from the Ogaden. As a result Republic of Somalia. region of Somaliland, while France had of this defeat, Barre broke off ties with already staked a claim to the part of the his former communist allies and entered Somali coast that later was to become into a new relationship with the United Djibouti. Not to be outdone, Italy also States. Somalia thus became a plaything established its own zone of influence, in the Cold War, which was then raging in central and southern Somalia. between the Soviet Union and the United Local Somali rulers strongly opposed States. As a result of massive U.S. this European takeover and, under military aid, Somalia’s army became one Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, fought of the largest in the world, while most of against foreign occupation. This conflict its people remained desperately poor. lasted from the 1880s to the 1920s and Although no longer ruling a socialist was known as the Dervish wars. state, Barre remained a dictator and Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, but used his power to reward members of during the Second World War British his own clan while depriving others of troops drove Italian forces out of any benefits. His rule remained ruthless, Somalia and later Ethiopia itself. After and by the 1980s many Somalis were the war, the former Italian possessions growing tired of it. In 1991 a loose in Somalia were placed under the coalition of groups whose only point of authority of the United Nations, while agreement was their hatred of Barre’s Britain resumed control over its areas. regime toppled the dictator. By this By the 1950s, a strong demand for time, the Cold War had ended with the independence and the unification of all collapse of the Soviet Union. Somalia, Somali-speaking regions was on the rise. however, was about to enter the darkest period of its history. A Plaything of the Cold War Aden Abdullah Osman Daar became Descent into Chaos Somalia’s first president and held the The groups that allied against Barre post until 1967 when he lost an election quickly began to quarrel following his to his rival Abdi Rashid Ali Sharmarke. fall. Rival warlords used their private In 1969, following Sharmarke’s armies to take over various parts of assassination, Mohammed Siad Barre, Somalia, especially the capital city of an army general, seized power in a Mogadishu. The country was spiraling coup d’état. Under Barre’s dictatorship, into chaos with no effective government Somalia became a socialist state closely in place, and thousands of people were allied with the Soviet Union. Following being killed. In 1992, the United Nations a severe drought and famine in the mid- sent peacekeeping forces into Somalia 1970s, Barre sent Somali troops across under a plan code-named Operation the border into Ethiopia in 1977 to retake Restore Hope. U.S. troops assumed a a region known as the Ogaden. leading role in this operation until 1993, At first, Somali forces made gains, but when Somali insurgents shot down by this time a radical, pro-communist two U.S. helicopters over Mogadishu.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 27 In the ensuing battle, 19 U.S. marines By 2006, the influence of Islamist and thousands of Somalis were killed. groups in Somalia had grown Images of the mutilated bodies of U.S. considerably, and an organization known soldiers being dragged through the as the Union of Islamic Courts assumed streets of Mogadishu horrified Americans control in Mogadishu and the southern at home and turned the country against part of the country. any continuing military presence in In 2009, a more radical Islamist group Somalia. Meanwhile, Hollywood known as Al Shebab gained control of presented its own cinematic version of the southern part of Somalia and parts these events in the film Black Hawk of Mogadishu. The internationally Down. recognized government was unable In 1995, the last UN peacekeepers to subdue Al Shebab, which now withdrew from Somalia, having totally proclaimed its support of Al Qaeda, failed to “restore hope” or even some the terrorist group responsible for semblance of order. Throughout the the September 11, 2001, attacks on early 2000s, various Somali groups the U.S. To add to Somalia’s lengthy tried without success to establish a list of problems the worst drought in stable national government, while the six decades was leading to complete regions of Puntland to the northwest and devastation by early 2011. Somalia now Somaliland to the northeast broke away, confronted the most serious famine no longer wanting to be under the rule emergency in many years. of whoever held power in Mogadishu. Source: “Somalia”( http://en.wiki.org/ However, to date not a single foreign wiki/Somalia) country has recognized the legitimacy of their claims to self-government. Follow-up 1. With a partner, compare the information in your summary chart. Help each other to complete any missing information.

2. What negative impacts did the periods of European colonialism and the Cold War have on Somalia’s history and development?

3. What have been some of the main reasons why Somalia has descended into a state of almost permanent chaos since the fall of the Barre dictatorship in 1991? What are the most significant negative consequences of this?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 28 WAR AND FAMINE IN SOMALIA Activity: Taking the Next Steps

Canadians can take steps to assist those in need of food and medical assistance Did you know . . . in Somalia, especially children who are facing starvation. Canadian-based relief Comparisons have organizations are raising funds for Somali famine relief. The federal government been made between has pledged to match each dollar these groups receive from Canadians between the current famine in July 6 and September 16, 2011, as part of its East Africa Drought Relief Fund. the Horn of Africa and the 1984 famine that Here is a list of humanitarian organizations currently involved in Somali famine devastated Ethiopia, relief: leaving over one million victims. • Humanitarian Coalition, www.humanitariancoalition.ca • UN World Food Program, www.wfp.org • UNICEF Canada, www.unicef.ca • Canadian Red Cross, www.redcross.ca • Doctors Without Borders, www.msf.ca • Mennonite Central Committee, www.mcc.org • World Vision Canada, www.worldvision.ca

In addition, the famous Somali-Canadian performer K’naan has produced a video appeal for donations to help the people of his homeland, which you can access at http://knaanmusic.ning.com.

Your task is to design a video, song, or poster to encourage Canadians to donate generously to one of the organizations above that is helping to assist starving famine victims in Somalia. Form groups to design your video, song, or poster and when you have finished present it to the class. Discuss the impact of the appeals you have made for donations to Somali famine relief and then use them as part of a fundraising drive in your school.

Notes:

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 29 THE 9/11 ATTACKS: TEN YEARS LATER Introduction

A barrage of media around the world in total awe, and then said, ‘What Focus marked the 10th anniversary of the the ****?’ I honestly thought it was In the 10 years since the September 11, attacks on the Twin Towers of the Hollywood” http://911research.wtc7.net/ 2001, Al Qaeda World Trade Center in New York and wtc/evidence/eyewitnesses.html). attacks on the United the Pentagon in Washington. All this Military response was swift. After only States, the way North coverage attempted to explain the impact two months U.S. forces and allies were Americans view of this terrorist attack on the United in Afghanistan seeking the perpetrators the world has been States and the rest of the world and to and removing the government that had transformed. In this analyze the response of the U.S. and its supported them. That war continues. News in Review story we recall the events allies to international terrorism. In other A war in Iraq also began after the U.S. of 9/11 and consider words, where are we 10 years later? declared that that country was hiding their impact. We also News in Review will also mark the weapons of mass destruction that posed a examine the targeted occasion by looking back at what threat to the West. killing of the man happened on 9/11: how 19 men managed There were many other changes as who planned the to carry out the most frightening terrorist a result of the attacks, ranging from attacks—Osama bin attack ever perpetrated in the United the reduction of civil liberties to travel Laden—during a raid by elite U.S. forces. States. Those who watched the events inconveniences. unfold live on television will forever Billions of dollars have been spent remember where they were when the on war and various measures that are attacks took place. Eyewitness Jeff supposed to make us safer from terrorist Birnbaum describes the fall of the World acts. Countless lives have been lost— Trade Center and then sums up the hundreds of thousands of lives. reaction of most of us who watched it Osama bin Laden is dead, and Al happen: “When we got to about 50 feet Qaeda has lost several of its leaders. from the South Tower, we heard the most Popular democratic movements are on eerie sound that you would ever hear. A the rise across the world. Governments high-pitched noise and a popping noise are being forced to work more made everyone stop. We all looked up. democratically and to respect the rights At that point, it all let go. The way I see of the people. it, it had to be the rivets. The building This seems an excellent time to look let go. There was an explosion and the back at the international response to 9/11 whole top leaned toward us and started and the many ways in which the events coming down. I stood there for a second of that day changed the world forever. To Consider 1. What memories of the 9/11 attacks do you have? Where were you when the attacks happened? What discussions did you have about the events with your family and/or friends?

2. How would you define terrorism? What is the difference between a terrorist act and an act of war?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 30 THE 9/11 ATTACKS: TEN YEARS LATER Video Review Pre-viewing Discussion With a partner or in a small group discuss the following questions and write down the highlights of your discussion in the spaces provided. Be prepared to share some of your points of agreement and disagreement with the entire class. 1. Is it important to remember the events of 9/11, or is it better if we try to forget about them and move on?

2. Does it make it easier or harder on the families of those who died in the 9/11 attacks to read news reports and see video footage of the events?

Video Questions As you watch the video respond to the questions below in the spaces provided. 1. How many people were killed in the 9/11 attacks?

2. What three targets were struck in the attacks?

3. What happened to the fourth hijacked airliner?

4. How long did it take the south tower to collapse after the plane hit?

5. Who were the hijackers?

6. Where was Osama bin Laden, leader of the hijackers, living at the time of the attacks?

7. In what country was bin Laden located when he was finally tracked down and killed?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 31 8. How many Canadian soldiers were killed during the Afghanistan mission?

9. List three of the ways in which the 9/11 attacks have impacted the lives of ordinary people.

10. What percentage of the 9/11 victims have never had their remains located and/or identified?

11. How tall will the new One World Trade Center building be? What does that height symbolize?

Post-Viewing Activity 1. In the video, Dr. Paula Madrid says: “The main purpose of terrorism is to terrorize people and that’s exactly what happened to really frightened people for the long term.” Ultimately, however, terrorist attacks have a specific purpose. a) Based on what you saw and heard in the video, what was bin Laden hoping to accomplish?

b) How did the United States respond to these terrorist acts?

2. Some have expressed concern that One World Trade Center will be an irresistible target for anti-U.S. terrorist groups. Others describe it as a demonstration that the U.S. is not afraid of terrorists. Which of these opinions do you support? How secure would you feel working in the new building?

3. Commentators often speak of 9/11 as a day that changed the world forever. This means that everyone’s life was somehow impacted by the event. Are there ways that you can point to in which your life was changed?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 32 THE 9/11 ATTACKS: TEN YEARS LATER Shock and Awe

Further Information Focus for Reading For more eyewitness This section provides a description of the main events of 9/11, with some accounts, as well as personal recollections by participants and observers of the event. As you read reflections of survivors, this section, create a chronology (timeline) of how the attacks unfolded. visit the National Geographic website at The morning of September 11, 2001, was and pepper spray. They broke into the http://ngm.com/911. a beautiful one all along the northeastern cockpit, overpowered the pilot and co- seaboard of the United States. The author pilot, and took control of the plane. of this section was visiting family near After the first plane struck the World Boston and had just finished a morning Trade Center news reports falsely run when the phone rang. The message indicated the crash might have been was brief: Turn on the television; accidental. That this was incorrect something awful was happening in New became clear at 9:03, when a second York. plane struck the South Tower. This was The television coverage was American Airlines Flight 175, which unbelievable. At 8:46 in the morning a had also left Boston destined for Los plane had crashed into the North Tower Angeles. The crash and explosion were of the World Trade Center in Manhattan. seen by millions on live television. As we watched live coverage of the top Eyewitness accounts help us floors of the tower burning, a second understand the terror generated by the plane struck the South Tower, and it too attacks. Jeff Benjamin was visiting a exploded in flame. client on the 83rd floor of the North In my memory, the rest of the morning Tower when he saw American Airlines is a blur: people jumping to their deaths Flight 11 three or four miles away. from the top of both buildings; the “At the time we initially spotted two towers collapsing; a report that a the plane, it appeared to be level with third plane had flown into the Pentagon us. We could distinctly identify the building in Washington; another report American airlines insignia, and my that a plane had crashed into a field in client commented that perhaps the plane Pennsylvania. It was clear that the United had taken off from Kennedy and was States had been targeted by terrorists, experiencing mechanical problems. As but who they were and how many were the plane approached us it seemed to involved was unclear. Details emerged climb. I stood up from the conference over the next several days. table and walked over to the window assuming as everyone did that there was The Two Towers no imminent danger. As the plane came The hijackers chose their weapons well. closer we could see that it was travelling All four of the planes were Boeing at a high rate of speed, and the sound airliners loaded with highly explosive jet of the engines intensified. Immediately fuel for long-distance trips. before impact we could see images in the The plane that hit the North Tower cockpit, and the plane banked sharply. was American Airlines Flight 11 from A split second later we heard an echoing Boston to Los Angeles. This plane was shot, fell to the floor and observed a commandeered by five hijackers armed fireball followed by debris which struck with a variety of cutting tools and mace the side of the building. At the same

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 33 time you could feel the building sway looking south. I looked up and saw Did you know . . . ever so slightly for a brief moment. We gaping holes in both towers. As you In 1993 a truck bomb was detonated in the immediately retreated towards the main looked more closely you began to see parking lot below the part of the office where we noticed a little things flying down, and then you North Tower of the huge fireball shooting out of the elevator realized they were bodies of people who World Trade Center. shaft which quickly disappeared” (http:// had jumped from the building. I saw the Six people were killed sites.google.com/site/wtc7lies/whattheys somersaults, the floating bodies. It was and over 1 000 were aw%3Aeyewitnessaccountsofthenycai). like they were in slow motion, sort of injured. The operation Kim White was working on the 80th turning around. You had to think there was conducted by terrorists trained at floor of the North Tower when the plane must have been such total desperation” Al Qaeda camps in hit it. She recounts what it was like (http://whatreallyhappened.com/ Afghanistan. trying to escape the building before it WRHARTICLES/people.html). collapsed. The South Tower was the first to “All of a sudden the building shook, collapse, at 9:59; the North Tower was then it started to sway. We didn’t know gone at 10:28. Joe Casaliggi, a firefighter what was going on . . . I ran towards who was involved in the subsequent the reception area. It was completely rescue attempt, described what was left. collapsed, but the receptionist was able “You have two [110-storey] office to crawl out from under it . . . We got all buildings. You don’t find a desk. You our people on the floor into the stairwell, don’t find a chair. You don’t find a and then people began to calm down . . . telephone, a computer. The biggest We got down as far as the 74th floor, and piece of a telephone I found was half someone there pulled us into their office. of a keypad, and it was about this big They had a TV on, and we saw that a [makes a shape with his hand about 7 plane had crashed into the building. Then centimetres in diameter]. The building there was another explosion, so we left collapsed to dust” (http://911research. again by the stairwell. wtc7.net/wtc/evidence/videos/docs/ It took about 40 minutes to get to collapsed_to_dust.mpg). the bottom. We were trying to get out through the building’s lower level when The Washington Targets all of a sudden the power shut off and the Hijackers also targeted two buildings in lights went out. The police yelled, ‘Run!’ Washington: the Pentagon and either the Then something behind me collapsed. Capitol or the White House. American The building was starting to come down. Airlines Flight 77—which had left All you saw was black, it was so dark. Washington for Los Angeles—slammed Now everybody was screaming. I got into the Pentagon, the national military out with a co-worker, I grabbed his hand headquarters, at 9:37 a.m. Steve and we headed out together. Once we got Anderson saw the plane hit. outside, he went back in to assist, but I “A few moments later, as I was was so messed up, I just kept on walking. looking down at my desk, the plane A detective came up to me and asked me caught my eye. if I was okay. I had an asthma attack and “It didn’t register at first. I thought to I had debris in my eyes, but I was okay” myself that I couldn’t believe the pilot (People magazine, September 12, 2001). was flying so low. Then it dawned on me Investment banker Richard Egües what was about to happen. I watched in came up from the subway after both horror as the plane flew at treetop level, buildings had been hit. banked slightly to the left, [dragged] its “On the street I saw crowds of people wing along the ground and slammed into

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 34 the west wall of the Pentagon, exploding planes were killed, 125 people died at the into a giant orange fireball. Then black Pentagon, and the 19 terrorists involved smoke. Then white smoke” (www.jmu. in the attacks were killed. edu/alumni/tragedy_response/read_ messages.html). The Hijackers One more plane had a Washington The 19 hijackers were organized into target. This was United Airlines Flight four teams, each consisting of a pilot and 93 from Newark, New Jersey, bound three or four “muscle men” whose job for San Francisco. It was hijacked and was to control the passengers and crew. turned back toward Washington, but The operation’s leader, Mohamed Atta, several of the passengers prevented the was an Egyptian. The other 18 consisted plane from reaching the city by attacking of one man from Lebanon, two from the hijackers. At 10:03 a.m. the plane the United Arab Emirates, and 15 from crashed in a field near Shanksville, Saudi Arabia. All were in the United Pennsylvania, killing everyone aboard. States legally; two had even received their flight training in Florida. Casualties Although it rapidly became clear It took several weeks to arrive at a final to U.S. authorities that Al Qaeda was figure for the number of casualties. responsible for the attacks, Osama bin Nearly 3 000 people died as a result of Laden initially denied all responsibility. the 9/11 attacks. Most of the deaths— It was not until 2004 that he admitted over 2 600—were in New York City. personal responsibility for the action. Over 400 emergency workers were It was to be nearly seven more years killed, all 245 people aboard the four before he was finally held to account.

Follow-Up 1. Although the U.S. government has repeatedly said that none of the hijackers came into the country from Canada, nearly a quarter of the American people still believe this was the case. Why do you think this myth was and is so pervasive? What effect(s) does it have on relations between the United States and Canada?

2. Many emergency workers at Ground Zero, the site of the World Trade Center, have suffered from medical problems since the 9/11 events, and several of them have died. The problems include a variety of cancers and respiratory ailments. Many of them began less than a year after the collapse of the towers, yet it was only in July 2011 that Congress passed a law providing the workers with treatment assistance and compensation. Why do you think it took so long for this to happen?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 35 THE 9/11 ATTACKS: TEN YEARS LATER How have our lives been changed?

Did you know . . . Reading Prompt The war in Iraq In this section we will examine some of the impacts the 9/11 attacks have had was not sanctioned on nations and individuals. As you read this section, consider the following (supported) by the quotation from columnist Rosie DiManno in the May 3, 2011, issue of the United Nations, so Toronto Star: “Sometimes it’s difficult to remember what the world was like Canada did not join before bin Laden provoked what came to be known as the ‘war on terror.’ How the United States in many billions have been spent? How many lives—on all sides—sacrificed to one this mission. man’s figment of fundamentalism? How many civil liberties abraded? How many security inconveniences imposed on ordinary people?” As you read, ask yourself: How many of these consequences of 9/11 have impacted my life?

Your teacher may choose to have you complete a Multiple Consequence Web Diagram while working on this section. The diagram can be downloaded from http://newsinreview.cbclearning.ca/worksheets/.

Thousands of Lives, Billions of but violence continues. Nearly 4 500 Dollars U.S. troops were killed since war began The war on terror that DiManno refers to in 2003—as well as about 500 other has resulted in two major international coalition troops. actions led by the United States: the Estimates of the number of Iraqi invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. civilians killed vary widely, from The U.S. and its allies went into over 100 000 to over one million. Afghanistan in 2001 when the Taliban The Iraq Body Count Project has a leadership refused to surrender Osama database indicating a minimum of bin Laden, identified as the man behind 102 344 civilian deaths from violence the 9/11 attacks and several other Al between 2003 and August 2011 (www. Qaeda terrorist attacks against Americans iraqbodycount.org/database/). abroad. These armed conflicts have been The war on terror has also had an costly. enormous monetary cost. Foreign Affairs Canadians have lost 155 military reported that, “United States primacy personnel in Afghanistan to date. While was also damaged by the unexpected actual figures are hard to establish, cost of the protracted wars, recently hundreds of fighters have been killed estimated by Congressional Research on both sides. Even greater has been Service to be $1.3-trillion dollars and the number of civilians killed in the mounting . . . [Defence] spending conflict. At least 9 759 civilian lives climbed from $304-billion in 2001 to were lost between 2007-2010 alone. $616-billion in 2008, even as the United Disturbingly, the worst year for civilian States budget went from a surplus of deaths was 2010, after eight years of $128-billion to a deficit of $458-billion” allied operations (www.guardian.co.uk/ (September/October 2011). Add to this news/datablog/2010/aug/10/afghanistan- the approximately $1-trillion spent civilian-casualties-statistics). on creating the Homeland Security Even more costly in human life has apparatus. Clearly, the war on terror had been the war in Iraq. Iraq now has its a huge impact on the difficult financial own government, and the U.S. and circumstances in which the United States allied military presence is nearly gone, finds itself today.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 36 During the same period Canada also until he made a false confession. He Quote greatly increased its military spending, returned to Canada in 2003; in 2006 a “Bin Laden’s most th obvious effect on which is currently ranked 13 in the commission of inquiry cleared him of America may be world. Between 2000 and 2011 defence all terrorism allegations. The Canadian this: A generation spending more than doubled—from government settled a lawsuit with Arar has grown up with $10-billion to $21.8-billion. A large for $10.5-million in compensation for his no memory of ever part of this increase was to support an suffering. walking unchecked expeditionary force to Afghanistan, One of the most contentious attacks onto an airplane, or Canada’s major military contribution to on civil liberties in the United States is of greeting an air traveller at the gate. the war on terror. the infamous no-fly list, which contains The institution of the names of 12 000 people who are security to eliminate Civil Liberties forbidden to fly in a plane within or soft targets has cost Many have argued that the greatest entering the United States. Another billions and changed impact of 9/11 has been on individual 460 000 are on a watch list, which means the face of the civil liberties in the United States and they require special screening before nation.” — Peter Grier they are allowed to board. (The Christian Science around the world. Stephanie Findlay Monitor, May 7, 2011) and Nicholas Kohler sum up that Documents obtained when bin Laden’s view in Maclean’s: “Most insidiously, compound was raided indicate that Al bin Laden’s triumph permitted an Qaeda was planning a major attack on unparalleled curbing of civil liberties a railway system in the United States. across the Western world. The USA Authorities are now considering bringing Patriot Act, made into law in the in similar no-travel restrictions for the weeks following the attacks, gave entire Amtrak rail system. law enforcement agencies unheard-of authority to eavesdrop on telephone, Tightened Security e-mail and other communications, Billions of dollars have been spent boosted international intelligence around the world to tighten security, gathering, and heralded an era in which especially at airports and places where suspected terrorists could be shipped large numbers of the public gather. to third-party countries for torture- Some of the security measures airplane enhanced interrogation. The Canadian passengers now face are both humiliating Anti-Terrorism Act, passed in December and inconvenient, and they include: 2001, introduced similar measures • Full electronic body scans here, and newspapers began reporting • Random pat-downs by airport security on no-fly list snafus snagging unlucky personnel namesake children and other innocents. • Removal of all footwear at check-in for Those like Maher Arar were unluckier flights to the United States still when they found themselves on the • Restrictions on liquids and gels that wrong side of the war on terror” (May can be brought onto the plane in hand 16, 2011). luggage or purses Maher Arar is a Canadian citizen • The need to provide one piece of born in Syria who came to Canada with government-issued photo identification, his family when he was 17. In 2002 he or two pieces of non-government photo was detained by U.S. authorities for ID at check-in interrogation on suspicion of connections As a result, check-ins at major airports to Al Qaeda. He was deported by the now take considerably longer than before United States government to Syria, security was tightened, and passengers where he was imprisoned and tortured can expect to spend many additional

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 37 hours at airports waiting in line. And Canada, and other parts of the West. although these delays cause many to be According to a Washington Post poll frustrated, most travellers feel that the published on September 9, 2010, only 37 improved security measures are worth per cent of people in the United States the hassle. said they had a favourable opinion of Canadians are now required to show Islam (The New Republic, November a passport when crossing the border 1, 2010). Most recently anti-Muslim into the United States. Line-ups at many sentiment has been demonstrated in the border crossings are more lengthy, and attempts to block the construction of a inspections much more common than Muslim community centre, called Park in the past. The trucking industry, in 51, near the former site of the World particular, finds the number and length Trade Center. Opponents argue that at of inspections cut deeply into its bottom best it shows “insensitivity” on the part line. of the Muslim community to build there, while proponents argue that it should be Anti-Muslim Sentiment built because most of the centre will be 9/11 had a significant impact on attitudes open to the public and will be used to toward Muslims in the United States, promote dialogue with other religions. For Discussion 1. With a partner or in a small group discuss the notes you made while you read this information in response to the reading prompt that asked you how many consequences of 9/11 have affected your life.

2. Canada has had one terrorism scare—the 2006 case of the “Toronto 18” (for more information read the March 2010 issue of News in Review). How likely do you think it is that a terrorist act will occur on Canadian soil? What might motivate such an act?

3. How would you respond to a pollster asking whether Park 51 should be built in its proposed location?

4. One of the biggest political quarrels involving civil liberties in the United States has been over the use of torture while interrogating suspected terrorists. Despite its prohibition by international law, terror was often used at the detention centre at Guantanamo Bay. Is the use of torture ever justified by circumstance?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 38 THE 9/11 ATTACKS: TEN YEARS LATER The Death of Osama bin Laden

When he heard of the raid that killed Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti. The courier had Further Research Osama bin Laden, former U.S. president been tracked to a compound in the city One of the most critically acclaimed George W. Bush issued a statement of Abbottabad, Pakistan. Using aerial articles on the 9/11 that said; “The fight against terror surveillance, they noted that although attacks and their goes on, but tonight America has sent the courier and his family came and aftermath was written an unmistakable message: No matter went from the compound, someone who by Nicholas Schmidle how long it takes, justice will be done” lived on the third floor of the main house and appeared in the (www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada- never left it. The building seemed to August 8, 2011, issue 13256676). As you read this section of lack all methods of communication with of The New Yorker. Check it out to learn the guide, determine for yourself whether the outside world. Several CIA analysts more. or not justice has been done. believed that the man on the third floor U.S. President Barack Obama began was bin Laden. his address to the nation on May 1, By the end of 2010, the CIA was 2011, with the following statement: looking at the possibility of a military “Good evening. Tonight, I can report to strike on the compound. Suggestions the American people and to the world ranged from bombing the compound that the United States has conducted an to tunnelling into it, but they decided operation that killed Osama bin Laden, to perform a helicopter raid by Navy the leader of Al Qaeda, and a terrorist SEALs (Sea, Air and Land teams). who’s responsible for the murder of The SEAL team trained in the United thousands of innocent men, women, States at a mock-up of the Abbottabad and children” (www.smh.com.au/world/ compound. obamas-address-to-the-nation-bin-laden- is-dead-20110502-1e4fl.html). Killing bin Laden It had taken nearly 10 years since the The raid took place on May 1. Two 9/11 attacks to successfully track him Black Hawk helicopters carrying 24 down. Briefly, the mission unfolded as raiders flew into Abbottabad. As the follows. helicopters approached the compound, Obama and several advisers watched the Finding bin Laden operation by live video feed provided by The United States wanted very badly to an unmanned drone flying 15 000 feet capture Osama bin Laden following the above the city. 9/11 attacks. They were not able to do After landing, the SEALS made their so when the United States first invaded way into the inner courtyard of the Afghanistan in 2001. It was believed that main house. On the way they killed al- he had slipped away across the border Kuwaiti, his brother, and his brother’s into Pakistan. Efforts to track him down wife. They proceeded to clear the main continued unsuccessfully for years, but house floor by floor. One of bin Laden’s in June 2009 Obama told the Central sons, Khalid, was killed by SEALs on Intelligence Agency (CIA) to ramp up the second floor. their efforts to find him. When they reached the third floor, By August 2010 the CIA was certain one of the SEALs, wearing night-vision they had identified and located bin goggles, spotted a man he was sure was Laden’s personal courier—a man named bin Laden peering out from a nearby

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 39 bedroom. Two of bin Laden’s wives was necessary. Both Afghan President Further Research stepped in front of him to protect him. Hamid Karzai and Pakistani Prime For an extensive selection of world One was wounded in the leg. Then bin Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani spoke leaders’ opinions on Laden was shot twice: once in the chest approvingly of the outcome of the raids. the killing of Osama and once in the head. But many people felt the killing was bin Laden, see the BBC DNA samples were taken from bin barbaric and that it demonstrated the news website at www. Laden’s body to confirm his identity. The United States is no better than Al Qaeda bbc.co.uk/news/world- body was then loaded onto a helicopter by targeting bin Laden for death. And us-canada-13256956. and flown to Afghanistan. The body extremist forces swore revenge against was photographed and then flown to both Pakistan and the United States. an aircraft carrier from where it was The question remains whether or not disposed of in the Arabian Sea. the killing of bin Laden weakened Al Qaeda and other terrorist movements. Future Developments Some observers argue that Al Qaeda When they went through the compound, had already become largely irrelevant the SEALs also took any records, because of the democratic movements computers and electronics they could sweeping the Middle East and North find. From these items authorities have Africa. Others feel that the fall of learned that bin Laden had remained those tyrannical governments leaves active in Al Qaeda and that he had been those areas even more vulnerable to plotting a significant attack on the U.S.’s terrorist movements and provides more rail system to mark the 10th anniversary opportunities for Al Qaeda to obtain new of the 9/11 attacks. recruits. Some feel that the killing leaves The killing of bin Laden generated a the movement without a charismatic mixed reaction. Some people welcomed leader; others believe that the movement the news and felt that bin Laden’s death now has its greatest martyr.

Follow-up 1. Was justice served by the killing of bin Laden? Should an attempt have been made to take him alive? Why or why not? Make notes on your position and discuss with a partner

2. The Navy SEALS have a counterpart in the Canadian Forces called the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command. Conduct research to find out who the members are and what their mandate is. As well, identify some of the operations in which they have taken part.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 40 THE 9/11 ATTACKS: TEN YEARS LATER Activity: Are we safer today?

Are we safer today than we were on September 11, 2001? What lessons have we learned? Have the measures we’ve taken really made it less likely that we will suffer another catastrophic terrorist attack?

One way we can try to answer these questions is to put together an organizer that lists the policies and procedures that governments have changed since 9/11 (a sample organizer can be found at the bottom of this page). For each issue determine whether or not it has made us less vulnerable to attack on North American soil. Some of the items you may want to include in your organizer include: • Canada’s role in the war in Afghanistan • Creation of a no-fly list • Tighter restrictions on hand-held baggage on airplanes • Full body scans in airports • Border regulations • The killing of Osama bin Laden • The use of torture to get information out of suspected terrorists • Canada’s relationship with the United States • Canada’s relationship with Pakistan

Feel free to include other issues you feel are significant.

Work with a partner to complete the organizer. Then join with another pair to compare notes and add or change information. In your group, write a response to the question “Are we safer today?” Be prepared to explain how your group arrived at its conclusions, and provide reasons for your position.

Issue Safer or Why? Not?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 41 LIFE, WORK, AND SMARTPHONES Introduction

Smartphones really are smart. You can just one year (CBC News, June 2, Focus check e-mails, get directions, update 2011, www.cbc.ca/news/business/ Smartphones have become a your Facebook page, listen to music, story/2011/06/02/technology-comscore- popular wireless watch a YouTube clip, play a video smartphone.html). communications game, tweet about a great restaurant, So how does this rapid surge in device. Although text a friend to meet your there, and then smartphone use impact our personal smartphones look take a photo of your gathering—all with and professional lives? For starters, like cell phones, a pocket-sized device. Over one-third of smartphones are modernizing the “dating they can do much Canadians presently own a smartphone, game” through mobile access to social more than send and receive phone calls. and interest in the phones seems to be media sites and location-based apps This News in Review growing. that use the GPS function to identify story examines how Even though smartphones may look and possibly meet an interested partner. the capabilities of like cell phones, the functionality of Schools are debating how smartphones smartphones are a smartphone more closely resembles can be appropriately used in classrooms rapidly transforming— that of a computer. Smartphones have as instructional tools. Businesses for better or worse— an operating system and access to the are reviewing policies to ensure that our personal and professional lives. Internet. This enables the user to work, corporate information remains secure entertain, communicate, and even and that employees do not feel they are navigate all in one small mobile device on call 24/7. Families are also trying to almost anywhere, anytime. balance the convenience of smartphones It is not surprising that these with the need to have uninterrupted capabilities make smartphones the new family time together. Increased standard in communication devices. smartphone use also raises questions In the United States, smartphones are about whether or not the waves emitted expected to surpass cell phones in sales by the phones have an impact on human by the end of 2011 (The Globe and Mail, health. March 31, 2010, B2). According to a As smartphones become more recent Ipsos Reid survey of Canadian entrenched in our daily routines, it Internet users, there was a 50 per cent becomes hard to envision a life without increase in smartphone purchases in them. To Consider 1. Do you think smartphones are really very different from cell phones? Explain your answer with specific reasons.

2. Do you believe smartphones are here to stay or just a fad?

3. In what ways has your life been affected by smartphones?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 42 WORK, LIFE, AND SMARTPHONES Video Review

Did you know . . . Pre-viewing Questions RIM (Research in With a partner or in a small group discuss and respond to the following Motion), based in questions. Waterloo, Ontario, 1. What is a smartphone? launched its first smartphone—the BlackBerry—in 1999. 2. Why do you think smartphones have become so popular so quickly? Today, BlackBerry smartphones are a top seller in Canada and abroad. 3. How might smartphones change the way we communicate with each other?

Viewing Questions As you watch the video respond to the questions in the spaces provided. 1. List some of the functions of a smartphone.

2. What new hazards can smartphones bring?

3. What do scientists think is happening to the teenaged brain from too much multi-tasking with digital devices?

4. What do teenagers find more manageable (circle the answer):

(a) multi-tasking when using digital devices or

(b) focusing on a single task?

5. What does brain research say about the ability of the teenaged brain to focus?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 43 6. Explain how smartphones are transforming the workplace. Include both advantages and disadvantages.

7. In the video, when the family members gave up their mobile devices for one week, what were the concerns of: a) the parents

b) the children

8. During the experiment, did any of the children’s responses surprise you? Explain.

9. Following this experiment, what did the family say they’d like to improve?

Post-viewing Questions 1. According to the video, 70 per cent of Canadians use a mobile device, but this number increases to 89 per cent for Canadians under the age of 30. Do you feel pressure to either own a smartphone and/or to use your smartphone constantly in order to stay in the loop with your friends? Provide an example to illustrate your answer.

2. You also learned that last year Canadians sent 150 million text messages daily with an annual total of 56.4 billion. Do you think that texting will replace talking on the phone or talking face-to-face with someone? Why?

3. Do you agree or disagree with the statement: “We should give up our smartphones to improve the quality of our lives.” Explain your stance in terms of: work-life balance, how we learn, how we socialize.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 44 WORK, LIFE, AND SMARTPHONES Smartphones – A Snapshot

Did you know . . . Pre-reading Activity To curb the use of Working in a small group or as an entire class conduct an informal survey smartphones and (perhaps by show of hands) based on the following questions: other hand-held 1. How many people know what a smartphone is? devices while driving, the provinces of 2. How many people own a smartphone? Alberta, British 3. How many people plan to buy a smartphone within the next year? Columbia, New Brunswick, and 4. How many people send more text than verbal messages on their Ontario have passed smartphone or other mobile device? “distracted driving” 5. How many times per day (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15+) do you check e-mails or legislation. access social media sites using a smartphone or other mobile device?

How They Work story/2011/02/01/technology-android- Before smartphones, cell phones were smartphone.html). The global expansion largely used to make phone calls and of smartphones is projected to continue had some messaging capabilities such as companies like RIM promote their as texting. Once cell phones added products to emerging markets such as organizational features similar to those China and Indonesia (The Globe and found in personal digital assistants Mail, March 31, 2010, B2). (PDAs) and connected to the Internet, smartphones emerged. Smartphones By the Numbers more closely resemble computers than What do the following data tell you cell phones. about smartphone use in Canada? A smartphone has an operating system • Nearly one-half of mobile phone users that allows it to run various programs aged 18-34 years own a smartphone, (from word processing to photo editing with usage of approximately 20 hours to GPS navigation); it has various forms per week. of messaging including calling, texting • The majority of smartphone use is for and e-mail; it connects to the Web; it activities other than talking. has a keyboard similar in format to a • Seventy per cent of smartphones users computer; and it can download a wide take photos and check e-mails on their array of apps, or applications, ranging phones. from entertainment to personal finance. • Fifty per cent of smartphones users It is not surprising that the multi- check social networking sites on their tasking capabilities of smartphones have phones. This is up 20 percentage points led to a rapid rise in consumer demand. from 2010. According to Canalys—a United Source: May 26, 2011 Ipsos survey (www. Kingdom-based technology market ipsos-na.com/news-polls/pressrelease. research firm—the global smartphone aspx?id=5246) market grew to 101.2 million units by the start of 2011. This was an increase • One-quarter of 1 000 surveyed of 89 per cent from the previous Canadians report using their year (CBC News online, February 1, smartphones as a “mobile wallet” to 2011, www.cbc.ca/news/technology/ make credit card purchases (Vancouver Sun, June 24, 2011).

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 45 • Forty-five per cent of cellular wide range of dating communications— connections made to Rogers’ network from flirting to break-ups. As social at the beginning of 2011 were from and mobile technologies become the smartphones (Postmedia News, May new norm in the dating game, concerns 26, 2011). around privacy, personal safety, and the • Canadians send approximately 199 loss of romance are being raised. million text messages per day. • Texting is expected to overtake verbal Health Concerns communication as the primary mode of As our use of smartphones increases, communication over wireless networks. the impact on human health is being questioned. Even though medical Source: Canadian Wireless researchers have not yet come to a Telecommunication Association (www. definitive conclusion, the World Health cwta.ca/CWTASite/english/industryfacts. Organization did find in 2010 that html) people who used cell phones for 30 minutes a day for more than 10 years The Dating Game are at approximately twice the risk of Smartphones are modernizing the age- developing a rare and often fatal brain old practice of dating. Long gone are tumour known as glioma (The Globe and the days of writing down someone’s Mail, September 25, 2010, F4). Other telephone number on your hand to studies also found that the cancer risk contact her/him at a later time. For quadrupled for extensive users under the the largely 20-something crowd, age of 20 (Toronto Star, October 5, 2010, smartphones are becoming a crucial E9). device on the dating scene. The culprit is the microwaves sent Mobile apps downloaded onto a and received by the antenna on cell smartphone allow the user to access and smartphones. Although these online dating sites anywhere, anytime. microwaves are a form of non-ionizing Some apps, like SmartDate, play radiation, and thus not as powerful as matchmaker and even link to flower X-rays, research on lab rats has found delivery services. The newly released that limited exposure to cell phone Tingle is a location-based dating app. microwaves resulted in broken strands Tingle works with the GPS unit in the of DNA—often a precursor to cancer. smartphone so users can check in to bars, The rats also suffered other brain damage nightclubs, and restaurants around the such as cell alterations and memory cities of Vancouver and Toronto to see if lapses (The Globe and Mail, September other available singles have also checked 25, 2010, F4). To limit the potential in. The user can then decide if s/he damage, precautions for smartphone use wishes to make contact by sending a text include using a wired headset or speaker or phone message. phone, texting instead of talking with the The extensive use of social media phone against the ear, and discouraging networks also provides a forum for a use by children.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 46 Analysis 1. Compare information from the By the Numbers segment with the survey data collected in the Pre-reading Activity at the beginning of this section. How did results from the class survey mirror those from the national surveys? Are there any results from your class survey and/or the national surveys that you found surprising? Explain.

2. What additional information should surveys try to obtain from teenagers about their smartphone use? Create two or three new questions and then ask members of your class to respond. Feel free to share your findings.

3. Do you think that the location-based dating apps used in smartphones help to make the dating scene easier to navigate or run the risk of invading a person’s privacy?

4. Should greater attention be paid to the health concerns being raised about mobile devices like smartphones? Are health concerns the responsibility of the user, the mobile company, or the government?

5. Some people view smartphones as both a blessing and a curse. Reflect on your personal use of a smartphone or information from this section to write your own response to this statement.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 47 WORK, LIFE, AND SMARTPHONES Transformation in Schools

Definition Pre-reading Activity A tablet is a mobile Before reading this section, create a list of all the mobile and electronic devices computer that you use when completing schoolwork either in or out of the classroom. Do looks like a large these devices: a) help you concentrate on the assigned task, b) assist you to find smartphone—with its additional information, c) act as a source of distraction? Be honest with your slate design, touch answers! screen, and built in keyboard—but has The increasing role of technology in University in the United States are additional capabilities classrooms raises new questions: How concerned that our “Twitterization to operate like a will governments and schools close culture”—the endless stream of facts laptop. the digital divide between those who and opinions through smartphone apps can and cannot afford the devices or do and social media sites—is overloading not have reliable access to Wi-Fi? Can our brains and making it harder for us to smartphones be used as an effective make well-informed decisions. Access educational tool or will they be too much to more information can be beneficial, of a distraction for students? How can but our brains are being trained to focus schools and teachers ensure that students on the most recent of information, not are using their mobile devices in an the best quality information (Newsweek, appropriate and academically honest March 7, 2011 p. 28). manner? Will backpacks weighed down by thick Technology in the Classroom textbooks soon become a thing of the The Canadian School Board Association past? The unprecedented development posted on its website information from a and use of mobile technologies—such as recent U.S. survey of students, parents, smartphones and tablets—is undoubtedly and educators from grades K-12 about altering school environments in terms of the role of technology in the classroom. how and where students learn. The survey respondents believed that: • Mobile devices like smartphones and Brain Research tablets would engage students in and The recent CBC television series Sex, beyond the classroom. Lies and Smartphones examines the • School rules are the largest obstacle impact technological devices have on the that students face in their use of teenaged brain and questions whether smartphones. students can really concentrate on their • Almost one-half of students would take homework while listening to music, an online course or want to use social texting their friends, and downloading media sites for group projects. videos. Initial research suggests that • Enrolment in online courses has teenagers are capable of focusing on a increased significantly in one year. given task and thinking deeply about a • Students are looking for blended topic but that they need to continue to learning opportunities that combine practise this skill. So far, brain scans of multiple teaching approaches with teenagers do not show any changes as a different Web technologies. result of the speed and volume of digital • Over one-third of high school students information, but the situation is still new. use electronic textbooks (e-texts) and However, researchers at Temple other online resources.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 48 • The majority of parents believe that the that prohibit students from using cell use of smartphones will extend learning phones and other electronic devices in beyond the classroom and said they classrooms and hallways during school would buy a mobile device for their hours. This leaves it up to individual child if schools allowed it. teachers to decide how and when mobile • The majority of parents and educators, devices will be appropriately used. but a minority of students, said that The Ontario Secondary School schools were doing a good job using Teachers’ Federation (OSSTF) maintains technology in the classroom. its position that mobile devices should not be used during the school day. The Source: “Speak Up 2010 National Survey,” http://cdnsba.org/all/reports/ OSSTF argues that mobile devices are speak-up-2010-national-findings- too distracting for students and create how-todays-students-are-leveraging- inequality and potential discipline issues emerging-technologies-for-learning in the classroom. In contrast, the Premier of Ontario, Dalton McGuinty, has stated School Policies that schools should consider allowing The extensive use of mobile students to use mobile devices in the technologies, especially by teenagers, classroom. “Telephones and BlackBerrys is placing new pressures on schools to and the like are conduits for information review existing cell phone policies. In today, and one of the things we want our response, a number of school boards, students to do is to be well-informed” including Canada’s largest—the Toronto (The Globe and Mail, February 24, District School Board—have lifted bans 2011). Follow-up 1. In a small group discuss the questions in the first paragraph of this section.

2. Read the following statement from Annie Kidder, the executive director of the parent-led group People for Education: “There’s lots of potential for the use of technology. And the most important thing we can be doing is teaching kids to use it wisely and using it with them, instead of trying to keep them from it” (The Globe and Mail, February 24, 2011).

Outline 3-5 strategies you could provide to your principal that would help the school improve the role of technology in the classroom.

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 49 WORK, LIFE, AND SMARTPHONES The Work-Life Balance Reading Prompt As you read through this section, make a note of the benefits and challenges that smartphones have on workplaces and families.

Smartphones are quickly becoming a improve their work-life balance by significant presence in workplaces and giving them greater flexibility to work families. The convenience and multi- at different times and locations while tasking features of smartphones are maintaining regular contact with family viewed by some as a blessing and by members. others a curse. Family Life Workplaces Smartphones are also transforming how The recent CBC television series Sex, family members communicate. Parents Lies and Smartphones questions whether use smartphones to know where their the devices are compromising our children are and who they are with. Kids work-life balance. One episode reported often find it less time-consuming to send that a recent survey of over 100 000 a text message than to phone a parent. Canadians found that many people are However, household tensions can working upward of 70 hours per week, escalate when more communication and the cost of lost productivity to North occurs via mobile devices than face- American businesses due to employee to-face. For example, some children burnout and sick leave is $50-billion are upset when parents check e-mails per year. A University of Toronto study or text messages instead of watching found that after-hours e-mails, texts, and their soccer game or during family calls from work are leading to higher dinnertime. Children feel that their levels of distress, especially among parents are not fully listening to them women when after-hours work requests and think that what they have to say is conflicted with family and personal unimportant. Similarly, parent frustration time (Toronto Star, March 9, 2011, A1). rises with teenagers’ constant texting or However, others feel that smartphones communicating with their friends. Follow-up 1. How do smartphones or other mobile devices affect the work-life balance in our lives? When do these devices create an imbalance between work and family time? 2. Jim Balsillie, chairman and co-chief executive officer of RIM says that when children complain about their parents’ use of mobile devices during family time they should ask themselves: “Would you rather have your parents 20 per cent not there or 100 per cent not there?” (The Globe and Mail, December 9, 2006, B15). Working with a partner or in a small group discuss what you think Balsillie means in the preceding statement. Do you agree with him? How does it make you feel when family time is interrupted by a work-related call or message? Are you satisfied if your parent or parents are home but using mobile devices?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 50 WORK, LIFE, AND SMARTPHONES Activity: Could you live without a smartphone?

One episode from the CBC television series Sex, Lies and Smartphones followed two separate families and how they coped with a seven-day challenge of living without their mobile devices. Family members (ranging in age from pre-teen to 50 years) placed their devices, including the parents’ mobile phones for work, in a box that was securely stored. Not surprisingly, this was a difficult challenge.

At the beginning of the challenge, parents were more optimistic than their children about how they might cope during the challenge. Many of the children wanted their devices back after the first day. The teenaged family members often complained that they had “nothing to do” and were envious of their friends who continued to text messages and check their Facebook pages.

However, toward the end of the challenge some of the children admitted that they did not miss their smartphones and actually had fun without them. While the challenge allowed for more face-to-face conversations between family members, it was largely the parents who could not wait to get their mobile devices back. Parents felt uncomfortable not knowing what their children were doing, wanted to readily communicate with family members while away on business, and missed listening to music and texting their spouses. Others had colleagues at work complain that they were not as easy to contact during and after work hours.

Your task is to design and participate in your own “smartphone challenge.” You can conduct your challenge either with a small group of friends or with members of your immediate family. Remember to place all your mobile devices, including cell phones, smartphones, MP3 players, and tablets in a secure location that is not easily accessible. Try not to cheat!

The challenge should run a total of four days, starting on a Monday. Be prepared to share your findings with the class the day after your challenge ends. Once the findings have been reported, write a half-page response to the question: “Could you live without a smartphone?” Your response should take into consideration the functions of smartphones as well as the impact they are having on schools, workplaces, and families.

You may wish to record information collected during the challenge in the following chart template.

Challenge Days/Questions Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 How do you feel being without your smartphone (or other mobile device)? What functions do you miss most about your smartphone (or other mobile device)? How are you communicating with friends and/or family members? What did you do with the time normally spent on your smartphone?

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 51 News in Review Index A list of the stories covered last season and to date in the current season is provided below.

The complete chronological index for all 21 seasons of News in Review and a subject- oriented index listing News in Review stories appropriate for various subject areas can be accessed through our Web site at http://newsinreview.cbclearning.ca. Hard copies of these indexes can also be obtained by contacting CBC Learning. SEPTEMBER 2010 The Controversy Over the Census The G20 Summit: Talks and Teargas The Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico Residential Schools: Truth and Healing OCTOBER 2010 The Tamil Boat People Controversy Pakistan’s Catastrophic Floods The Fate of the Long-Gun Registry Journey Back to Nagasaki NOVEMBER 2010 Hurricane Igor Hits Newfoundland Canada’s New Governor General Afghanistan: A Frontline Report BPA: The Chemical Inside Us DECEMBER 2010 The Trial of Omar Khadr The Oil Sands and the PR War A New Campaign to Fight Bullying The Rescue of the Chilean Miners FEBRUARY 2011 Wikileaks and the Information War Haiti in a Time of Cholera The Assassination of Rafik Hariri How Healthy Are Canadians? MARCH 2011 Parliament and the Election Question Egypt and the Days of Anger The Shooting of Gabrielle Giffords Vacation Nightmare in Mexico APRIL 2011 Japan and the Nuclear Nightmare The Uprising in Libya Hockey and the Concussion Debate How Facebook Changed the World

MAY 2011 CBC Learning Canadians Vote in a Spring Election P.O. Box 500, Station A Canada and the Afghanistan Legacy Toronto, Ontario, Canada Revising the History of the Americas M5W 1E6 The Real Story of the King’s Speech Tel: (416) 205-6384 Fax: (416) 205-2376 E-mail: [email protected]

CBC News in Review • September 2011 • Page 52