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Educational Handheld Video: Examining Shot Composition, Graphic Design, and Their Impact on Learning

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Educational Handheld Video: Examining Shot Composition, Graphic Design, and Their Impact on Learning University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2008 Educational Handheld Video: Examining Shot Composition, Graphic Design, And Their Impact On Learning Jason Hutchens University of Central Florida Part of the Educational Leadership Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Hutchens, Jason, "Educational Handheld Video: Examining Shot Composition, Graphic Design, And Their Impact On Learning" (2008). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 3579. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3579 EDUCATIONAL HANDHELD VIDEO: EXAMINING SHOT COMPOSITION, GRAPHIC DESIGN, AND THEIR IMPACT ON LEARNING by JASON SCOTT HUTCHENS A.A.S. Virginia Western Community College, 1996 B.A. Virginia Tech, 1998 M.A.Ed. Virginia Tech, 2002 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Research, Technology, and Leadership in the College of Education at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2008 Major Professor: Rosemarye Taylor © 2008 Jason Scott Hutchens ii ABSTRACT Formal features of video such as shot composition and graphic design can weigh heavily on the success or failure of educational videos. Many studies have assessed the proper use of these techniques given the psychological expectations that viewers have for video programming (Hawkins et al., 2002; Kenny, 2002; Lang, Zhou, Schwardtz, Bolls, & Potter, 2000; McCain, Chilberg, & Wakshlag, 1977; McCain & Repensky, 1972; Miller, 2005; Morris, 1984; Roe, 1998; Schmitt, Anderson, & Collins, 1999; Sherman & Etling, 1991; Tannenbaum & Fosdick, 1960; Wagner, 1953). This study examined formal features within the context of the newly emerging distribution method of viewing video productions on mobile handheld devices. Shot composition and graphic design were examined in the context of an educational video to measure whether or not they had any influence on user perceptions of learning and learning outcomes. The two formal features were modified for display on 24 inch screens and on 3.5 inch or smaller screens. Participants were shown one of the four modified treatments, then presented with a test to measure whether or not the modified formal features had any impact or influence on learning outcomes from a sample of 132 undergraduate college students. No significant differences were found to occur as a result of manipulation of formal features between the treatment groups. iii This work is dedicated to my family – my father, brother, and late mother – whose support and love helped guide me through those dark little tunnels that I sometimes found myself stumbling through during the course of this journey. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS By its very nature, multimedia is a team-oriented field. As such, a project of this magnitude could not have been completed without the help of those whom imparted a variety of support and assistance. Mike Gluckman, John Griffin, and Peder Trusiak offered their services, expertise, and time to help produce the video used for this study. George Miliotes provided valuable insight on the subject matter of the video, and graciously dedicated his time, knowledge, and skill in front of the camera. Karen Porter, Sherri Owens, and Steve and Deena Grabowski all provided editorial assistance in smoothing out the rough edges of the language of this document. Darlene Hadrika generously allowed me access to her students in the Visual Language curriculum. Adam Lenz provided valuable assistance during the labs conducted to collect data from students in the Digital Media curriculum. Apple Inc. graciously loaned me 20 iPods to collect data for this study. Darden Restaurants Inc. provided substantial assistance and access to their employees. And last but certainly not least, I cannot express enough kind words for the support and guidance of Rose Taylor, George Pawlas, Haiyan Bai, and Robert Kenny, for helping me craft a study worthy of the degree for which it was meant to achieve. Thank you all so very much. I could not have done this without your contributions. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................. xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Review of the Literature ................................................................................................ 7 Formal Features ......................................................................................................... 9 Shot Types ............................................................................................................. 9 Composition ........................................................................................................ 11 Graphic Design in Television .............................................................................. 13 From Print to Digital ........................................................................................... 16 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................ 18 Research Questions ................................................................................................. 19 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................. 20 Methodology................................................................................................................ 21 Pilot Study ............................................................................................................... 21 Research Procedures ................................................................................................ 24 Significance of the Study............................................................................................. 25 Limitations ................................................................................................................... 26 Summary...................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................................... 29 vi The Ease and Convenience of Handhelds ................................................................... 29 Video and Compression for Handhelds ....................................................................... 37 Interlaced Images, Progressive Images, and Frame Rates ...................................... 43 Learning with Video .................................................................................................... 45 Studies Relating to Shot Composition and Sequencing .............................................. 53 Graphic Design ............................................................................................................ 65 The Language of Type ............................................................................................. 68 Video: Text and Design Research ........................................................................... 70 Leadership Considerations .......................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 84 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 84 Problem Statement ....................................................................................................... 84 The Educational Video ................................................................................................ 85 The Test Instrument ..................................................................................................... 88 Research Questions ................................................................................................. 90 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 90 Sample ......................................................................................................................... 91 Limitations ................................................................................................................... 92 Summary...................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF DATA ................................................................... 95 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 95 Reliability ...................................................................................................................
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