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Garcezvenerosonallely-Agosto2014.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES TROPICALES TESIS “Antecedentes y condiciones actuales sobre el manejo y usos del algodón en seis comunidades del Totonacapan, Veracruz” Que para obtener el Título de Maestra en Ecología Tropical Presenta: NALLELY DEL MAR GARCES VENEROSO HERNANDEZ Comité Tutorial: Dra. Citlalli López Binnqüist Dra. Ana Isabel Fontecilla Carbonell Dr. Santiago Mario Vázquez Torres XALAPA-ENRÍQUEZ, VER. 2014 Agradezco a mi amiga la Dra. Citlalli López Binnqüist, por el infinito apoyo brindado, ya que sin ella, esto no sería posible. 2 Agradecimientos A mis padres: Rosa Guadalupe Hernández Guevara y Marco Antonio Garces Veneroso por su experiencia, su amor y comprensión en todo momento, debo la vida. A mis hermanos: Tania Sinaí Garces Veneroso Hernández y Marco Antonio Garces Hernández por estar a mi lado en cualquier dificultad, los amo. A los investigadores: Dra. Ana Isabel Fontecilla Carbonell, Dr. Sergio Avendaño Reyes, Dr. Michael Ducey y Dr. Mario Santiago Vázquez Torres, por su dedicación, su tiempo y su valiosa ayuda, les debo gran parte de este documento. A todas las artesanas y los artesanos: gracias por brindarme su tiempo y su talento. A mis abuelitos : Dora María Guevara y José Luis Hernández Ladrón de Guevara, a los cuales adoro y me han cuidado de mi toda la vida. A toda la familia: de Xalapa, Orizaba, Veracruz, Portland y Montreal y a los que andan regados por el mundo. A mis amigos : Thalía Yaneli Garces, Dafne Mabel Zurita, María Fernanda Mantilla, Luz Adriana Pérez, Fayné Meza, Erendira Hernández, Lilián Vázquez, Hadaí Tapia, Olga Delia Castañeda, Alejandro López, Antonio Alcázar , Héctor Rodríguez, Carlos Velázquez y Marco Antonio Alonso con los que cuento todo el tiempo. A mis cuadrúpedos hijos: Ruffo e Inna, que están conmigo todo el tiempo. 3 Índice 1. Introducción ........................................................................................................................ 9 2. Antecedentes .................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Antecedentes históricos sobre el uso y cultivo del algodón ........................................ 14 2.1.1 El algodón en Mesoamérica ................................................................................................................. 14 2.1.2 El algodón y otras fibras en el mundo ............................................................................................. 15 2.1.3 Los posibles centros de origen del algodón .................................................................................. 16 2.4 La expansión del cultivo del algodón en la Nueva España ........................................... 19 2.5 La producción industrial actual del algodón ..................................................................... 21 2.2 Características biológicas y ecológicas del algodón ....................................................... 23 2.2.1 Descripción general sobre la taxonomía del algodón ............................................................... 23 2.3 El algodón transgénico, una gran polémica ....................................................................... 28 2.3.1 El algodón transgénico en México ....................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Siembra y condiciones óptimas de cultivo del algodón industrial ............................ 33 2.4.1. Condiciones ambientales y ciclos de cultivo .............................................................................. 33 2.4.2 Topografía y condiciones del suelo y plagas ................................................................................ 34 3. Justificación ...................................................................................................................... 35 4. Objetivos ............................................................................................................................ 37 4.1 Objetivo general .......................................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Objetivos específicos .................................................................................................................. 37 5. Marco teórico ................................................................................................................... 38 5.1 El estudio biológico para la identificación taxonómica de especies. ........................ 39 5.2 El estudio etnobotánico para la documentación de los conocimientos locales sobre el manejo de recursos naturales ...................................................................................... 39 5.3 El paisaje y los cambios de uso del suelo ............................................................................ 40 6. Metodología ...................................................................................................................... 42 6.1 Fase de gabinete .......................................................................................................................... 42 6.1.1 Revisión bibliográfica extensa ............................................................................................................ 42 6.1.2 Elaboración y aplicación de entrevistas ......................................................................................... 43 6.1.3 Determinación de los especímenes botánicos recolectados .................................................. 47 6.2 Fase de campo .............................................................................................................................. 48 6.2.1 Aplicación de entrevistas...................................................................................................................... 50 6.2.2 Colecta de ejemplares botánicos ....................................................................................................... 50 6.3 Fase de análisis ............................................................................................................................ 51 6.3.1 Identificación taxonómica .................................................................................................................... 51 6.3.2 Conocimiento local sobre el manejo y uso del algodón ........................................................... 51 6.3.3 Reconstrucción histórica de la producción de algodón en el Totonacapan .................... 53 7. Zona de estudio................................................................................................................ 53 7.1 Delimitación geográfica del Totonacapan y sus cambios a lo largo de la historia ............................................................................................ 53 7.2 Características geomorfológicas y demográficas de la zona de estudio ................. 55 4 8. Resultados ......................................................................................................................... 58 8.1 Identificación taxonómica ....................................................................................................... 59 8.1.1 Colecta e identificación taxonómica según las claves correspondientes y clave dicotómica para las taxas determinadas……………………..60 8.2 Conocimiento local sobre el manejo y uso del algodón ................................................. 62 8.2.1 Prácticas de manejo del algodón ....................................................................................................... 62 8.2.2 Uso textil ...................................................................................................................................................... 68 8.2.3 Usos medicinales y rituales ................................................................................................................. 72 8.3 Testimonios orales sobre la producción y uso del algodón ......................................... 77 8.4 Producción del algodón en el Totonacapan, Siglo XVI - Siglo XXI .............................. 83 8.4.1 El Totonacapan y el algodón, intercambios económicos y culturales ................................ 83 8.4.2 Extensión comercial, cambios de uso del suelo e influencia de otras culturas en el Totonacapan ......................................................................................................................................................... 88 8.4.3 Surgimiento de la Encomienda y los Corregimientos ............................................................... 92 8.4.4 Siglos posteriores a la colonia, cultivos, explotación de recursos y la situación de las llanuras costeras de Veracruz ....................................................................................................................... 94 8.4.5 La Ley Agraria en Veracruz y la llanura costera, movilización social y campesina ...... 96 9. Discusión ............................................................................................................................ 99 10. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................ 103 11. Bibliografía .................................................................................................................. 106 12. Anexos ............................................................................................................................ 111 5 Índice de tablas Tabla 1. Producción de algodón a nivel mundial por millones
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