Sensitivity of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in South Korea To
Environmental Pollution 273 (2021) 116428 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environmental Pollution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol Sensitivity of fine particulate matter concentrations in South Korea to regional ammonia emissions in Northeast Asia* * Eunhye Kim a, Byeong-Uk Kim b, Hyun Cheol Kim c, d, Soontae Kim a, a Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea b Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA, 30354, USA c Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA d Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA article info abstract Article history: Ammonia (NH3) is an important precursor for forming PM2.5. In this study, we estimated the impact of Received 16 November 2020 upwind transboundary and local downwind NH3 emissions on PM2.5 and its inorganic components via Accepted 2 January 2021 photochemical grid model simulations. Nine sensitivity scenarios with ±50% perturbations of upwind Available online 5 January 2021 (China) and/or downwind (South Korea) NH3 emissions were simulated for the year 2016 over Northeast Asia. The annual mean PM2.5 concentrations in the downwind area were predicted to change from À3.3 Keywords: 3 (À18%) to 2.4 mg=m (13%) when the NH3 emissions in the upwind and downwind areas were perturbed Particulate matter by -50% to þ50%. The change in PM concentrations in the downwind area depending on the change in Long-range transport 2.5 Ammonia NH3 emissions in the upwind area was the highest in spring, followed by winter. This was mainly - Sensitivity attributed to the change in nitrate (NO3), a secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) that is a predominant Vertical mixing constituent of PM2.5.
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