DOCSLIB.ORG

Sensitivity of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in South Korea To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sensitivity of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in South Korea To Environmental Pollution 273 (2021) 116428 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environmental Pollution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envpol Sensitivity of fine particulate matter concentrations in South Korea to regional ammonia emissions in Northeast Asia* * Eunhye Kim a, Byeong-Uk Kim b, Hyun Cheol Kim c, d, Soontae Kim a, a Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea b Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA, 30354, USA c Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA d Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA article info abstract Article history: Ammonia (NH3) is an important precursor for forming PM2.5. In this study, we estimated the impact of Received 16 November 2020 upwind transboundary and local downwind NH3 emissions on PM2.5 and its inorganic components via Accepted 2 January 2021 photochemical grid model simulations. Nine sensitivity scenarios with ±50% perturbations of upwind Available online 5 January 2021 (China) and/or downwind (South Korea) NH3 emissions were simulated for the year 2016 over Northeast Asia. The annual mean PM2.5 concentrations in the downwind area were predicted to change from À3.3 Keywords: 3 (À18%) to 2.4 mg=m (13%) when the NH3 emissions in the upwind and downwind areas were perturbed Particulate matter by -50% to þ50%. The change in PM concentrations in the downwind area depending on the change in Long-range transport 2.5 Ammonia NH3 emissions in the upwind area was the highest in spring, followed by winter. This was mainly - Sensitivity attributed to the change in nitrate (NO3), a secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) that is a predominant Vertical mixing constituent of PM2.5. Since NH3 is mainly emitted near the surface and vertical mixing is limited during - the night, it was modeled that the aloft nitric acid (HNO3)-to-NO3 conversion in the morning hours was increased when the NH3 accumulated near the surface during nighttime begins to mix up within the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) as it develops after sunrise. This implies that the control of upwind and/ or downwind NH3 emissions is effective at reducing PM2.5 concentrations in the downwind area even under NH3 rich conditions in Northeast Asia. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. Introduction 2019; Sun et al., 2018; Zheng et al., 2018). However, advanced emission controls, such as flue gas desulfurization (FGD), will likely In many countries, emission control policies have been imple- be required to further reduce SO2 emissions in the future, and these mented to reduce PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic advanced emission controls can result in significant increases in diameter smaller than 2.5 mm) due to its adverse effect on public capital and operating costs for businesses (Zhang et al., 2017). health. In Northeast Asia, known for frequent events of high PM2.5 Some studies have reported that the management of ammonia concentration, policies for reducing PM2.5 have been focused on the (NH3) emissions could be cost-effective for reducing SIA concen- reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx; pre- trations (Gu et al., 2014; Pinder et al., 2007), although they focused cursors of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAs)) emissions because on estimating the impact of NH3 emission reductions on local PM2.5 the fraction of SIAs is large during high PM2.5 events (Bae et al., concentrations (Supplementary Table 1 and references therein). 2019; Huang et al., 2014; Itahashi et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2017a; Considering the lifetime and long-range transportation of PM2.5 Zhang et al., 2012). Until recently, tangible achievements as a result and its precursors (Itahashi et al., 2017; Pinder et al., 2008; Seinfeld of these policies have been reported; for example, Chinese SO2 and Pandis, 2006), changes in NH3 emissions in upwind areas could emissions decreased by 62% between 2010 and 2017 (Lachatre et al., affect concentrations of air pollutants in downwind areas. Once released into the atmosphere, NH3 can be converted into ammo- þ nium (NH4 ) depending on the atmospheric conditions, e.g. tem- perature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and availability * This paper has been recommended for acceptance by Pavlos Kassomenos. of other chemicals (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006). Thus, to estimate * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Kim). the effects of upwind NH3 changes on downwind air quality, it is https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116428 0269-7491/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ). E. Kim, B.-U. Kim, H.C. Kim et al. Environmental Pollution 273 (2021) 116428 Table 1 limited due to the sparsity of the observation sites (one site located Upwind and downwind NH3 emission scenarios. in China, three located in South Korea, and 12 located in Japan). Case Upwind (China) Downwind (South Korea) More details about EANET observations can be found in EANET C50K50 50% 50% reports (EANET, 2016b). C50 50% 100% C50K150 50% 150% 2.2. Study area and period Base 100% 100% K50 100% 50% Air pollutants can be transported over long distances by west- K150 100% 150% C150K50 150% 50% erly winds in Northeast Asia (Itahashi et al., 2017; Li et al., 2007), C150 150% 100% thus China was set as the upwind area and South Korea as the C150K150 150% 150% downwind area. To examine the impact of NH3 emission changes in The simulation period is 1 year (2016). the upwind and downwind areas on PM2.5 concentrations, the study area covers Northeast Asia (Fig. 1). Specifically, the focus of this study was on the changes in PM2.5 and SIA concentrations at necessary to understand the fate of atmospheric NHx the two supersites, BR and SD, in South Korea. The Seoul Metro- þ (¼NH3 þ NH4 ) during the long-range transport in lieu of NH3 politan Area (SMA) represented by SD is a densely populated region (Gilliland et al., 2006). Surface measurements, satellite observa- with large local emissions. The Chinese contribution to PM2.5 tions, and air quality model simulation can be used to understand concentrations in the SMA has been reported to account for the fate of NHx. A challenge is that current surface observation data 30e70% (Choi et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2017b), which suggests that for Northeast Asia are available only for very limited spatiotem- the impact of NH3 emission changes in China and South Korea on poral coverage of ambient concentrations and deposition with no PM2.5 concentration could be interwoven at SD. On the other hand, vertical distribution information. Space- and airborne measure- BR is located on a small island (~51 km2) at westernmost South ments can be used to estimate NH3 vertical distribution, but they Korea approximately 200 km east of the Shandong Peninsula, exhibit low spatial and temporal resolution over limited spatial and China, that has low local emissions of PM2.5 and its precursors and temporal coverage. On the other hand, a three-dimensional is in the pathway of air pollutant transport from China to South photochemical transport model covering a wide range of time Korea throughout the year. For this reason, BR is suitable for and space can be used to explain the emission, transport, and examining the transported PM2.5 and its precursors from China to transformation of NHx. Nevertheless, results from modeling often South Korea (Jo et al., 2020). The study period was set to the year fi have high uncertainty due to dif culties in acquiring accurate NH3 2016, and monthly variations of PM2.5 and its constituents were emission data (Gilliland et al., 2006; Pinder et al., 2008)in analyzed to consider seasonal variability of synoptic meteorology conjunction with insufficient data to verify them. Thus, it is often and emissions in Northeast Asia. indispensable to conduct a series of simulations to address un- certainties in the model inputs, such as emissions. 2.3. Air quality simulation In this study, we attempted to investigate the impact of regional NH3 emissions on downwind PM2.5 concentrations in Northeast For the air quality simulation, a Eulerian photochemical model, Asia using air quality simulations with all available observational Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) v4.7.1 was used with a data. First, we compared the observed and simulated NH3, SIA, and 27-km horizontal resolution over the study area. Furthermore, PM2.5 levels to evaluate the model performance. Second, we Process Analysis (PA), which is a probing tool provided by CMAQ, examined the sensitivity of the downwind PM2.5 concentration to was applied for comprehensive understanding: it enables quanti- both upwind and downwind NH3 emissions by using a set of sim- tative evaluation of the physical and chemical processes of air ulations. Third, we analyzed the modeled vertical profiles of NH3 pollutants (Gipson, 1999; Liu et al., 2010). The processes are þ and NH4 to explain how the upwind NH3 emission controls can calculated by applying several terms, such as emissions, advection, affect downwind areas. Last, we evaluated the effectiveness of diffusion, aerosols, chemistry, clouds, deposition, etc. (Gipson, future NH3 emission controls on PM2.5 improvements in downwind 1999). areas in terms of NH3 emission uncertainty. Meteorological input data for CMAQ were prepared by pro- cessing the output from the Weather Research and Forecasting 2. Research methods (WRF; Skamarock et al., 2008) v3.5.1 simulation using initial/ boundary conditions from the Final Operational Global Analysis 2.1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South Korea Section 3
    DEFENSE WHITE PAPER Message from the Minister of National Defense The year 2010 marked the 60th anniversary of the outbreak of the Korean War. Since the end of the war, the Republic of Korea has made such great strides and its economy now ranks among the 10-plus largest economies in the world. Out of the ashes of the war, it has risen from an aid recipient to a donor nation. Korea’s economic miracle rests on the strength and commitment of the ROK military. However, the threat of war and persistent security concerns remain undiminished on the Korean Peninsula. North Korea is threatening peace with its recent surprise attack against the ROK Ship CheonanDQGLWV¿ULQJRIDUWLOOHU\DW<HRQS\HRQJ Island. The series of illegitimate armed provocations by the North have left a fragile peace on the Korean Peninsula. Transnational and non-military threats coupled with potential conflicts among Northeast Asian countries add another element that further jeopardizes the Korean Peninsula’s security. To handle security threats, the ROK military has instituted its Defense Vision to foster an ‘Advanced Elite Military,’ which will realize the said Vision. As part of the efforts, the ROK military complemented the Defense Reform Basic Plan and has UHYDPSHGLWVZHDSRQSURFXUHPHQWDQGDFTXLVLWLRQV\VWHP,QDGGLWLRQLWKDVUHYDPSHGWKHHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHPIRURI¿FHUVZKLOH strengthening the current training system by extending the basic training period and by taking other measures. The military has also endeavored to invigorate the defense industry as an exporter so the defense economy may develop as a new growth engine for the entire Korean economy. To reduce any possible inconveniences that Koreans may experience, the military has reformed its defense rules and regulations to ease the standards necessary to designate a Military Installation Protection Zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Ammonia Pollution in Northern Ireland No.4
    EJNI Briefing Paper Series Northern Ireland Assembly EJNI BRIEFING Ammonia Pollution No.4 November in Northern Ireland 2020 Legal and Policy Considerations Ciara Brennan, Laura Neal, James Orr and Ekaterina Gladkova Ammonia pollution is one of the most serious environmental challenges faced in Northern Ireland. There is a direct link between ammonia pollution and declining environmental quality, in particular the degradation of important habitats which have been designated as internationally significant. Ammonia pollution can also cause harm to human health. Responding to ammonia pollution is controversial in Northern Ireland because this form of pollution is predominantly derived from agricultural activities. This means that there is significant pressure on the farming community to reduce the amount of ammonia produced in order to achieve compliance with an extensive range of legal controls designed to limit emissions. However, rising ammonia levels amidst farming intensification in Northern Ireland have created concerns about the extent to which reduction efforts are working. While restrictions on particularly polluting agricultural activity can be expensive and challenging for farmers to implement, failure to address the growing ammonia crisis will not only lead to further environmental decline and risks to human health, but also has implications for Northern Ireland and the UK’s compliance with a range of legal requirements. This paper will set out some of the central issues associated with ammonia pollution which should be considered as a matter of urgency by the Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly. Northern Ireland is in the midst of an ammonia pollution crisis 1. Ammonia (NH3) is an air pollutant which is known to have a damaging impact on biodiversity as well as human health.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichen Surveys to Investigate Ammonia Impacts
    Lichen surveys to investigate ammonia impacts Sam Bosanquet Natural Resources Wales Evidence Report No 298 Date About Natural Resources Wales Natural Resources Wales is the organisation responsible for the work carried out by the three former organisations, the Countryside Council for Wales, Environment Agency Wales and Forestry Commission Wales. It is also responsible for some functions previously undertaken by Welsh Government. Our purpose is to ensure that the natural resources of Wales are sustainably maintained, used and enhanced, now and in the future. We work for the communities of Wales to protect people and their homes as much as possible from environmental incidents like flooding and pollution. We provide opportunities for people to learn, use and benefit from Wales' natural resources. We work to support Wales' economy by enabling the sustainable use of natural resources to support jobs and enterprise. We help businesses and developers to understand and consider environmental limits when they make important decisions. We work to maintain and improve the quality of the environment for everyone and we work towards making the environment and our natural resources more resilient to climate change and other pressures. Evidence at Natural Resources Wales Natural Resources Wales is an evidence based organisation. We seek to ensure that our strategy, decisions, operations and advice to Welsh Government and others are underpinned by sound and quality-assured evidence. We recognise that it is critically important to have a good understanding of our changing environment. We will realise this vision by: • Maintaining and developing the technical specialist skills of our staff; • Securing our data and information; • Having a well resourced proactive programme of evidence work; • Continuing to review and add to our evidence to ensure it is fit for the challenges facing us; and • Communicating our evidence in an open and transparent way.
    [Show full text]
  • Ammonia Oxidation Potential and Microbial Diversity in Sediments from Experimental
    Ammonia Oxidation Potential and Microbial Diversity in Sediments from Experimental Bench-Scale Oxygen-Activated Nitrification Wetlands By JENNIFER ALLEN A dissertation/thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering MAY 2009 0 To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation/thesis of JENNIFER ALLEN find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. ___________________________________ Marc W. Beutel, Ph.D., Chair ___________________________________ Douglas R. Call, Ph.D. ___________________________________ David Yonge, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Allison Fischer and her colleges in the Department of Veternary Medicine for their continuous research contributions. I would also like to thank Huckleberry Palmer, Dr. Rick Watts, Dr. Shelley Pressley, and Dr. Jeremy Rentz in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering for additional research support. iii ABSTRACT by Jennifer Allen, M.S. Washington State University May 2009 Chair: Marc W. Beutel Ammonia pollution, commonly from sewage treatment plants and agricultural activities, can degrade surface waters by causing eutrophication and exhibiting toxicity to aquatic biota. Constructed treatment wetlands can be used to treat a wide array of waste waters, but low oxygen concentrations characteristic of these systems will limit ammonia removal because ammonia must be first oxidized to nitrate before being denitrified to nitrogen gas. My study evaluated the effects of dissolved oxygen enhancement on ammonia oxidation and microbial community diversity in bench-scale wetland mesocosms. Sediments were extracted from oxygenated and non-oxygenated (control) wetland microcosms.
    [Show full text]
  • South Korea: Defense White Paper 2010
    DEFENSE WHITE PAPER Message from the Minister of National Defense The year 2010 marked the 60th anniversary of the outbreak of the Korean War. Since the end of the war, the Republic of Korea has made such great strides and its economy now ranks among the 10-plus largest economies in the world. Out of the ashes of the war, it has risen from an aid recipient to a donor nation. Korea’s economic miracle rests on the strength and commitment of the ROK military. However, the threat of war and persistent security concerns remain undiminished on the Korean Peninsula. North Korea is threatening peace with its recent surprise attack against the ROK Ship CheonanDQGLWV¿ULQJRIDUWLOOHU\DW<HRQS\HRQJ Island. The series of illegitimate armed provocations by the North have left a fragile peace on the Korean Peninsula. Transnational and non-military threats coupled with potential conflicts among Northeast Asian countries add another element that further jeopardizes the Korean Peninsula’s security. To handle security threats, the ROK military has instituted its Defense Vision to foster an ‘Advanced Elite Military,’ which will realize the said Vision. As part of the efforts, the ROK military complemented the Defense Reform Basic Plan and has UHYDPSHGLWVZHDSRQSURFXUHPHQWDQGDFTXLVLWLRQV\VWHP,QDGGLWLRQLWKDVUHYDPSHGWKHHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHPIRURI¿FHUVZKLOH strengthening the current training system by extending the basic training period and by taking other measures. The military has also endeavored to invigorate the defense industry as an exporter so the defense economy may develop as a new growth engine for the entire Korean economy. To reduce any possible inconveniences that Koreans may experience, the military has reformed its defense rules and regulations to ease the standards necessary to designate a Military Installation Protection Zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Pollution: Reducing Ammonia Emissions by Adapting Livestock Management Approaches
    Air pollution: Reducing ammonia emissions by adapting livestock management approaches Dr William Stiles: IBERS, Aberystwyth University. Take home messages: • Ammonia is a key contributor to air pollution levels, as it can become particulate matter after combination with other pollutant materials from a range of sources. • Reducing ammonia emission limits both the potential for air pollution and the wider environmental impact associated with nitrogen pollution. • Losses of ammonia represent losses of valuable farm-production material. This can have an adverse effect on farm business efficiency. Air pollution is a major environmental health risk, which affects human populations in developed and developing nations alike. Agricultural activities contribute to air pollution through the emission of ammonia, which can combine with other pollutant materials that originate from a range of sources to become fine particulate matter. Particulate matter is a material of key health concern as it can penetrate deeply into the lungs and cause a range of conditions including respiratory and cardiovascular illness and mortality. In Wales, 93% of ammonia emissions are the result of agricultural activities. Reducing the amount of ammonia emitted from agricultural sources is therefore a necessary action to reduce levels of air pollution nationally. In addition, ammonia pollution can have significant environmental impact, and can lead to reductions in biodiversity, eutrophication, and acidification of soil and aquatic ecosystems. The loss of ammonia also represents the loss of valuable material from within a farm business. Any nitrogen (N) which is emitted to the environment is N which is not utilised by plants or animals. As such, modifying farm business management to reduce ammonia losses has the potential to benefit human health and wellbeing, to reduce environmental impact, and to increase farm business efficiency.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Pollution: Reducing Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture by Adapting Fertiliser Storage and Land Application Techniques
    Air pollution: Reducing ammonia emissions from agriculture by adapting fertiliser storage and land application techniques Dr William Stiles: IBERS, Aberystwyth University. Take home messages: • Reducing ammonia emission from agriculture is a necessary objective to reduce national levels of air pollution • Ammonia is a key contributor to air pollution as it can become particulate matter after combination in the atmosphere with other pollutant materials from a range of sources. • Improving approaches for manure storage and fertiliser management can have a significant effect on overall ammonia emission rates. Air pollution from human activities presents a major challenge for most nations on earth. It can originate from multiple sources, including transport and industry, and is most commonly associated with the by-products of fuel combustion. Agricultural activities contribute to air pollution indirectly through the emission of ammonia, which combines in the atmosphere with other pollutant materials from a range of sources to become fine particulate matter. Particulate matter is an air pollutant material of particular concern as it can cause significant impact to human health and wellbeing. Nitrogen (N) emissions in the form of ammonia (NH3) originate primarily from agricultural activities (93% of emissions in Wales), particularly from livestock systems and fertiliser management. Reducing ammonia emission is an essential objective for the agricultural industry, both due to the influence this has on air pollution and population health, and also due to the environmental impact caused by ammonia pollution. Additionally, N is a valuable production material and enhancing N use efficiencies and reducing environmental losses is a core future farming strategy. Improving resource utilisation and precision in terms of nutrient management acts to improve farm business efficiency and is necessary to increase future sustainability within the agricultural sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Pollution and the European Environment Implications for Air Quality Policy
    Science for Environment Policy IN-DEPTH REPORT Nitrogen Pollution and the European Environment Implications for Air Quality Policy September 2013 Environment Science for Environment Policy This In-depth Report is written and edited by the Science Nitrogen Pollution and the European Environment Communication Unit, University of the West of England Implications for Air Quality Policy (UWE), Bristol Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements Contents We wish to thank Prof Mark Sutton of the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology for his input to this report. Final responsibility Executive summary 3 for the content and accuracy of the report, however, lies solely with the author. Introduction 5 1. The economic cost of the ecological Images impacts of nitrogen pollution 9 Page 3: ©istockphoto.com/chukov 2. The relative importance of reduced Page 6, Figure 1: Rockström et al., 2009a Page 6, Figure 2: INI, 2010 and oxidised nitrogen pollutants 12 Page 7, Figure 3: Erisman et al., 2011 3. Nitrogen and climate change 15 Page 8, Figure 4: Sutton and Billen, 2010 4. Potential co-benefits from improved Page 9, Figure 5: Brink et al. 2011 Page 14, Figure 6: Stevens et al., 2011 nitrogen efficiency in agriculture 18 Page 9, Table 1: Brink et al. 2011 5. The potential for new air quality Page 9, Table 2: Brink et al. 2011 limits on ammonia to help achieve objectives of the Habitats Directive 24 In conclusion 26 About Science for Environment Policy Science for Environment Policy is a free news and information service published by the European Commission’s Directorate-General Environment, which provides the latest environmental policy- relevant research findings.
    [Show full text]
  • Code of Good Agricultural Practice (COGAP) for Reducing Ammonia Emissions
    Code of Good Agricultural Practice (COGAP) for Reducing Ammonia Emissions © Crown copyright 2018 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v.3. To view this licence visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ or email [email protected] This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: Air Quality and Industrial Emissions Team Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 2 Marsham Street Westminster London SW1P 4DF PB14506 [email protected] Cover photo: Trailing shoe on grassland. Image credit: Steve Marston, Natural England, Flickr. Executive Summary This Code of Good Agricultural Practice (COGAP) for reducing ammonia emissions is a guidance document produced by Defra in collaboration with the farming industry. It explains the practical steps farmers, growers, land managers, advisors and contractors in England can take to minimise ammonia emissions from the storage and application of organic manures, the application of manufactured fertiliser, and through modifications to livestock diet and housing. Ammonia (NH3) is a key air pollutant that can have significant effects on both human health and the environment. The government has agreed to reduce ammonia emissions by 8% in 2020 and 16% in 2030, compared to 2005 levels. Around 88% of ammonia emissions in the UK come from agriculture. These targets can be achieved through widespread adoption of the measures in this Code. Nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, is lost from organic manures (such as slurry, solid manure and litter, digestate, sludge and compost) when they come into contact with air, particularly on warm or windy days.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Air Emissions Effects on Water Quality
    NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY ARCHIVED FILE Archived files are provided for reference purposes only. This file was current when produced, but is no longer maintained and may now be outdated. Content may not appear in full or in its original format. All links external to the document have been deactivated. For additional information, see http://pubs.nal.usda.gov. Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Air Emissions Effects on Water Quality 60 citations from the AGRICOLA Database 1992 - June 2002 Stephanie M. Boehmer Water Quality Information Center This electronic bibliography is intended primarily to provide awareness of recent investigations and discussions of a topic and is not intended to be in-depth and exhaustive. The inclusion or omission of a particular publication or citation should not be construed as endorsement or disapproval. Citations are arranged alphabetically by title and abstracts are included where available. Send suggestions for electronic bibliographies related to water resources and agriculture to [email protected]. To locate a publication cited in this bibliography, please contact your local, state, or university library. Some of the citations include links to online documents; however, a subscription may be required to access these documents. If you are unable to locate a particular publication, your library can contact the National Agricultural Library (please see "Document Delivery Services" at http://www.nal.usda.gov/ddsb/). Agricultural Air Emissions Effects on Water Quality 1. Air today -- gone tomorrow. Thomas, H. New-phytol. 139: 1 pp.225-229. (May 1998). NAL Call #: 450 N42 Descriptors: air-pollutants; air-pollution; eutrophication; deamination; metabolism; plant- development; nitrogen-cycle; nitrogen; nutrient-availability; ozone; ecosystems; adaptability; biodiversity; abiotic-injuries; plant-communities 2.
    [Show full text]
  • "Kim Jong Un, Uranium, and the Artillery Barrage: How to Think Strategically About North Korea?"
    "Kim Jong Un, Uranium, and the Artillery Barrage: How to Think Strategically about North Korea?" By Narushige Michishita Narushige Michishita is an associate professor of the Security and International Studies Program at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS) in Tokyo. A specialist in strategic and Japan/Korea studies, he is author of North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, 1966- 2008 (London: Routledge, 2009). He may be reached at [email protected]. Escalating Situation and North Korea’s Intentions The North Koreans have taken important and provocative steps to escalate the situation. First, they revealed that they had completed a uranium enrichment facility with 2,000 centrifuges and had begun construction of a 25 to 30 megawatt-electric experimental light-water reactor in Nyongbyon.i Then, they shelled Yeonpyeongdo - a South Korean offshore island in the Yellow Sea - causing military and civilian casualties.ii Outrageous as they are, North Korea’s recent actions are perfectly consistent with its past actions and its objectives. North Korea’s central objective is to force Washington to start talks with Pyongyang with the aim of improving relations between the two countries. Actually, North Korea declared that it would begin enriching uranium and that it had decided to build its own light water reactors in June 2009. In November 2010, the North Koreans simply delivered what they had already declared they would. In any case, now that they have demonstrated their possession of the uranium enrichment program, it is on the table to be negotiated. Regarding the heightened tension in the Yellow Sea, in January 2009 the general staff of the Korean People’s Army warned that it would take measures to defend the “military demarcation line” in the Yellow Sea, which it had unilaterally established in 1999, if South Korean vessels continued to violate North Korea’s “territorial waters.” It also predicted that the “illegal” Northern Limit Line-a quasi-maritime borderline to separate the North and the South-would disappear.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Ammonia Pollution Trends in a Groundwater Source Area Along a River in Residential Areas
    water Article A Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Ammonia Pollution Trends in a Groundwater Source Area along a River in Residential Areas Zhuoran Wang 1,* , Xiaoguang Zhao 1,2, Tianyu Xie 3, Na Wen 1 and Jing Yao 1 1 College of Geology and Environment, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, No. 58 Yanta Road, Xi’an 710054, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (N.W.); [email protected] (J.Y.) 2 Institute of Mine Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, No. 58 Yanta Road, Xi’an 710054, China 3 Guodu Education Science and Technology Industrial Development Zone, School of Art, Xi’an International Studies University, No. 6 Wenyuan South Road, Xi’an 710128, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-187-9140-8020 Abstract: In this study, a comprehensive evaluation model of ammonia pollution trends in a ground- water source area along a river in residential areas is proposed. It consists of coupling models and their interrelated models, including (i) MODFLOW and (ii) MT3DMS. The study area is laid in a plain along a river, where a few workshops operate and groundwater is heavily contaminated by domestic pollutants, agricultural pollutants, and cultivation pollutants. According to the hydrogeological conditions of the study area and the emissions of ammonia calculated in the First National Pollution Source Census Report in China, this study calibrates and verifies the prediction model. The difference between the observed water level and the calculated water level of the model is within the confidence Citation: Wang, Z.; Zhao, X.; Xie, T.; Wen, N.; Yao, J.
    [Show full text]