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State of the World2007 THE WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE 20072007 STATESTATE OFOF THETHE WORLDWORLD Our UrbanUrban FuturFuturee 2007 STATE OF THE WORLD Our Urban Future D I GITAL EDITION Please look for the symbol above throughout the chapters for live links to locations in Google Maps. Also, please note that the Table of Contents is clickable, for easier navigation through this PDF. Other Norton/Worldwatch Books State of the World 1984 through 2006 (an annual report on progress toward a sustainable society) Vital Signs 1992 through 2003 and 2005 through 2006 (a report on the trends that are shaping our future) Saving the Planet Who Will Feed China? Beyond Malthus Lester R. Brown Lester R. Brown Lester R. Brown Christopher Flavin Gary Gardner Sandra Postel Tough Choices Brian Halweil Lester R. Brown How Much Is Enough? Pillar of Sand Alan Thein Durning Fighting for Survival Sandra Postel Michael Renner Last Oasis Vanishing Borders Sandra Postel The Natural Wealth of Nations Hilary French Full House David Malin Roodman Eat Here Lester R. Brown Brian Halweil Hal Kane Life Out of Bounds Chris Bright Power Surge Inspiring Progress Christopher Flavin Gary T. Gardner Nicholas Lenssen 2007 STATE OF THE WORLD Our Urban Future A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society Molly O’Meara Sheehan, Project Director Zoë Chafe Danielle Nierenberg Christopher Flavin Janice Perlman Brian Halweil Mark Roseland Kristen Hughes David Satterthwaite Jeff Kenworthy Janet Sawin Kai Lee Lena Soots Lisa Mastny Peter Stair Gordon McGranahan Carolyn Stephens Peter Newman Linda Starke, Editor W . W . N O R TON & COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON Copyright © 2007 by Worldwatch Institute 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20036 www.worldwatch.org All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The STATE OF THE WORLD and WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE trademarks are registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Worldwatch Institute; of its directors, officers, or staff; or of its funders. The text of this book is composed in Galliard, with the display set in Gill Sans. Book design by Elizabeth Doherty; cover design and composition by Lyle Rosbotham; manufacturing by Victor Graphics. First Edition ISBN 0-393-06557-X ISBN 0-393-32923-2 (pbk) W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110 www.wwnorton.com W.W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 This book is printed on recycled paper. Worldwatch Institute Board of Directors Øystein Dahle Cathy Crain Nancy Hitz Chairman UNITED STATES UNITED STATES NORWAY James Dehlsen John McBride Thomas Crain UNITED STATES UNITED STATES Vice Chairman and Treasurer Christopher Flavin Akio Morishima UNITED STATES UNITED STATES JAPAN Larry Minear Robert Friese Izaak van Melle Secretary UNITED STATES THE NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES Lynne Gallagher Wren Wirth Geeta B. Aiyer UNITED STATES UNITED STATES UNITED STATES Satu Hassi Emeritus: Adam Albright FINLAND Abderrahman Khene UNITED STATES ALGERIA Jerre Hitz L. Russell Bennett UNITED STATES Andrew E. Rice UNITED STATES UNITED STATES Worldwatch Institute Staff Erik Assadourian Brian Halweil Darcey Rakestraw Research Associate Senior Researcher Communications Manager Courtney Berner Alana Herro Mary Redfern Friends of Worldwatch Staff Writer Foundations Manager Program Manager Suzanne Hunt Michael Renner Zoë Chafe Biofuels Program Manager Senior Researcher Staff Researcher Stephanie Kung Lyle Rosbotham Steve Conklin Research Assistant Art Director Web Manager Ling Li Janet Sawin Barbara Fallin China Fellow Senior Researcher Director of Finance and Yingling Liu Molly O’Meara Sheehan Administration China Program Manager Senior Researcher Christopher Flavin Lisa Mastny Patricia Shyne President Senior Editor Director of Publications Hilary French and Marketing Danielle Nierenberg Senior Advisor for Programs Research Associate Georgia Sullivan Gary Gardner Vice President Laura Parr Director of Research Development Assistant Andrew Wilkins Joseph Gravely Assistant to the President Administrative Assistant Publications Fulfillment Tom Prugh Editor, World Watch Worldwatch Fellows Molly Aeck Eric Martinot Payal Sampat Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Chris Bright Mia McDonald Victor Vovk Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Seth Dunn Sandra Postel Senior Fellow Senior Fellow Acknowledgments The Worldwatch Institute could not assem- the United Nations Population Fund and ble a book as ambitious as State of the World the Winslow Foundation. 2007: Our Urban Future without an amaz- In addition, Worldwatch’s research pro- ing global network. Over the past year, as we gram is backed by a roster of organizations. We have sought to understand the disparate real- thank the following for their generous support ities of our rapidly urbanizing world, we over the last year: Blue Moon Fund, Chicago have relied on guidance and insights from Community Trust, Energy Future Coalition every continent. and Better World Fund, Ford Foundation, We owe much to the tremendous support Goldman Environmental Prize, W. K. Kel- and leadership of our Board of Directors. logg Foundation, Marianists of the USA, This group consists of Chairman Øystein Noble Venture Gift Fund of the Community Dahle, Vice Chair and Treasurer Tom Crain, Foundation Serving Boulder County, Nat- Secretary Larry Minear, President Christopher ural Resources Defense Council, Prentice Flavin, Geeta B. Aiyer, Adam Albright, L. Foundation, V. Kann Rasmussen Foundation, Russell Bennett, Cathy Crain, James Dehlsen, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Shared Earth Robert Friese, Lynne Gallagher, Satu Hassi, Foundation, Shenandoah Foundation, Wallace Jerre Hitz, Nancy Hitz, John McBride, Akio Genetic Foundation, Wallace Global Fund, Morishima, Izaak van Melle, Wren Wirth, The Johanette Wallerstein Institute, and the and Emeritus members Abderrahman Khene Governments of Germany and Norway. and Andrew E. Rice. In 2006, the World- We are also indebted to our international watch Board of Directors named World- network of publishing partners, who bring watch’s conference room for Andy Rice for his State of the World to a global audience. They years of thoughtful leadership. provide advice, translation, outreach, and dis- State of the World would not exist were it tribution assistance. We give special thanks not for the generous financial contributions to Univeridade da Mata Atlântica in Brazil; of our many supporters. More than 3,500 Global Environmental Institute in China; Oy Friends of Worldwatch fund nearly one third Yliopistokustannus University Press in Fin- of the Institute’s operating budget. land; Germanwatch, Heinrich Böll Founda- This State of the World report is part of a tion, and Westfälisches Dampfboot in larger Worldwatch project analyzing the his- Germany; Evonymos Ecological Library in toric transition to a world in which most Greece; Earth Day Foundation in Hungary; people live in urban areas. We greatly appre- Winrock International in India; World Wide ciate the funds provided for this venture by Fund for Nature and Edizioni Ambiente in vii STATE OF THE WORLD 2007 Acknowledgments Italy; Worldwatch Japan; Worldwatch Norden Contributors to State of the World also at IVL Swedish Environmental Research Insti- appreciate the information and guidance given tute in Scandinavia; Center of Theoretical by prominent and knowledgeable individuals Analysis of Environmental Problems and from around the world. We were fortunate to International Independent University of Envi- receive help from Sarika Agrawal, Eva Anisko, ronmental and Political Sciences in Russia; Eduardo Athayde, Carine Barbier, Sheridan Korean Federation for Environmental Move- Bartlett, Timothy Beatley, Marc Berthold, ment in South Korea; Politika Newspapers Susan Blaustein, Sarah Brachle, Jeb Brug- in Serbia; Centre UNESCO de Catalunya for gman, Yves Cabannes, Majora Carter, Kiran the Catalan version and Fundacion Hogar Chhokar, Toshiko Chiba, Billy Cobbett, del Empleado and Editorial Icaria for the Penny Cuff, Glenn D’Alessio, Carlton Eley, Castilian version in Spain; L’État De La Gordon Feller, Greg Franta, Dan Goodman, Planète in Switzerland, which also connects us Rajat Gupta, William Holmberg, Tim Honey, to France and French-speaking Canada; Tai- Dan Hoornweg, Me’An Ignacio, Tetsunari wanwatch; Turkiye Erozyonla Mucadele, Aga- Iida, Min Jin, Dan Kammen, Gavin Killip, clandima ve Dogal Varliklari Koruma Vakfi Bowdin King, Mike Kossey, Benoit Lambert, (TEMA) in Turkey; and Earthscan/James & Frannie Léautier, Peter Marcotullio, Dale James in the United Kingdom. Medearis, Richard Munson, Nguyen Le Worldwatch’s longest publishing relation- Quang, Yoshi Nojima, Soki Oda, David ship is with W. W. Norton & Company in Painter, Scott Paul, Richard Perez, Blair New York. Thanks to their team—especially Ruble, Mona Serageldin, Jutta Schmieder, Amy Cherry, Leo Wiegman, Nancy Palmquist, Parin Shah, Jacob Songsore, Freyr Sverrisson, Lydia Fitzpatrick, and Anna Oler—State of the Kaarin Taipale, Carmelle J. Terborgh, Thi World, Vital Signs, and other Worldwatch Le Thi Minh, Ibrahim Togola, John Tom- books make it into bookstores and classrooms linson, Masami Toyofuku, John Waugh, Marc across the United States. Weiss, Elizabeth Westrate, Jorge Wilheim, Authors of this year’s State of the World Angelika Wirtz, and Kurt Yeager. benefited from a distinguished international We are particularly grateful for overall panel of reviewers
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