Facilitating Transpersonal Experiences with Dextromethorphan: Potential, Cautions, and Caveats
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Nitric Oxide and the Neurotoxic Effects of Methamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine1
0022-3565/97/2802-0941$03.00/0 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 280, No. 2 Copyright © 1997 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Printed in U.S.A. JPET 280:941–947, 1997 Nitric Oxide and the Neurotoxic Effects of Methamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine1 TERRI TARASKA and KEVIN T. FINNEGAN Departments of Psychiatry (T.T., K.T.F.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (K.T.F.) and Neuroscience (K.T.F.), University of Utah School of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah Accepted for publication October 21, 1996 ABSTRACT The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the long-term, amine-depleting antagonized the hyperthermic effects of METH, reducing co- effects of methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4-methyl- lonic temperatures in mice by a mean of 3°C, in comparison enedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) was investigated in the with control. Moreover, if the hypothermic effects of L-NAME in rodent central nervous system. The NO synthase inhibitor NG- METH-treated mice were prevented by raising the ambient nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) antagonized the dopa- room temperature, the dopamine-depleting actions of the stim- mine- and serotonin-depleting effects of both METH and ulant were fully restored. The latter findings suggest that it is the MDMA. The protective actions of L-NAME in METH-treated hypothermic actions of L-NAME, rather than its NO inhibitory mice were reversed by prior administration of the NO generator properties, that are responsible for the prevention of neurotox- G G isosorbide dinitrate. However, pretreatment with N -mono- icity. -
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens What Are Hallucinogens? Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that alter a person’s awareness of their surroundings as well as their thoughts and feelings. They are commonly split into two categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such as PCP). Both types of hallucinogens can cause hallucinations, or sensations and images that seem real though they are not. Additionally, dissociative drugs can cause users to feel out of control or disconnected from their body and environment. Some hallucinogens are extracted from plants or mushrooms, and others are synthetic (human-made). Historically, people have used hallucinogens for religious or healing rituals. More recently, people report using these drugs for social or recreational purposes. Hallucinogens are a Types of Hallucinogens diverse group of drugs Classic Hallucinogens that alter perception, LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most powerful mind- thoughts, and feelings. altering chemicals. It is a clear or white odorless material made from lysergic acid, which is found in a fungus that grows on rye and other Hallucinogens are split grains. into two categories: Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) comes from certain classic hallucinogens and types of mushrooms found in tropical and subtropical regions of South dissociative drugs. America, Mexico, and the United States. Peyote (mescaline) is a small, spineless cactus with mescaline as its main People use hallucinogens ingredient. Peyote can also be synthetic. in a wide variety of ways DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a powerful chemical found naturally in some Amazonian plants. People can also make DMT in a lab. -
From NMDA Receptor Hypofunction to the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia J
REVIEW The Neuropsychopharmacology of Phencyclidine: From NMDA Receptor Hypofunction to the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia J. David Jentsch, Ph.D., and Robert H. Roth, Ph.D. Administration of noncompetitive NMDA/glutamate effects of these drugs are discussed, especially with regard to receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and differing profiles following single-dose and long-term ketamine, to humans induces a broad range of exposure. The neurochemical effects of NMDA receptor schizophrenic-like symptomatology, findings that have antagonist administration are argued to support a contributed to a hypoglutamatergic hypothesis of neurobiological hypothesis of schizophrenia, which includes schizophrenia. Moreover, a history of experimental pathophysiology within several neurotransmitter systems, investigations of the effects of these drugs in animals manifested in behavioral pathology. Future directions for suggests that NMDA receptor antagonists may model some the application of NMDA receptor antagonist models of behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia in nonhuman schizophrenia to preclinical and pathophysiological research subjects. In this review, the usefulness of PCP are offered. [Neuropsychopharmacology 20:201–225, administration as a potential animal model of schizophrenia 1999] © 1999 American College of is considered. To support the contention that NMDA Neuropsychopharmacology. Published by Elsevier receptor antagonist administration represents a viable Science Inc. model of schizophrenia, the behavioral and neurobiological KEY WORDS: Ketamine; Phencyclidine; Psychotomimetic; widely from the administration of purportedly psychot- Memory; Catecholamine; Schizophrenia; Prefrontal cortex; omimetic drugs (Snyder 1988; Javitt and Zukin 1991; Cognition; Dopamine; Glutamate Jentsch et al. 1998a), to perinatal insults (Lipska et al. Biological psychiatric research has seen the develop- 1993; El-Khodor and Boksa 1997; Moore and Grace ment of many putative animal models of schizophrenia. -
From Sacred Plants to Psychotherapy
From Sacred Plants to Psychotherapy: The History and Re-Emergence of Psychedelics in Medicine By Dr. Ben Sessa ‘The rejection of any source of evidence is always treason to that ultimate rationalism which urges forward science and philosophy alike’ - Alfred North Whitehead Introduction: What exactly is it that fascinates people about the psychedelic drugs? And how can we best define them? 1. Most psychiatrists will define psychedelics as those drugs that cause an acute confusional state. They bring about profound alterations in consciousness and may induce perceptual distortions as part of an organic psychosis. 2. Another definition for these substances may come from the cross-cultural dimension. In this context psychedelic drugs may be recognised as ceremonial religious tools, used by some non-Western cultures in order to communicate with the spiritual world. 3. For many lay people the psychedelic drugs are little more than illegal and dangerous drugs of abuse – addictive compounds, not to be distinguished from cocaine and heroin, which are only understood to be destructive - the cause of an individual, if not society’s, destruction. 4. But two final definitions for psychedelic drugs – and those that I would like the reader to have considered by the end of this article – is that the class of drugs defined as psychedelic, can be: a) Useful and safe medical treatments. Tools that as adjuncts to psychotherapy can be used to alleviate the symptoms and course of many mental illnesses, and 1 b) Vital research tools with which to better our understanding of the brain and the nature of consciousness. Classifying psychedelic drugs: 1,2 The drugs that are often described as the ‘classical’ psychedelics include LSD-25 (Lysergic Diethylamide), Mescaline (3,4,5- trimethoxyphenylathylamine), Psilocybin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and DMT (dimethyltryptamine). -
MDMA) Cause Selective Ablation of Serotonergic Axon Terminals in Forebrain: Lmmunocytochemical Evidence for Neurotoxicity
The Journal of Neuroscience, August 1988, 8(8): 2788-2803 Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and Methylenedioxymetham- phetamine (MDMA) Cause Selective Ablation of Serotonergic Axon Terminals in Forebrain: lmmunocytochemical Evidence for Neurotoxicity E. O’Hearn,” G. Battaglia, lab E. B. De Souza,’ M. J. Kuhar,’ and M. E. Molliver Departments of Neuroscience, and Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and ‘Neuroscience Branch, Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 The psychotropic amphetamine derivatives 3,4-methylene- The synthetic amphetamine derivatives 3,4-methylenedioxy- dioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymetham- amphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphet- phetamine (MDMA) have been used for recreational and amine (MDMA) are potent mood-altering drugs that have at- therapeutic purposes in man. In rats, these drugs cause large tained public interest (Seymour, 1986) due to their widespread, reductions in brain levels of serotonin (5HT). This study self-administration by young adults (e.g., Klein, 1985). These employs immunocytochemistry to characterize the neuro- drugs have also been proposed for medical use in psychotherapy toxic effects of these compounds upon monoaminergic neu- because they produce augmentation of mood and enhanced in- rons in the rat brain. Two weeks after systemic administra- sight (Naranjo et al., 1967; Yensen et al., 1976; Di Leo, 198 1; tion of MDA or MDMA (20 mg/kg, s.c., twice daily for 4 d), Greer and Tolbert, 1986; Grinspoon and Bakalar, 1986). How- there is profound loss of serotonergic (5HT) axons through- ever, concern has been raised about the safety of these com- out the forebrain; catecholamine axons are completely pounds based on evidence that they may be toxic to brain seroto- spared. -
Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com Ce4less.Com
Hallucinogens And Dissociative Drug Use And Addiction Introduction Hallucinogens are a diverse group of drugs that cause alterations in perception, thought, or mood. This heterogeneous group has compounds with different chemical structures, different mechanisms of action, and different adverse effects. Despite their description, most hallucinogens do not consistently cause hallucinations. The drugs are more likely to cause changes in mood or in thought than actual hallucinations. Hallucinogenic substances that form naturally have been used worldwide for millennia to induce altered states for religious or spiritual purposes. While these practices still exist, the more common use of hallucinogens today involves the recreational use of synthetic hallucinogens. Hallucinogen And Dissociative Drug Toxicity Hallucinogens comprise a collection of compounds that are used to induce hallucinations or alterations of consciousness. Hallucinogens are drugs that cause alteration of visual, auditory, or tactile perceptions; they are also referred to as a class of drugs that cause alteration of thought and emotion. Hallucinogens disrupt a person’s ability to think and communicate effectively. Hallucinations are defined as false sensations that have no basis in reality: The sensory experience is not actually there. The term “hallucinogen” is slightly misleading because hallucinogens do not consistently cause hallucinations. 1 ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com ce4less.com How hallucinogens cause alterations in a person’s sensory experience is not entirely understood. Hallucinogens work, at least in part, by disrupting communication between neurotransmitter systems throughout the body including those that regulate sleep, hunger, sexual behavior and muscle control. Patients under the influence of hallucinogens may show a wide range of unusual and often sudden, volatile behaviors with the potential to rapidly fluctuate from a relaxed, euphoric state to one of extreme agitation and aggression. -
DXM Fast Facts
What is DXM? doses—usually at least half an 8-ounce ketamine. While under the influence of bottle—by drinking the liquid very the drug, which can last for as long as DXM (dextromethorphan) is a quickly. (Consumption of large quanti- 6 hours, DXM abusers risk injuring cough suppressant available in a ties of cough syrup induces vomiting. themselves and others because of the variety of over-the-counter cough and Thus, to achieve the desired effects, drug’s effects on visual perception and cold medications. DXM is abused abusers must drink the product quickly cognitive processes. because, when taken in doses that enough to allow the body to absorb the In addition, individuals who ingest dramatically exceed those recom- DXM before vomiting occurs.) mended by physicians and pharma- high doses of DXM risk hyperthermia cists, it produces hallucinations and The availability of powdered extrac- (exceptionally high fever), particularly if a sense of dissociation. tions of DXM has resulted in abusers they use the drug in a hot environment either inhaling the powder (snorting) or or while physically exerting themselves— What does DXM look like? repackaging it in capsules, which are such as at a rave or dance club. Other then swallowed. risks associated with DXM abuse As an over-the-counter medication, include nausea, abdominal pain, vomit- DXM is available in various forms Who abuses DXM? ing, irregular heartbeat, high blood including liquids, lozenges, tablets, pressure, headache, numbness of capsules, and gel caps. In addition, DXM It is difficult to gauge the extent of fingers and toes, loss of consciousness, powder—prepared by extracting the drug DXM abuse in the United States seizures, brain damage, and death. -
Hallucinogens: an Update
National Institute on Drug Abuse RESEARCH MONOGRAPH SERIES Hallucinogens: An Update 146 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services • Public Health Service • National Institutes of Health Hallucinogens: An Update Editors: Geraline C. Lin, Ph.D. National Institute on Drug Abuse Richard A. Glennon, Ph.D. Virginia Commonwealth University NIDA Research Monograph 146 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This monograph is based on the papers from a technical review on “Hallucinogens: An Update” held on July 13-14, 1992. The review meeting was sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. COPYRIGHT STATUS The National Institute on Drug Abuse has obtained permission from the copyright holders to reproduce certain previously published material as noted in the text. Further reproduction of this copyrighted material is permitted only as part of a reprinting of the entire publication or chapter. For any other use, the copyright holder’s permission is required. All other material in this volume except quoted passages from copyrighted sources is in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from the Institute or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated. Opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or official policy of the National Institute on Drug Abuse or any other part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. -
Introduced B.,Byhansen, 16
LB301 LB301 2021 2021 LEGISLATURE OF NEBRASKA ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH LEGISLATURE FIRST SESSION LEGISLATIVE BILL 301 Introduced by Hansen, B., 16. Read first time January 12, 2021 Committee: Judiciary 1 A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to the Uniform Controlled Substances Act; to 2 amend sections 28-401, 28-405, and 28-416, Revised Statutes 3 Cumulative Supplement, 2020; to redefine terms; to change drug 4 schedules and adopt federal drug provisions; to change a penalty 5 provision; and to repeal the original sections. 6 Be it enacted by the people of the State of Nebraska, -1- LB301 LB301 2021 2021 1 Section 1. Section 28-401, Revised Statutes Cumulative Supplement, 2 2020, is amended to read: 3 28-401 As used in the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, unless the 4 context otherwise requires: 5 (1) Administer means to directly apply a controlled substance by 6 injection, inhalation, ingestion, or any other means to the body of a 7 patient or research subject; 8 (2) Agent means an authorized person who acts on behalf of or at the 9 direction of another person but does not include a common or contract 10 carrier, public warehouse keeper, or employee of a carrier or warehouse 11 keeper; 12 (3) Administration means the Drug Enforcement Administration of the 13 United States Department of Justice; 14 (4) Controlled substance means a drug, biological, substance, or 15 immediate precursor in Schedules I through V of section 28-405. 16 Controlled substance does not include distilled spirits, wine, malt 17 beverages, tobacco, hemp, or any nonnarcotic substance if such substance 18 may, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. -
Bath Salts”: Synthetic Psychostimulants and Hallucinogens Silas W
“E” to “Bath Salts”: Synthetic Psychostimulants and Hallucinogens Silas W. Smith, MD, FACEP CSAM. Addiction Medicine Review Course 2014. September 6, 2014 REFERENCES Presentation Bialer PA. Designer drugs in the general hospital. Psychiat Clin N Am. 2002;25:231-43. Babu KM, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW. Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008;46:146-52. Boyer EW, Babu KM, Adkins JE, McCurdy CR, Halpern JH. Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). Addiction. 2008;103:1048-50. Braden MR, Parrish JC, Naylor JC, Nichols DE. Molecular interaction of serotonin 5- HT2A receptor residues Phe339(6.51) and Phe340(6.52) with superpotent N-benzyl phenethylamine agonists. Mol Pharmacol. 2006;70:1956-64. Brents LK, Reichard EE, Zimmerman SM, Moran JH, Fantegrossi WE, Prather PL. Phase I hydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 retain in vitro and in vivo cannabinoid 1 receptor affinity and activity. PLoS One. 2011;6:e21917. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, SAMHSA. Inhalants. Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory. March 2003;3(1):1-8. Chambers JJ, Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM, Parker MA, Nichols DE. Enantiospecific Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of a Series of Super-Potent, Conformationally Restricted 5-HT2A/2C Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem. 2001;44:1003-10. Cohen BMZ, Butler R. BZP-party pills: A review of research on benzylpiperazine as a recreational drug. Int J Drug Policy. 2011;22:95-101. Compton DR, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Martin BR. Pharmacological profile of a series of bicyclic cannabinoid analogs: classification as cannabimimetic agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. -
Nitrous Oxide Revisited
Anesthesiology 2005; 103:845–54 © 2005 American Society of Anesthesiologists, Inc. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Nitrous Oxide Revisited Evidence for Potent Antihyperalgesic Properties Philippe Richebe´ , M.D., Ph.D.,* Cyril Rivat, Ph.D.,† Cyril Creton, M.Sc.,† Jean-Paul Laulin, Ph.D.,‡ Pierre Maurette, M.D., Ph.D.,§ Marc Lemaire, M.D., Guy Simonnet, Ph.D.# Background: Although opioids are unsurpassed analgesics NITROUS oxide is commonly used in humans for pain for surgery, they also induce an N-methyl-D-aspartate–depen- relief. Experimental animal studies have revealed that dent enhancement of postoperative hyperalgesia. Because ni- nitrous oxide induces opioid peptide release in the peri- trous oxide (N2O) has anti–N-methyl-D-aspartate properties, the purpose of this study was to evaluate nitrous oxide ability to aqueductal brainstem, leading to disinhibition (activa- prevent such an opioid-induced hyperalgesia in rats. tion) of the descending noradrenergic inhibitory path- Downloaded from http://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article-pdf/103/4/845/360312/0000542-200510000-00024.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 ␥ Methods: First, preventive effects of 50/50% N2O–O2 on the ways via inhibition of -aminobutyric acid–mediated development of delayed hyperalgesia observed after inflamma- interneurons. This results in a negative modulation of the 1–3 tory pain (hind paw carrageenan injection on D0) were exam- nociceptive processes at the spinal cord level. ined for several days. Second, the ability of nitrous oxide (10– A challenging hypothesis is that the nitrous oxide an- 40%) to limit opioid-induced hyperalgesia induced by fentanyl algesic effect is not limited to its antinociceptive effect was evaluated in nonsuffering rats. -
Signs & Symptoms of Dextromethorphan Exposure From
Signs & Symptoms of Dextromethorphan Exposure from YouTube Michael Chary1, Emily H. Park2, Andrew McKenzie1, Julia Sun1, Alex F. Manini3, Nicholas Genes4* 1 Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, 2 Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America, 3 Division of Medical Toxicology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America, 4 Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America Abstract Detailed data on the recreational use of drugs are difficult to obtain through traditional means, especially for substances like Dextromethorphan (DXM) which are available over-the-counter for medicinal purposes. In this study, we show that information provided by commenters on YouTube is useful for uncovering the toxicologic effects of DXM. Using methods of computational linguistics, we were able to recreate many of the clinically described signs and symptoms of DXM ingestion at various doses, using information extracted from YouTube comments. Our study shows how social networks can enhance our understanding of recreational drug effects. Citation: Chary M, Park EH, McKenzie A, Sun J, Manini AF, et al. (2014) Signs & Symptoms of Dextromethorphan Exposure from YouTube. PLoS ONE 9(2): e82452. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082452 Editor: Renaud Lambiotte, University of Namur, Belgium Received May 28, 2013; Accepted October 23, 2013; Published February 12, 2014 Copyright: ß 2014 Chary et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.