The Princes of Seventh Avenue: Ybor City's Jewish Merchants
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Sunland Tribune Volume 28 Article 7 2002 The Princes of Seventh Avenue: Ybor City's Jewish Merchants Yael V. Greenberg-Pritzker Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune Recommended Citation Greenberg-Pritzker, Yael V. (2002) "The Princes of Seventh Avenue: Ybor City's Jewish Merchants," Sunland Tribune: Vol. 28 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune/vol28/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sunland Tribune by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Princes of Seventh Avenue: Ybor City's Jewish Merchants Yael V. Greenberg-Pritzker River. Yet, even as more Jews immigrated to Florida, persecution and prejudice s a people, Jews have left an remained a feature of life. It wasn't until an indelible mark on the state of act of Congress on March 3, 1821, when the Florida, making contributions to region became an American territory, that A its economic, political, religious, Florida pledged a new attitude of tolerance and social life. From the establishment of of religious diversity. This act made it more early known settlements of Pensacola to the attractive for persecuted immigrants to set creation of modern public institutions, Jews tle in the territory. During this period, have played a significant role. While most Florida's Jewish population only numbered Florida residents are more familiar with between 30-40 individuals, with the major arrival of Jews after World War II, docu ity of the population living in the northern mented Jewish history can be traced as far part of the territory. On March 3, 1845, the back as 1763 (see Figure 1). In that year, day the state of Florida was admitted to the Alexander Solomons, Joseph de Palacious, Union, Jews numbered fewer than a hun and Samuel Israel arrived in Pensacola. dred people, out of a total state population The majority of Jewish families began of 66,500.2 immigrating to the U.S. in the 19th century Jewish population figures continued to and to Florida in the 1920s and 1930s. rise steadily; six synagogues were estab Today, Florida boasts the third largest lished throughout the state by 1900. Jewish population in the United States Florida's first congregation was founded in (about 750,000) next to California Pensacola in 1876 and was named Temple (967,000) and New York (1,651,000), and Beth El. Avath Chesed followed in South Florida has the largest concentration Jacksonville, 1882; Rodeph Sholom, Key of Jews living outside of Israel (650,000). 1 West, 1887; United Hebrew of Ocala, 1888; The Jewish experience in Florida has Schaarai Zedek, Tampa, 1894; and B'nai not been without its share of achievements. Israel, 1899 in Pensacola. Remarkably, all Undergoing successive periods of accep of the congregations established more than tance and discrimination, Jews managed to a century ago remain in existence today, leave a lasting impression, despite their lim with the synagogue in Key West changing its ited choices of settlement and employment name to B'nai Zion and United Hebrews of in the early beginnings of statehood. With Ocala splitting into two separate institu the transfer of Florida from Spain to tions.3 England in 1763, Jews were legally permit Prior to 1900, all of the congregations ted to establish permanent residency. Prior formed in Florida were based on to this pivotal year, during early Spanish Ashkenazic Judaism, the religious tradi rule of Florida, Jews and other religious tions and practices that came out of eastern groups who did not practice Catholicism and Central Europe. While it is true that could only reside temporarily and were not Ashkenazic Judaism dominated the reli allowed to practice their beliefs. During the gious landscape of Florida synagogues, a few administration of President James Monroe, congregations followed Sephardic doctrine, a treaty with Spain was signed February 22, which originated in the Iberian Peninsula 1819 which conveyed to the United States (Spain and Portugal). With only six congre all the lands situated east of the Mississippi gations in 1900, Florida's synagogues have 55 1 Pensacola 1763 2 Micanopy 1819 3 Tallahassee 1137 4 Key West 1848a e 5 Jacksonville 1841 6 Ocala Ul50s ~ 7 Orlando 1865 8 Tampa 1865 9 Palm Beach 1892 10 Miami 1892 11 Sarasota 1913 12 Fort Lauderdale I 1880 LOBIDA.__...,._ .._ ________-·-C,.....• ..._ ---------- ~ Figure 1. Jewish Immigration into Florida from 1763. (Used with permissionfrom the collection of 56 the Jewish Museum of Florida, Miami Beach.) grown to nearly 300 today and new facilities United States were from the Iasi and Husi 4 spring up each year. regions of Romania and ended up immigrat~ ing and living in Key West simply because of JEWISH MERCHANTS one man's mistake. As the story goes, in 1884, a man by the name of Joseph Wolfson For centuries, Jews have been linked to was on his way to Tampa when his ship the mercantile, dry goods (needles, buttons, encountered bad weather and he was forced ribbons, and non-perishable food items), to land off the coast of Key West. Having a and apparel businesses. Part of the reason limited command of English, and finding a for this association stems from historic small community of Jews already living anti-Semitic sentiments in Eastern Europe, there, Joseph mistakenly thought he had where Jews were often prevented from pur landed in Tampa and immediately sent for suing other occupations. Additionally, the his Romanian family to join him. This pat majority of Jews were forced into a cultural tern of chain migration was a common fea dependency given the discrimination they ture of eastern European immigration, and faced and had to rely on their own abilities became a reason why so many families and skills, including trading, selling and joined their relatives in Key West and provisioning in order to support them Tampa to work as cigar workers and mer selves. Generation after generation of Jews chants. 8 followed their ancestral footsteps, moving Jewish peddler merchants had traveled into the same trades and businesses of fel throughout small Florida cities and towns low family members. Immigrating to the during the 19th and early 20th centuries New World did not alter this earliest of selling their goods until they could afford to Jewish economic patterns.5 settle down and open small stores. While Unlike other immigrants to the United only a small number of Jewish merchants States who had thoughts of returning to remained mobile, catering to the economic their native homelands, Jews were know and health related needs of many commu ingly aware that once they left Eastern nities, the majority worked in order to be Europe, they would never be able to reset able to settle permanently in one place. The tle or visit their birthplaces again. Instead, small stores they opened would sell a wide they carved out new niches, moving from variety of merchandise including clothing, portable occupations such as peddling to groceries, cigars, dry goods, and furniture establishing permanent businesses includ to several generations of families. Some of ing pawnshops, dry goods, and haberdash these established merchants even managed eries. 6 to help their fellow immigrants and rela tives in extraordinary ways by providing MIGRATION OF JEWS TO FLORIDA, them with jobs or financial assistance to 9 TAMPA, AND YBOR CITY purchase their own stores. In an effort to destroy peddler culture in The first recorded evidence of Jews in 1891, the Key West City Council imposed a Tampa occurred in the year 1865. Seeking $1,000 tax on peddlers. This situation to find a refuge from political unrest and caused most peddler merchants to relocate anti-Semitic sentiments in their native their businesses further north. Unable to countries, thousands of immigrants were pay the tax, the Jewish merchants who had enticed by advertisements in newspapers to migrated to Key West from Romania packed seek work in cigar factories around the up their carts and headed towards Ybor state of Florida. One such ad, entitled "The City in Tampa. German, Russian, and Rush for Key West,'' appeared in the Polish Jewish immigrants were also part of Tobacco Leaf Journal on May 2, 1885 and the migration to Ybor, but came to Tampa made the case that in order for Key West to independently of Romanians. Hearing sto become a significant location for the manu ries of an expanding cigar industry in facturing of cigars, "an increased demand of Tampa, many Jews also left Key West fol labor was needed." Remarkably, a high pro lowing cigar manufacturer Vicente Martinez portion of Romanian Jews settled in Florida Ybor's decision in 1886 to relocate his pro and came to Key West after 1880 before duction plant to the city. While most Jewish making their way to Tampa. 7 merchants who followed Ybor concen The majority of Jews who came to the trated their efforts on opening stores and 57 businesses that would supply the needs of cigarworkers, a few did manage to operate their own factories and manufacture their own brand of cigars. 10 As Martinez moved his operations from Key West to Tampa in 1885, he sent for additional cigarmakers from Cuba and transferred many of his former employees to the new factories. Although the majority of laborers that Martinez brought to Ybor were Cuban, Jews were among the laborers albeit a very small percentage. Providing a bridge between ethnic groups, the cigar fac tories helped to foster the economy of an urban city like Tampa, while establishing organizations that assisted immigrant popu lations with settlement and health care issues.