Apologies and Threat Reduction in Postwar Europe Paper prepared for delivery at the Memory of Violence Workshop, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, January 24-25, 2003 Jennifer M. Lind Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology
[email protected] (603) 646-2026 Apologies and Threat Reduction in Postwar Europe Jennifer M. Lind Over the past fifty years, Germany has made numerous efforts to atone for its World War II aggression and atrocities. German apologies, reparations, and education about its past actions are praised as a model for other states. Today Europe appears to be in a state of deep peace; great-power war among European states appears nearly inconceivable. Scholars and journalists have argued that German apologies have helped reduce perception of a German threat in Europe.1 In striking contrast, Japan has avoided discussion of its past; apologies by Japanese leaders are often vague and contradictory, and Tokyo has avoided paying official reparations. Japan’s relations with its neighbors remain tense, and many observers attribute this tension to Japan’s failure to apologize adequately for its past misdeeds.2 Although many analysts have argued that apologies influence the extent to which Germany and Japan look threatening to their neighbors, the connection between apologies and threat perception has never been tested systematically. Drawn from a larger study, this paper tests whether German apologies have affected French perception of threat since World War II.3 Building on balance of threat theory, it outlines and tests an “apology theory” that posits that apologies and other acts of contrition reduce perception of threat by conveying benign intentions.