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DWIGHT Lo MOODY I S USE of the ARISTOTELIAN MODES of PERSUASION

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DWIGHT Lo MOODY I S USE OF THE ARISTOTELIAN MODES OF PERSUASION By JAMES Mo LADD II Bachelor of Theology Gordon College of Theology and Missions Boston~ Massachusetts 1937 Bachelor of Arts University of Missouri Columbia ~ Missouri 1948 Submitted to t he Faculty of the Gr aduate School of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of t he requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May~ 19tlJ OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSJTY LIBRARY SEP 1 1960 DWIGHT Lo MOODY 0S USE OF THE ARISTOTELIAN MODES OF PERSUASION Thesis Approved~ ( Dean of the Graduate School ii PREFACE What constitutes ef'fecti ve persuasive speaking is a problem confronting speech educ:atorso Aristotle observed the techniques used by speakers in his day who seemed to be effective and described these techniques in the Rhetoric:o The problem with which my study is concerned is: Did Dwight Lo Moody 9 unlearned in classical rhetoricJ use the modes of persuasion described by Aristotle as characteristic of effective speaking? A rhetorical analysis of Twelve Select Sermons by Do Lo Moody, published in 1880J serves as a basis for the studyo My particular thanks go to Dr. Millard Scherich and to Dr. Leslie Kreps 9 who painstakingly guided and encouraged me in making this study. Appreciation is expressed also to Dro Helmer Sorenson and Dr. Ida To Smith who served on the Advisory Committee. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page Io INTRODUCTION 00000000000000 000000 1 Importance of Moody as a Speaker o • o • • 1 Biographies and Other Studies of Moody ••• o • a • 3 Locating and Limiting the Study ••• o •••••• o 5 Plan of the Study. • • • o • • • • o • • • • • o o o 5 Ila BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DWIGHT Lo MOODY. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Early Life • • o • • o o • o o o • o o • • 7 Education. • • o o o • o o o o o o o o ••• o 10 Business Lifeo o • o • • • o • o o • 11 Early Christian Work o • o • o o o o • • o o • 13 The Evangelist • • • • • • • • • o o o o 15 The Educator •• o o •• o • • o • o • o • • 18 Later Life ••••••••••• o • • • • • 19 SUD'lma.:ry o o a o o a o o o o o o o o o 20 IIIo A SURVEY OF THE ARISTOTELIAN MODFS OF PERSUASION •• o 0 0 22 The Nonartistic Modes of Persuasion. o ••• 0 0 24 The Artistic Modes of Persuasion o •••• 0 O 25 Ethical Proof • • • • • • • • • o o • 26 Pathetic Proofo • o o • o • o o o •• o • o o • 27 Logical Proof •••••• o o o •••• o ••• 31 SummaTy" o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a a o 35 IVo NONARTISTIC PROOFSo 0 0 O O O O O 0 37 Laws a a o o o a o o o a a 0 O 0 0 0 0 37 Witnesses o o o o • o o o 0 0 0 0 O llJ Summary and Conclusionso o o • 42 Vo ETHICAL PROOF o • 0 0 0 0 0 000000 44 Good Sense o o o • • • • • o • o o • • • 46 Good Character • • • o • o • o • o • 51 Goodwill • • • • • • • • • • o • o o o o o • • o 52 Related Factors. • o o o o o o o • o • • ., • 55 Personal Appearance •••••••• o • • • • • 55 Reputation o o o o o o • o o o o o o • o • • • • 58 Summary and Conclusions. • • • • • • • • • • o • 61 iv TABLE OF CON'l'ENTS (Concluded) Chapter Page VI o PATHE'f IC PROOF o o , o o o , o o , , o o , o , o 64 Bases for Moody 1 s Use of Pathetic Proof o o 65 Friendship and Enmity o o , o • , 71 Fear and Confidence o o o o • • 73 Other Emotions o o o o 0 0 0 76 Combined Analysiso , o o 79 Summary and Conclusions o o o o o 91 VII o LOGICAL PROOF , o o 93 The Scriptures As An Infallible Sign o 0 0 0 93 The Enthymeme o o O O 0 95 The Exampleo o 0 O 100 Summary and Conclusions. o 0 0 104 VIIIo SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION o 0 0 0 () 0 0 0 106 BIBLIOGRAPHYo o o o o o o o , o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110 V CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION America has produced many great speakerso The academia field of American public address is concerned with the study of these speakers, the speech oaaasions, and the factors which were responsible for success or failure in particular speech situations" One branch of public address is called homiletics, or the art of preaching. Some of the best known names in the history of American public address are those of preachers, such as the Mathers of Boston, Jonathan F.dwards., George Wh~field, Henry Ward Beecher, Phillips Brooks, Russell Conwell, Dwight Lo Moody, and Billy Sunday. This dissertation is concerned with Dwight Le Moody and the persuasive techniques he used in preaching. The problem is: In what way, if at all, did Dwight L. Moody, in oertain selected sermons, used the Aristotelian modes of persuasion? Importance of Moody as a Speaker One of the outstanding preachers of the nineteenth century was Dwight Lo Moody, la;v evangelist. His influence was recognized both in the United States and in Great Britaine A noted biographer paid tribute to Moody by saying: ••• a generation ago D. Lo Moody was an immense, magnificent agency for bringing men to God. You may not sympathize with all his methods, you may even feel that in some cases they defeated their object; but you cannot deny that he worked in his own way 2 with a tremendous, tireless zeal to supply the greatest need of his country and of the world, and for that reason the study of his methods, his purpose,. his results, and of hif personal oharaoter1 must-always have a profound interest. Many other people, among them biographers, churchmen, newspaper writers, and business men, have given similar testimony relative to Moody's position as an outstanding preacher and Christian worker. In 1875, during four months in London, this "prince of evangelists" held 285 meetings in which he addressed 2,530,000 persons. When he returned to the United States following the campaign in Great Britain, he preached the first winter in Brooklyn, Philadelphia, and New York. The Philadelphia Inquirer for January 18, 1876, lists fifty-eight regular preaching services with 545,000 people in attendance. At the Hippodrome, in New York, the weekday service attendance averaged 20,000 with Sunday services drawing 30,000 to 35,000. Such crowds are not unusual for single events, but for a preacher to draw such throngs night after night is phenomenal. From his first campaign in England in 1873 to his last campaign in Kansas City in 1899, Moody drew large audiences. The largest auditoriums were overcrowded; and even when special buildings were constructed, they proved inadequate to seat all who came. No other preacher of the nine- teenth century began to equal Moody's record. A man as influential as Moody is almost certain to be a subject for biographical study. 1 Gamaliel Bradford., Q. &• Moody, .A Worker in Souls, (Garden City, 1928), p. 16. Biographies and Other Studies of Moody Several writers have undertaken to portray the life of Moodyo Some of the biographies have been pictures of a great saint ministering to the multitudes 9 a vo.ice from on high speaking to the people~ These have so lauded the man that a clear unbiased view of his life and work ~annot be gained from themo In 1900j William Ro Moody, son of the evangelist, wrote The Official Authorized Edi t:io:n of '~ Life of Dwight ~" Moo,gyo 2 He stated his purpose in the introductiono The preparation of my Father 0 s biography has been under­ taken as a sacred trusto Early in the spring of 1894 he was asked by an old friend for permission to issue a biography with his approvalo This my Father declined to do, and on that occasion, expressed the wish that I should assume the task when his life=work was endedo In reply to my objection that such an unde~taking demanded a literary experience that I did not possessjl he said, l&I don°t @are anything about thatjl what I want is that you should correct inaccuracies and misstatements that i.t would be difficult to straighten out during my lifeo You are the one to do this o All 'IffS' friends will unite on you and give you their assistanceo There are many who think they know me better than any one else 9 and would feel themselves best able to interpret my lifeo If you do not do this work there will be many inaccurate and conflicting 8Liveso 011 .3 Most of the biographical material used in this dissertation is taken from the official edition mentioned aboveo Moody~s success as an evangelist and his reputation as a speaker have led a nwnber of students to make specific studies concerning himo William Arthur Poovey made an analysis of Moody 8 s sermonsj studying a selected group to determine grammatical and literary structureo He 2Wo Ro Moody 9 .°!'h2. Life of Dwight !!o Moody, (Chicago,, 1900) .. "Ibido ,i Po 1.30 4 listed suoh things as the number of analogiesj the number of narrative passagesj and the number of exegetical passages which Moody used in the sermonso4 Rowan Lunsford made an interesting study of Moodyos eyangelistio campaigns~ showing the general pattern and usual effect of a Moody campaigno5 He touched lightly upon Moody as a preachero Robert Huber made an analysis of "Dwight L .
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