DOCSLIB.ORG

P96 98 Watson Denis.Indd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
P96 98 Watson Denis.Indd Cutural and Heritage Tourism The Laferrière Citadel: its symbolism and its potential Watson R Denis PhD, Political Advisor, Association of Caribbean States Of all the ot a palace. Not a fortified castle to protect my progress and economic prosperity. architectural estate. I call it the Citadel, the freedom of a whole If there is one thing which illustrated that economic Npeople. Built by all the people, men and women, prosperity or which characterised the hallmark of works old and young, built for all the people! See how its head is that continued progress, it is the number of palaces, up in the clouds, its feet hollow out the abyss, its mouths spit fortified castles and fortresses built in the kingdom at constructed gunfire out to sea, down to the bottom of the valleys, it is a that time. Two fundamental reasons led the king and during the town, a fortress, a heavy stone battleship. his court to construct such infrastructures: the idea of For these people, who they wanted to bring to their knees, another offensive from the French to take back the Christophian a monument was needed which would raise them back up on territory which had declared its independence and era, the their feet. Here it is! Risen. Looking out! Look! Look, will the desire to construct valid and perennial things in you! It is alive. It blares out in the mist. It lights up in the the new independent State. Henry I declared that Laferrière night. The end of the slave-ship! The fearsome ride! he wanted to build a resplendent civilisation in the Citadel is the (Aimé Césaire, in La Tragédie du Roi Christophe) Caribbean which would have nothing to envy about This article refers to the Laferrière citadel, erected in the old European civilisations. The king built and most glorified northern Haiti early in the 19th century. I will stress in arranged the construction of a collection of vast works over the two particular the historical and cultural symbolism of this capable of testifying to the value and dignity achieved site which is of an extraordinary architectural dimension by a people newly emerging from the horrors of slavery centuries and I will highlight its economic and tourism potential. and colonial domination. So, in record time, churches of Haitian Haiti proclaimed its independence on 1 January were built, along with 15 castles, 9 palaces, including 1804. Two years later, the country was divided into two the Palace of 365 Doors, the Sans-Souci Palace, and history and separate states: the Western Republic, led by Alexandre the Laferrière Citadel. These sumptuous and imposing remains Pétion, who established a Republic there, while in the edifices earned Henry I the title of the Builder King. geographical departments of the North, General Henri The Sans-Souci Palace is a masterpiece of its genre. It the biggest Christophe in 1811 changed the initial Republic into is a replica, in the Caribbean, of the Palace of Frederick fortress in a Monarchy and had himself crowned king under the the Great, in Potsdam. Moreover, it bears the same name Henry I. name of Sans-Souci. Completed in 1813, the Palace the American King Henry I established a regime of order, was a remarkable construction, vast on the outside and hemisphere discipline and work which brought prosperity to his richly furnished and decorated inside. Built on sloping kingdom. Agriculture flourished, education developed, land around luxuriant vegetation, it majestically industry took hold. The king took a personal interest in overlooked the community of Milôt. It was one of the the daily administration of each political and military very first edifices or monuments built by the former jurisdiction. All administrators were obliged to provide Slaves after the Proclamation of their Independence. him with a detailed report on the financial situations It served as the seat of the royal government. A large of their districts and of the agricultural employment proportion of this palace was destroyed, in 1842, during situation. Every penny spent had to be justified, any a terrible earthquake. breach of the principles established was punished in The Laferrière Citadel was built 5 km from the accordance with the law and with the uses and practices Sans-Souci Palace. The site where the Citadel was in force within the kingdom. With such a system, the erected was chosen in 1801-1802 by the General 96 northern monarchy experienced quite a long cycle of in Chief Toussaint L’ouverture, then Governor of Cutural and Heritage Tourism the colony of St. Dominique, as a strategic place of government, and top officials. The Citadel’s defence against the military expedition of Napoleon The plan of the Citadel had been prepared in 1805, Bonaparte, who had already accumulated there a by Henri Barré, a native of Haiti, who also started architecture considerable deposit of arms and ammunition under the initial works, but it was a Scottish architect by presents a the orders of General Christophe. the name of Laferrière who finished it. Alongside Of all the architectural works constructed during the the engineers and technicians, more than 22,000 silhouette Christophian era, the Laferrière Citadel is the most workers and labourers of all ages and statuses left their of the glorified over the two centuries of Haitian history imprint on this work. All in all, considering the volume and remains the biggest fortress in the American constructed over a 15 year period, we can say that the tortured and hemisphere. Located at the summit of Bonnet à Citadel bears witness to the great mastery of the art of pulverised l’Evêque, at an altitude of 969 metres, it extends over construction in Haiti. an area of 8,000 m². Geographically the Citadel is The Citadel gives several geographical forms, ranging Caribbean of located in the Department of the Nord; however it also from rounded curves to rectangular lines, according to yesteryear. extends its slopes into the Department of Artibonite, the view-point of the observer. It gives a panoramic view from where it can be reached from the area around the over the whole of the northern region of the country and At the same town of Marmelade. overlooks the city of Cap-Haïtien. From the summit of time, it The Citadel wall has a thickness ranging from 5 the Citadel, when the temperature is clement, eastern to 7 m and its longitudinal walls reach 940 m. The Cuba can be seen. Also, the summit of the edifice offers spreads the Citadel was built with large tanks to conserve water a quite extensive view of the Caribbean Sea. In short, vision of a and depots for storing food in sufficient quantity for a the Citadel, viewed as a whole, going towards the main year, for some 5000 soldiers. Inside enormous stores of external facade, has a strange resemblance to a furious Caribbean cannonballs, guns, bombs, shells, gunpowder, lead shot ship sailing the high seas. Did the designers of the work which has and pillboxes were concealed. At its strategic positions, intend to make a distinct reference to the slave ship the Citadel was equipped with some 300 cannon of transporting millions of men and women from the achieved varying sizes and cannonballs. Elsewhere, important African coasts to the Caribbean and the Americas? glory and gold objects, carved bricks and precious stones were In this sense, the Citadel’s architecture presents a kept. There were also royal apartments, kitchens, a majesty bakery, a foundry, a theatre and recreational areas. The building’s external precincts housed sleeping quarters, barracks, stores, a powder store, all protected by a front of batteries on several floors from where the artillerymen could comfortably shoot to cover all angles. The Citadel’s artillery stock consisted of 160 pieces which is very significant in terms of their nature and variety. That stock alone constitutes an historical and technological treasure unlike any other in the world. All this gives the Citadel quite a special character, when we think about its true nature and the multiple uses which could be made of this impressive military defence infrastructure. Because the Citadel can be considered as a fortress, a fort-battery, an extraordinary palace, a miniature urban agglomeration, perched on a vertiginous mountain, between heaven and earth, overlooking the sea, the neighbouring towns and villages and everything moving in the surrounding land. The Laferrière Citadel Indeed, everything had been planned to transform is a symbol of the this ensemble into a place of strategic resistance and emancipation of the also a space for social conviviality, able to shelter slaves that forged a free the king, his family, the royal court, members of the and independent Haiti 97 Cutural and Heritage Tourism The region of silhouette of the Caribbean of yesteryear, that facet King Henry I, is in the process of rising again from its of the tortured and pulverised Caribbean. At the same ashes. Indeed, a totally new interest is being paid to the Grand Nord time, it spreads the vision of a Caribbean which has huge edifice. For example, the Ministry of Culture of the of Haiti is achieved glory and majesty, defying winds and tides to Republic of Haiti organised, in partnership with “Caraïbes forge a civilisation of its own. At least an endogenous en Créations” of the French government, from 22-23 June abundant attempt to get out of the woods. 2007, a new cultural event titled: “Un Monde à Partager” in historical This Citadel was the symbol of power of Henry I, (A World to Share). This activity brought together a who wanted to extend it even further and connect it to large number of artists, writers, intellectuals, dancers and cultural other royal palaces, including the Sans-Souci Palace, and creators of all kinds, on the ancient platform of the sites which, and the Les Ramiers Palace.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dr. Tom Sintobin Masterscriptie Cultuurwetenschappen Cruise Ship
    Masteropleiding Kunst- en Cultuurwetenschappen Docent voor wie dit document is bestemd: .......Dr. Tom Sintobin..................................... .............................. Cursusnaam: Masterscriptie Cultuurwetenschappen .......................................................................... Titel van het document: Cruise Ship Tourism in Labadee, Haiti .......................................................................... Datum van indiening: ..12.....-..08......-.2015............ .......... Het hier ingediende werk is de verantwoordelijkheid van ondergetekende. Ondergetekende verklaart hierbij geen plagiaat te hebben gepleegd en niet ongeoorloofd met anderen te hebben samengewerkt. Handtekening: .......................................................................... Naam student: .......Stephanie Labrousse............................................. ...................... Studentnumm er: .....................445766................8.. ............................. Source: InstaGram - Alexa Baboun Cruise Ship Tourism at Labadee, Haiti: an Analysis of Tourism Discourse and its Effects on the Host Gaze Stephanie Labrousse MA Thesis Creative Industries Radboud University August 2015 2 CONTENTS Title Page 2 Table of Contents 3 1. Introduction 4 1.1 Tourism in Haiti 7 1.2 Cruise Ship Tourism 8 2. Image and Representation 11 2.1 Tourism and Photography 15 2.2 Romantic and Colonial Discourse in Photography 17 3. Tourist Discourse on Labadee 22 3.1 The Pre-trip Perception 23 3.2 The Post-tourist 26 3.3 The Ordinary Traveler 27
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism a Top Export Prospect for Haiti
    Tourism A Top Export Prospect for Haiti September 2013 Overview Tourism in Haiti has a long history, and is experiencing a resurgence. From the 1950s through the 1980s, Haiti was a popular Caribbean tourism destination. Many hotels were built in Port- au-Prince, Jacmel, and Cap Haitian, which benefitted from their colonial history and charming architecture. The Haitian handicraft and painting sectors developed in this period and remain active; they are focused in the southern city of Jacmel. Milot, near Cap-Haïtien, is the site of Haiti’s most significant historical landmarks, the Sans-Souci Palace and the Citadelle Laferrière, both built in newly-independent Haiti in the early 19th century. In the 1990s and early 2000s, instability led to the decline of the tourism industry. Most visitors to Haiti were American citizens of Haitian descent, international aid workers, diplomats, and business representatives meeting with local partners. The most successful tourism site is at Labadie, near Cap Haitien, where Royal Caribbean Cruise lines maintains a private beach for its cruise passengers. Prior to the January 2010 earthquake, Haiti counted about 2,000 rooms, mostly in 3-star hotels, averaging USD 100 per night. Following the earthquake, the hotel supply counted only 773 rooms. Given the lack of hotel rooms, Haiti needed to rebuild its hospitality industry in order to revive the torn economy. Industry representatives were very committed in making an impact; and today Haiti has increased its room capacity to 2670, averaging USD 185 per night for a standard room. International organizations, aid workers and non-profit organizations have kept occupancy rates at hotels in the capital in the range of 75 percent.
    [Show full text]
  • Haitian Historical and Cultural Legacy
    Haitian Historical and Cultural Legacy A Journey Through Time A Resource Guide for Teachers HABETAC The Haitian Bilingual/ESL Technical Assistance Center HABETAC The Haitian Bilingual/ESL Technical Assistance Center @ Brooklyn College 2900 Bedford Avenue James Hall, Room 3103J Brooklyn, NY 11210 Copyright © 2005 Teachers and educators, please feel free to make copies as needed to use with your students in class. Please contact HABETAC at 718-951-4668 to obtain copies of this publication. Funded by the New York State Education Department Acknowledgments Haitian Historical and Cultural Legacy: A Journey Through Time is for teachers of grades K through 12. The idea of this book was initiated by the Haitian Bilingual/ESL Technical Assistance Center (HABETAC) at City College under the direction of Myriam C. Augustin, the former director of HABETAC. This is the realization of the following team of committed, knowledgeable, and creative writers, researchers, activity developers, artists, and editors: Marie José Bernard, Resource Specialist, HABETAC at City College, New York, NY Menes Dejoie, School Psychologist, CSD 17, Brooklyn, NY Yves Raymond, Bilingual Coordinator, Erasmus Hall High School for Science and Math, Brooklyn, NY Marie Lily Cerat, Writing Specialist, P.S. 181, CSD 17, Brooklyn, NY Christine Etienne, Bilingual Staff Developer, CSD 17, Brooklyn, NY Amidor Almonord, Bilingual Teacher, P.S. 189, CSD 17, Brooklyn, NY Peter Kondrat, Educational Consultant and Freelance Writer, Brooklyn, NY Alix Ambroise, Jr., Social Studies Teacher, P.S. 138, CSD 17, Brooklyn, NY Professor Jean Y. Plaisir, Assistant Professor, Department of Childhood Education, City College of New York, New York, NY Claudette Laurent, Administrative Assistant, HABETAC at City College, New York, NY Christian Lemoine, Graphic Artist, HLH Panoramic, New York, NY.
    [Show full text]
  • Haiti and New Orleans: Revolution, Migration, and Legacy
    Haiti and New Orleans: Revolution, Migration, and Legacy “It is the independence of Haiti that led to the emancipation of the slaves in the British colonies, to the foundation of Liberia, and the emancipation of the slaves in Martinique, and, later, in the United States it was the independence and the sovereignty of Haiti that put an advantageous pressure on … various governments and then led to the emancipation of slaves in Puerto Rico and Brazil.” - Louis Joseph Janvier, La République d'Haïti et ses Visiteurs (1883) ​ ​ Unit Overview The 1791 Haitian Revolution, the largest slave rebellion in history, established the first independent state in Latin America, and the first black-led nation in the world. It also fostered waves of migration to Louisiana, and established a cultural, political, and economic connection between Haiti and New Orleans. This unit explores the bond between Haiti and New Orleans, a nation and city bound by shared history of colonialism, slavery, and rebellion. It further examines the role of political history, cultural identity, and migration in shaping people and their societies. Sections Part I: Perspectives on the Haitian Revolution Part II: Legacy and Contribution Part III: Haitian Immigration and the Construction of Racial Identities Part V: Toussaint Louverture and the Memorialization of History Southern History Project 1 ​ Essential Questions: ● What common experiences unite and define the Atlantic World? ● How should historians memorialize history? Should heroes be evaluated in the context of their time,
    [Show full text]
  • Is Tourism Haiti's Magic Bullet?
    STRATEGIC NOTE 9 | JUNE 2013 Is Tourism Haiti’s Magic Bullet? www.igarape.org.br An Empirical Treatment of Haiti’s Tourism Potential Athena R. Kolbe, Keely Brookes and Robert Muggah A french tourist negotiates the price of raspberries outside of the Baptist Mission Bakery, a popular destination for religious service groups visiting Haiti. The Haitian government has elevated tourism to the top of its development agenda. Yet prospects for success are uncertain. This assessment is the first empirical treatment of the attitudes and perceptions of tourists and service providers in Haiti. It is based on a survey of more than 2,000 tourists and 390 industry professionals. It finds that just over 3% of tourists reported crime victimizaiton and that the current tourism model should be revisited. IGARAPÉ INSTITUTE | STRATEGIC NOTE 9 | JUNE 2013 Introduction Tourism is often described as key to Haiti’s salvation. The economic potential of foreigners visiting the island nation is cited in virtually all major assessments of the country’s current development problems. This may seem at first counter- intuitive: the impoverished and disaster-stricken country has long-struggled with violence and political instability. But it is increasingly regarded as necessary. Immediately after the January 2010 earthquake it was recognized that strategic investments would be needed to secure Haiti’s economy once foreign aid had diminished.1 Tourism was recently elevated to a top priority by Haiti´s current administration and the Ministry of Tourism. The government hopes that an influx of foreign currency generated by tourist dollars could help lift the country out of aid-dependency.2 This is not as surprising as it may seem.
    [Show full text]
  • Planting Now (2Nd Edition): Revitalizing Agriculture For
    162 OXFAM BRIEFING PAPER 15 OCTOBER 2012 Kenise Lainé, is a member of Development of Haitian Women (OREFHA), an Oxfam partner and one of the first organizations to experiment with the agroecological system of rice intensification (SRI) in the Artibonite Valley. © 2011 Brett Eloff/Oxfam America PLANTING NOW (2ND EDITION) Revitalizing agriculture for reconstruction and development in Haiti Agriculture in Haiti has suffered three decades of crisis and institutional neglect. Nevertheless, almost 60 percent of Haitians live in rural areas and rely on farming for their livelihoods. For that reason, agriculture must play a central role in post-earthquake reconstruction. However, the plans and programs of the Haitian government and the international community have proven insufficient to revitalize the sector and improve conditions for small-scale farmers, and have failed to recognize the important roles of women in agriculture. The Haitian government and the main actors in agriculture should continue to prioritize agricultural development, while putting greater emphasis on long-term programs to assist Haitians to get back on their feet and improve their living conditions with dignity. www.oxfam.org SUMMARY The devastating earthquake that struck Haiti on January 12, 2010 exacerbated the country‘s grinding poverty and serious development problems, while at the same time worsening Haitian living conditions. The tremor killed over 250,000 people and injured 300,000. It crippled the economy, causing losses estimated at almost 120 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Nevertheless, economic growth is expected to rise between 7 and 9 percent in 2012,1 largely owing to reconstruction efforts. The population in internally displaced persons camps has decreased from 1.5 million to around 390,000 (according to the June 2012 report of the International Organization for Migration),2 and the country‘s hurricane preparedness capacity has increased.
    [Show full text]
  • I Distribution Agreement in Presenting This Thesis As a Partial Fulfillment Of
    i Distribution Agreement In presenting this Thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my Thesis in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter know, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this Thesis. I retain all ownership rights to the copyrights of the Thesis. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this Thesis. ______________________________________________________________________________ Signature of Student Date ii TROUBLE IN PARADISE: HIV/AIDS IN THE CARIBBEAN BY Samantha Dittrich Degree to be awarded: M.P.H. Career MPH ______________________________________________________________________________ Dabney Evans, PhD, MPH Date Committee Chair ______________________________________________________________________________ Kate Winskell, PhD Date Committee Member ______________________________________________________________________________ Melissa Alperin, MPH, CHES Date Chair, Career MPH Program iii TROUBLE IN PARADISE: HIV/AIDS IN THE CARIBBEAN BY Samantha Dittrich M.P.H., Emory University, 2012 B.S.N., University of Virginia, 2006 B.A., University of Virginia, 2004 Thesis Committee Chair: Dabney Evans, PhD, MPH An abstract of A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Public Health in the Career MPH Program 2012 iv Abstract TROUBLE IN PARADISE: HIV/AIDS IN THE CARIBBEAN BY Samantha Dittrich The Caribbean has the world's second highest adult prevalence rate of HIV after sub- Saharan Africa and AIDS-related mortality remains the leading cause of death among 25-44 year olds in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Haitians: a People on the Move. Haitian Cultural Heritage Resource Guide
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 416 263 UD 032 123 AUTHOR Bernard, Marie Jose; Damas, Christine; Dejoie, Menes; Duval, Joubert; Duval, Micheline; Fouche, Marie; Marcellus, Marie Jose; Paul, Cauvin TITLE Haitians: A People on the Move. Haitian Cultural Heritage Resource Guide. INSTITUTION New York City Board of Education, Brooklyn, NY. Office of Bilingual Education. ISBN ISBN-1-55839-416-8 PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 176p. AVAILABLE FROM Office of Instructional Publications, 131 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201. PUB TYPE Books (010) Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Cultural Awareness; Cultural Background; Diversity (Student); Ethnic Groups; Foreign Countries; Haitian Creole; *Haitians; History; *Immigrants; Inservice Teacher Education; *Multicultural Education; Resource Materials; Teaching Guides; Teaching Methods; Urban Schools; *Urban Youth IDENTIFIERS Haiti; New York City Board of Education ABSTRACT This cultural heritage resource guide has been prepared as a tool for teachers to help them understand the cultural heritage of their Haitian students, their families, and their communities in order to serve them better. Although Haiti became an independent country in 1804, the struggle of its people for justice and freedom has never ended. Many Haitians have left Haiti for political, social, and economic reasons, and many have come to the larger cities of the United States, particularly New York City. This guide contains the following sections: (1) "Introduction"; (2) "Haiti at a Glance"; (3) "In Search of a Better Life";(4) "Haitian History"; (5) "Haitian Culture"; (6) "Images of Haiti"; and (7)"Bibliography," a 23-item list of works for further reading. (SLD) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Kit (Internet Version)
    Press Kit (Internet version) 17 democratic and popular Haitian organizations analyze and propose on the occasion of the commemoration the January 12th, 2010 earthquake December 2014 Editorial Committee : Nixon Boumba (AJWS) - [email protected] Maude Malengrez (Fokal) - [email protected] Gotson Pierre (GMA) - [email protected] Joris Willems (CoEH) - [email protected] In collaboration with CEPR for the chapter Haiti by the numbers, 5 years after http://www.cepr.net The opinions expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the Editorial Committee. For more information on this document: [email protected] - (+509) 3787-9080 Last changes: January 6th, 2015 Press Kit (Internet version)- 2 Introduction This document is addressed mainly at foreign journalists who will contribute to the media coverage of the commemoration of the January 12, 2010 earthquake. The document is intended to attract the attention of journalists regarding the presence and the work of democratic and popular organizations. The purpose of this press kit is to provide an overview of visions, analyses and demands of Haitian organizations, that work alongside the poor majority of the population. We want to remind the (foreign) press that Haitian organizations have proposals that reflect what is happening at most segments of the population. Seventeen organizations have voluntarily contributed to this document. The Editorial Committee has structured the information produced by the organizations into four chapters: Communication, Rule of Law, Economy and Housing. To better understand the context, the Committee added some specific information. The chapter Haiti by the numbers, 5 years after provides some general information about the country. It was composed with the help of CEPR1.
    [Show full text]
  • HAT 3564, Haitian Culture and Society 1492 Columbus 1625
    HAT 3564, Haitian Culture and Society 1492 Columbus 1625 “marauding bands” 1697 Rijswick (French-Spanish treaty) 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution; conventional & unconventional war Slave labor and French capital L’exclusif = Dependence on the metropolis – no free trade Sugar and coffee 450,000 slaves = “black” (North) nèg kreyòl | esklav kay (domestic) nèg bosal | esklav espesyalize (skilled) nèg mawon | esklav jaden (field) 40,000 colonists = “white” (North) governor general = military leader grands blancs = wanted some free trade petits blancs and “blan mannan” 30,000 affranchis = “yellow, brown and black” (South) Mulatto affranchis versus black affranchis (In 1791 much of the South and its slaves was owned by affranchis). Causes and conditions: “the racial prejudice of the whites led to color prejudice on the part of the mulattoes” Types of colonial slavery: A) “Paternalistic” / small-scale slavery in Hispanic societies B) “Industrial slavery” in Saint Domingue (Haiti‟s former name) = The prevailing philosophy was that cruelty and torture increased productivity in the context industrial slavery. 1 Haitian Culture and Society Take turns with a partner reviewing these questions: 1. Describe “slaves.” 2. Describe the “whites.” 3. Describe the “affranchis.” 4. Describe the “maroons” [mawon] and marronage. 5. Columbus‟ encounter with the Tainos. 6. The concept of forced conversion and Roman Catholic complicity in slavery. 7. The use of torture by the French. 8. The buccaneers and flibustiers. 9. Describe how slavery grew in Haiti, especially between 1750- 1791. 10. What was the role of poison in Saint Domingue? (Castaldo 2006:38-39; Miller 2008:28): Code Noir, 1685 1. “... [we] enjoin all of our officers to chase from our said islands all the Jews who have established their residence, to whom, as to the declared enemies of the Christian name [du non chrétien], we command to leave from them within three months of the publication of the present, at risk of having bodies and wealth confiscated.” 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golden Age of Haitian Tourism Brenda Gayle Plummer University
    The Golden Age of Haitian Tourism by Brenda Gayle Plummer University of Minnesota Conference Paper No.,. 18 THE GOLDEN AGE OF HAITIAN TOURISM The abundant literature on tourism seems to be premised on either the disciplines of anthropology, geography, and sociology; or derives from the de­ mands of the industry itself and its investors. Thus. a second body of material based in development studies. economics. and management. While there is evi­ dence that students of tourism in all of these fields are aware of each other, most find it difficult to unite their perspectives. Some of the trouble is caused by the difficulties inherent in attempting to bridge the gap between approaches that subject tourism itself to rigorous cultural analysis, and probe the "implicit ethnographies" of the trade, and those that rather innocently take the phe­ nomenon at face value and proceed to examine its profitability.' This study is not concerned with the impact of the tourist trade on Haitian development, or even with the history of tourism in Haiti p~r se. Some of this has been done by others. Rather. it addresses the official relations and the informal cultural connections between the United States and Haiti through the lens of tourism, which becomes in this instance a device for clarifying aspects of Haitian-American relations during an era which is in need of more extensive documentation than it has received. Caribbean tourism began in the late nineteenth century as a marginal sideline of shipping companies that supplied Canadian and American consumer goods to island markets. Pickford and Black's Steamship Line.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 UNESCO Regional Office for Culture in Latin America and The
    UNESCO Regional Office for Culture in Latin America and the Caribbean Places of Memory for the Slave Route in the Latin Caribbean Site Registration Form: I- IDENTIFICATION: I-1: Entry: 019 I-2: Code: HTI.c.001 I-3: National Code: n/c I-4: Present name: Parc national historique : Citadelle, Sans Souci, Ramiers I-5: Historical name: Palais royal et forteresse La Citadelle sur la montagne de La Ferrière complétée par les redoutes des Ramiers II- GENERAL INFORMATION: II-1: Location: II-1- a: Country: Haiti II-1- b: Province: Département du Nord II-1- c: Municipality: II-2: Uses: II-2- a: Original use: Military fortress, other defense constructions and Royal Palaces II-2- b: Present use: National Historical Park and World Heritage Site II-3: Classification: II-4: Category of Protection: II-5: Function- testimony:   Cultural Landscape (See IV-1) X World Heritage Landing Port   Cultural Route (See IV-2) Masterpiece Slave Market Population Settlement (See IV-3) Biosphere Reserve Place of confinement Agro-industrial compound (See IV-4) X National Monument Dwelling site X Building (See IV-5) Local Monument Site of production   Site (See IV-6) X Other:Parc National X Site of resistance II-6: The site is on the National Tentative List: Yes X No Refuge of maroons II-7: Accessibility: II-8: Ownership: Burial place Accessible X State Shipwreck Not easily accessible Private Religious-ceremonial site X Extremely difficult access Mixed Route Other: X Multipurpose II-8: Level of accessibility: Free X Restricted Exclusive III- INTANGIBLE CULTURAL MANIFESTATIONS ASSOCIATED TO THE PROPERTY: III-1: Characterization of the bearer community: There are communities in San Rafael, Dondon, Milot and other surrounding places with deeply-rooted traditions and religiosity related to caves, sites, small ruined bastions, and other places connected to rebellion in Haiti and independence from slavery.
    [Show full text]