Haiti's Disempowerment: a Consideration Towards Social Awareness and Agricultural Development

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Haiti's Disempowerment: a Consideration Towards Social Awareness and Agricultural Development Haiti's Disempowerment: A Consideration Towards Social Awareness and Agricultural Development The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Rousseau Hackenbruch, Veronica Ann. 2019. Haiti's Disempowerment: A Consideration Towards Social Awareness and Agricultural Development. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42006717 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use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`!($'.8+%$,/!$/!"#$%$#/!17.$586%8.)! ! ! ! ZK! X,'%TE#.%>N8#<)!Y)>#9$,.! ! ! ! ! ! ! Z_! ()=#%)!,/!B`!E/7#7)*)/%! ! ! ! ! ! ! ]K! 2>#+%).!B:Q!!?>)!1$3!I)%-,.<! ! ! ! ! ! ! ]M! ! 9! ! ! (,/,.T;)5$+$)/%!;)6#%$,/'>$+! ! ! ! ! ! [K! X6)37)'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [Z! 1!:,$5)!A,.!%>)!O)#<!! ! ! ! ! ! ! []! I)7#%$9)!B*+#5%'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [^! "8*#/$%#.$#/!1$3!#'!#!?,,6! ! ! ! ! ! ! [M! 2>#+%).!:Q!!!!`=').9#%$,/'!,A!4,5$#6!1-#.)/)''!$/!17.$586%8.)! ! ! \J! ;)'+,/3)/%'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! \]! a6,=#6!9).'8'!D,5#6!X.#5%$5)'!! ! ! ! ! ! \_! 1!4,5$#6!2,/'5$,8'/)''! ! ! ! ! ! ! \M! 2,/568'$,/! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ^K! ;)A).)/5)'! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ^[! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9$! ! ! ! ! ! D$'%!,A!@$78.)'! ! ! ! @$78.)!L!"X>,%,!%#<)/!=H!D85$)/!;,8'')#8!,A!)#.%>N8#<)!3)'%.85%$,/! ! L^! ! @$78.)!J!"X>,%,!%#<)/!=H!D85$)/!;,8'')#8!,A!)#.%>N8#<)!3)'%.85%$,/! ! L_! ! @$78.)!Z!"E#.%>N8#<)T!#AA)5%)3!#.)#'!#/3!+,+86#%$,/!*,9)*)/%!$/!"#$%$! ! LM! ! @$78.)!]!""#$%$0!3,*)'%$5!#/3!$*+,.%)3!.$5)!+.$5)'P!JKKMTJKLK! ! ! ZZ! ! @$78.)![!"G41B(!A8/3$/7!A,.!"#$%$!)#.%>N8#<)!.)5,/'%.85%$,/!#'!,A!4)+%)*=).!ZKP!JKL]! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![Z! ! @$78.)!\!"@b!JKLK!G4a!>8*#/$%#.$#/!#''$'%#/5)!%,!"#$%$!A,.!%>)!)#.%>N8#<)!! \]! ! ! ! 9$$! ! ! ! 2>#+%).!BQ! ! B/%.,385%$,/! ! ! ?>$'!.)')#.5>!'%83H!#$*'!%,!)F+6,.)!%>)!$/A68)/5)'!#/3!$*+#5%'!,A!%>)!$/%)./#%$,/#6! 5,**8/$%H!,/!+,'%T)#.%>N8#<)!"#$%$!#/3!$%'!#7.$586%8.#6!c1ad!5,**8/$%HQ!B!-$66! $/9)'%$7#%)!%>)!.)'86%'!#/3!5,/')N8)/5)'!,A!$/%)./#%$,/#6!,.7#/$R#%$,/'S!cB`'d! $/9,69)*)/%!#/3!=)>#9$,.!$/!"#$%$S'!#7.$586%8.#6!)5,/,*H!#A%).!%>)!JKLK!)#.%>N8#<)!#/3! $3)/%$AH!$A!B`'!-).)!3$'.8+%$9)!#/3!>,-!%>)!#7.$586%8.#6!5,**8/$%H!-#'!#AA)5%)3Q!B! >H+,%>)'$R)!%>#%!A#5%,.'!'85>!#'!',5$#6!8/#-#.)/)''P!#!')/')!,A!8.7)/5H!%,!3)6$9).!#$3P!#/3! 6#5<!,A!5,,.3$/#%$,/!-$%>!%>)!7,9)./*)/%!,A!"#$%$!ca,"d!5#8')3!B`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`'S! $/9,69)*)/%!-$%>!%>)!#7.$586%8.#6!5,**8/$%H!#/3!$/9)'%$7#%)!%>)')!5,/3$%$,/'!A.,*!#! .)%.,'+)5%$9)!'%#/3+,$/%Q!B!-$66!%>)/!$/%.,385)!9#.$,8'!+).'+)5%$9)'!A.,*!%>)!#7.$586%8.)! ')5%,.!#/3!,AA).!'877)'%$,/'!A,.!A8%8.)!,558..)/5)'Q!B!-$66!$/%).+.)%!"#$%$S'!',5$#6!')%%$/7! #/3!$%'!5,//)5%$,/!-$%>!#7.$586%8.#6!+.#5%$5)'Q!B!-$66!%>)/!#/#6HR)!B`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`'!',5$#66H!+.)+#.)3!%,!)/7#7)!-$%>!6,5#6!"#$%$#/!5,/'%$%8)/%'!$/!%>)!#7.$586%8.)!')5%,.U! O>#%!A#5%,.'!#%%.$=8%)3!%,!"#$%$S'!986/).#=$6$%H!6)#3$/7!%,!/)7#%$9)!$/A68)/5)'!A.,*! A,.)$7/!#$3U!",-!#-#.)!-).)!%>)!$/%)./#%$,/#6!#5%,.'!$/!%>)$.!586%8.#6!</,-6)37)!,A! "#$%$U!",-!)385#%)3!-).)!%>)!B`'!$/!%>)$.!#/#6H'$'!,A!+.$,.$%HT=#')3!#/3!.)#6$%HT=#')3! #'')''*)/%!'%.#%)7$)'U!O>#%!*#V,.!$*+#5%'!3$3!>8*#/$%#.$#/!#$3!>#9)!,/!%>)!#7.$586%8.#6! 5,**8/$%HU!",-!)AA)5%$9)6H!3$3!B`'!-,.<!-$%>!"#$%$#/!5$9$6!',5$)%H!#7)/%'U!O).)!#$3! .)6$)A!#7)/%'!#/3!%>)!6,5#6!7,9)./*)/%!5,,.3$/#%$/7!%>)!#..$9#6!,A!'8++6$)'!-$%>!%>)! .)',8.5)'!#6.)#3H!#9#$6#=6)!$/!%>)!5,8/%.HU!O>#%!$*+#5%'!3$3!%>)!$/A68F!,A!B`'!>#9)!,/! %>)!,9).#66!5,**8/$%H!#/3!%>)!#7.$586%8.#6!5,**8/$%HU!EF+6,.$/7!#/3!#/'-).$/7!%>)')! N8)'%$,/'!-$66!6)#3!*)!%,!)9$3)/5)!%>#%!-$66!)$%>).!'8++,.%!,.!.)A8%)!*H!>H+,%>)'$'Q!! B!-$66!$/9)'%$7#%)!%>)!'%.#%)7$)'!%>#%!B`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
Recommended publications
  • 12Things You Need to Know to Garden Successfully with Aquaponics
    12Things You Need to Know to Garden Successfully With Aquaponics CONTACT US [email protected] Website Blog Facebook Twitter Community YouTube Introduction Aquaponics is an exciting new way to grow your favorite fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants by combining the best of aquaculture and hydroponics to create a completely organic, sustainable and productive growing method. This method can be used both inside and out, it is dirt- free, weed-free, chemical-free, and it uses less than 1/10 the water needed by traditional, soil-based gardening. In aquaponic gardening water is pumped from the fish tank into a grow bed that is filled with an inert growing medium. The medium is home to colonies of beneficial bacteria and composting red worms. The bacteria converts the toxic ammonia from the fish waste first into nitrites then into nitrates, and the worms convert the solid waste into vermicomost. At this point the fish waste has become a near-perfect food for the plants. The plants now filter the water by absorbing the converted fish waste, making a healthier environement for the fish. This symbiotic relationship between the plants, fish, and bacteria / worms creates an environment where all the living elements thrive. This article is a guide to some of what you need to know to grow plants and fish successfully in a media-based aquaponic system. It is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather is a high level overview of some of the basic things you need to know in order to start an aquaponics system of your own. We will go into more depth on each of these subject in upcoming newsletters, so watch for them in your inbox! We are passionate about aquaponic gardening here at The Aquaponic Source™, and we hope that you will find a passion for aquaponic gardening gardening as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Tom Sintobin Masterscriptie Cultuurwetenschappen Cruise Ship
    Masteropleiding Kunst- en Cultuurwetenschappen Docent voor wie dit document is bestemd: .......Dr. Tom Sintobin..................................... .............................. Cursusnaam: Masterscriptie Cultuurwetenschappen .......................................................................... Titel van het document: Cruise Ship Tourism in Labadee, Haiti .......................................................................... Datum van indiening: ..12.....-..08......-.2015............ .......... Het hier ingediende werk is de verantwoordelijkheid van ondergetekende. Ondergetekende verklaart hierbij geen plagiaat te hebben gepleegd en niet ongeoorloofd met anderen te hebben samengewerkt. Handtekening: .......................................................................... Naam student: .......Stephanie Labrousse............................................. ...................... Studentnumm er: .....................445766................8.. ............................. Source: InstaGram - Alexa Baboun Cruise Ship Tourism at Labadee, Haiti: an Analysis of Tourism Discourse and its Effects on the Host Gaze Stephanie Labrousse MA Thesis Creative Industries Radboud University August 2015 2 CONTENTS Title Page 2 Table of Contents 3 1. Introduction 4 1.1 Tourism in Haiti 7 1.2 Cruise Ship Tourism 8 2. Image and Representation 11 2.1 Tourism and Photography 15 2.2 Romantic and Colonial Discourse in Photography 17 3. Tourist Discourse on Labadee 22 3.1 The Pre-trip Perception 23 3.2 The Post-tourist 26 3.3 The Ordinary Traveler 27
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake
    Overview of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake a) b) Reginald DesRoches, M.EERI, Mary Comerio, M.EERI, c) d) Marc Eberhard, M.EERI, Walter Mooney, M.EERI, a) and Glenn J. Rix, M.EERI The 12 January 2010 Mw 7.0 earthquake in the Republic of Haiti caused an estimated 300,000 deaths, displaced more than a million people, and damaged nearly half of all structures in the epicentral area. We provide an overview of the historical, seismological, geotechnical, structural, lifeline-related, and socioeco- nomic factors that contributed to the catastrophe. We also describe some of the many challenges that must be overcome to enable Haiti to recover from this event. Detailed analyses of these issues are presented in other papers in this volume. [DOI: 10.1193/1.3630129] INTRODUCTION On 12 January 2010, at 4:53 p.m. local time, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck the Republic of Haiti, with an epicenter located approximately 25 km south and west of the cap- ital city of Port-au-Prince. Near the epicenter of the earthquake, in the city of Le´ogaˆne, it is estimated that 80%–90% of the buildings were critically damaged or destroyed. The metro- politan Port-au-Prince region, which includes the cities of Carrefour, Pe´tion-Ville, Delmas, Tabarre, Cite Soleil, and Kenscoff, was also severely affected. According to the Govern- ment of Haiti, the earthquake left more than 316,000 dead or missing, 300,0001 injured, and over 1.3 million homeless (GOH 2010). According to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) the earthquake was the most destructive event any country has experienced in modern times when measured in terms of the number of people killed as a percentage of the country’s population (Cavallo et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Robotics: the Future of Robotic Agriculture
    UK-RAS White papers © UK-RAS 2018 ISSN 2398-4422 DOI 10.31256/WP2018.2 Agricultural Robotics: The Future of Robotic Agriculture www.ukras.org // Agricultural Robotics Agricultural Robotics // UKRAS.ORG // Agricultural Robotics FOREWORD Welcome to the UK-RAS White Paper the automotive and aerospace sectors wider community and stakeholders, as well Series on Robotics and Autonomous combined. Agri-tech companies are already as policy makers, in assessing the potential Systems (RAS). This is one of the core working closely with UK farmers, using social, economic and ethical/legal impact of activities of UK-RAS Network, funded by technology, particularly robotics and AI, to RAS in agriculture. the Engineering and Physical Sciences help create new technologies and herald Research Council (EPSRC). new innovations. This is a truly exciting It is our plan to provide annual updates time for the industry as there is a growing for these white papers so your feedback By bringing together academic centres of recognition that the significant challenges is essential - whether it is to point out excellence, industry, government, funding facing global agriculture represent unique inadvertent omissions of specific areas of bodies and charities, the Network provides opportunities for innovation, investment and development that need to covered, or to academic leadership, expands collaboration commercial growth. suggest major future trends that deserve with industry while integrating and further debate and in-depth analysis. Please coordinating activities at EPSRC funded This white paper aims to provide an direct all your feedback to whitepaper@ RAS capital facilities, Centres for Doctoral overview of the current impact and ukras.org.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of US Marine Corps Intelligence Modernization During
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2017 Innovation in Intelligence: An Analysis of U.S. Marine Corps Intelligence Modernization during the Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 Laurence M. Nelson III Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Nelson, Laurence M. III, "Innovation in Intelligence: An Analysis of U.S. Marine Corps Intelligence Modernization during the Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934" (2017). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 6536. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6536 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INNOVATION IN INTELLIGENCE: AN ANALYSIS OF U.S. MARINE CORPS INTELLIGENCE MODERNIZATION DURING THE OCCUPATION OF HAITI, 1915-1934 by Laurence Merl Nelson III A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Robert McPherson, Ph.D. James Sanders, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Jeannie Johnson, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2017 ii Copyright © Laurence Merl Nelson III 2017 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Innovation in Intelligence: An Analysis of U.S. Marine Corps Intelligence Modernization during the Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 by Laurence M.
    [Show full text]
  • Corn Monoculture: No Friend of Biodiversity
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Journalism & Mass Communications: Student Journalism and Mass Communications, College Media of Fall 2008 Corn Monoculture: No Friend of Biodiversity Aaron E. Price University of Nebraska - Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismstudent Part of the Journalism Studies Commons Price, Aaron E., "Corn Monoculture: No Friend of Biodiversity" (2008). Journalism & Mass Communications: Student Media. 16. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismstudent/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journalism and Mass Communications, College of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journalism & Mass Communications: Student Media by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ine-Mile Prairie near Lincoln, Neb., is a tat — might be planted to corn, a crop that does lit- biodiversity goldmine. Big bluestem, lit- tle to support biodiversity. CORN MONOCULTURE tle bluestem and sawtooth sunflowers “I think it’s a real mistake to be plowing up Nsprinkle the landscape. Red-winged ground in CRP and, even worse, plowing up native blackbirds, eastern phoebes and northern blue jays prairie in the big rush for corn ethanol,”said former sing their unique songs. With little human distur- U.S. Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt at a no friend of bance, forces of nature have, for centuries, built speech in Lincoln in April 2008. complex interactions of wildlife, plant and soil “I think the biggest environmental threat I see is communities in this 230-acre prairie. taking cropland that was in set- aside programs and In 2008, Nine-Mile Prairie provides habitat for moving it back into production agriculture,” said 80 species of birds and 350 plant species, including Dave Wedin, University of Nebraska – Lincoln ecol- BIODIVERSITY the endangered prairie fringed orchid.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Development: Intercropping for Agricultural Production
    Session 3551 Sustainable Development: Intercropping for Agricultural Production Saeed D. Foroudastan, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Olivia Dees, Research Assistant Engineering Technology and Industrial Studies Department Middle Tennessee State University Abstract The damaging effects of monoculture threaten the sustainability of our world. Genetic engineering, or biotechnology, gravely endangers the future integrity of genes with possible unforeseen mutations. For example, Monsanto has created a terminator technology that will not allow farmers to reproduce their own plants from secondary seeds. This minimizes the diversity of plant crop varieties by which farmers have relied upon for centuries. Biotechnology may thereby cause irreparable damage to the sustainability of the world’s food supply. Although all biotechnology is not wrongful, most genetically engineered crops are potentially so dangerous that even insurance companies will not cover farmers that use them. Furthermore, the introduction of patent clone seeds will undermine the ability of rural farmers to compete for survival by raising prices on conventional seeds. This corners decision making into acceptance of the same crop cultivation. Environmental effects are devastating as more pesticides and herbicides are used for these plants, and resistant pests may abound. In addition, exponential population growth in cities presents the problem of land availability. The trick is to make the maximum use of space while balancing the environment. The beauty of intercropping is that many types exist so that specialization for different climates and terrain may be applied to a particular region. Research shows successful results with intercropping. Organic farmers often have superior net cash returns, making it a feasible option for mass production.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetically Engineered Trees
    Global Justice Ecology Project Global Forest Coalition Central Office International secretariat PO Box 412 2e Schinkelstraat 134 Hinesburg, VT 05461 1075 TT Amsterdam USA The Netherlands Phone +1.802.482.2689 Tel 6 239 132 17 / fax 3120 6765870 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.globalforestcoalition.org Website: www.globaljusticeecology.org Genetically Engineered Trees: Some Answers to Frequently Asked Questions May 10, 2008 Anne Petermann, Co-Director Global Justice Ecology Project [email protected] The purpose of this paper is to provide accurate, independent and verifiable information regarding the potential impacts of the commercial release of genetically engineered trees into the environment. What is the Point of Genetically Engineering Trees? As the world’s supply of wood from native forests is rapidly depleted, rapidly increasing demand for wood products, not only for paper, but also for biofuels, is leading to a skyrocketing demand for raw materials. This is providing the pulp and paper industry with the impetus to link up with the biotechnology industry, the fuel industry and the chemical industry to engineer trees for traits that will enhance the manufacture of these materials and increase industry profits. Industry and their scientist allies are painting this new technology as the answer to many environmental concerns, from forest decline, to pollution from paper mills, to the use of chemicals in forestry plantations.1 As we shall see, however, GE trees are anything but “green” and in fact pose what many consider to be the most serious threat to the world’s remaining native forests since the invention of the chainsaw.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of the Haiti 2010 Earthquake on Water and Sanitation in Port-Au- Prince: a Case Study
    THE IMPACTS OF THE HAITI 2010 EARTHQUAKE ON WATER AND SANITATION IN PORT-AU- PRINCE: A CASE STUDY Author: Pierre Charles Denis SUMMER 2015 GLOBAL WATER PARTNERSHIP LINNEGATAN 87D, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN Pierre Charles Denis, Global Water Partnership, Summer 2015 Table of contents 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….3 1.1 Background 1.2 Water challenges in Haiti 1.2.1 Infrastructure 1.2.2 Management 2. Post-disaster decisions and actions……………………………….5 2.1 Water delivery 2.2 Solid and hazardous waste management 2.3 Sanitation 2.4 Health 3. Disaster risk reduction management-case of Haiti…………9 4. Outcomes and Lessons learnt………………………………………10 5. References…………………………………………………………………..11 6. Author and contact………………………………………………………12 1 Pierre Charles Denis, Global Water Partnership, Summer 2015 Abbreviations DINEPA Haitian Water and Sanitation National Directorate IDB Inter-American Development Bank MSPP Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population NGOs Non-governmental Organizations PAHO Pan American Health Organization SMCRS Haitian Department of Solid Waste Management SWANA Solid Waste Association of North America UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USGS United States Geological Survey WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene WHO World Health Organization 2 Pierre Charles Denis, Global Water Partnership, Summer 2015 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Haiti is located in the Caribbean. It occupies the western part of the island of Hispaniola which it shares with Dominican Republic. It is 27, 750 square km in size and its capital city is Port-au-Prince. Map of Haiti (howtoenjoy.co.uk) January 12th, 2010 is an indelible day in the memory of all Haitians.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Haiti
    Coor din ates: 1 9 °00′N 7 2 °2 5 ′W Haiti Haiti (/ heɪti/ ( listen); French: Haïti [a.iti]; Haitian ˈ Republic of Haiti Creole: Ayiti [ajiti]), officially the Republic of Haiti (French: République d'Haïti; Haitian Creole: Repiblik République d'Haïti (French) [8] [note 1] Ayiti) and formerly called Hayti, is a Repiblik Ayiti (Haitian Creole) sovereign state located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic.[11][12] Haiti is 27 ,7 50 square kilometres (10,7 14 sq mi) in Flag Coat of arms size and has an estimated 10.8 million people,[4] making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" (French)[1] Community (CARICOM) and the second-most "Libète, Egalite, Fratènite" (Haitian Creole) populous country in the Caribbean as a whole. The "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" region was originally inhabited by the indigenous Motto on traditional coat of arms: Taíno people. Spain landed on the island on 5 "L'union fait la force" (French) [2] December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher "Inite se fòs" (Haitian Creole) Columbus across the Atlantic. When Columbus "Union makes strength" initially landed in Haiti, he had thought he had found Anthem: La Dessalinienne (French) [13] India or China. On Christmas Day 1492, Columbus' Desalinyèn (Haitian Creole) flagship the Santa Maria ran aground north of what is "The Dessalines Song" 0:00 MENU now Limonade.[14][15][16][17] As a consequence, Columbus ordered his men to salvage what they could from the ship, and he created the first European settlement in the Americas, naming it La Navidad after the day the ship was destroyed.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of g v The World Bank 0 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 3623b-HA Public Disclosure Authorized STAFF APPRAISALREPORT SIXTH HIGHWAY PROJECT HAITI March 8, 1982 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Projects Department Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. Currency Equivalents US$1 = 0 5.00 ¢ 1.0 = US$0.20 ¢ 1 million = US$200,000 Weights and Measures: Metric Metric British/US Equivalent 1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 kilometer (km) 2 0.62 mile (mi) 1 square kilometer (km ) 0.386 square mile (sq mi) 1 metric ton (m ton) = 2,205 pounds (lb) 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1.3 cubic yards (cu yd) Fiscal Year: October 1 to September 30 Abbreviations and Acronyms AAN - National Airport Authority (formerly AAIPP) AAIPP - International Airport Authority of Port-au-Prince (now AAN) AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials APN - National Port Authority BRH - Bank of the Republic of Haiti CEBTP - Centre d'Etude du Batiment et des Travaux Publics (France) FAC - Fonds d'Aide et de Cooperation (French Bilateral Aid) HASCO - Haitian American Sugar Company IDA - International Development Association IDB - Inter-American Development Bank KfW - Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau LNBTP - National Laboratory for Buildings and Public Works NTS - National Transport Study ODN - Northern Regional Development Agency SAT - Autonomous Transport Department (TPTC) SCS - Construction and Works Supervision Department (TPTC) SEPRRN - National Permanent Road Maintenance Department (TPTC) TPTC - Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communications UNDP - United National Development Program USAID - United States Agency for International Development FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT SIXTH HIGHWAY PROJECT HAITI TABLE OF CONTENTS ! Page No.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (CFE-DM) CASE STUDY SERIES Case Study No. 6 • A review of Operation Unified Response, the U.S. military’s effort in support of Haiti following the January 2010 Earthquake Introduction On January 12, 2010, a massive earthquake struck southwest of Port-au-Prince, the capital of Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. The magnitude 7.0 earthquake,1 the strongest to strike Haiti in 200 years, lasted for 35 seconds, killing 230,000 people, injuring 300,000 and displacing 1.6 million.2 The day following the earthquake, U.S. President Barack Obama ordered a whole of government response to the disaster. The Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), part of the U.S. Agency for Interna- tional Development (USAID) led the massive undertaking, marshalling the collective resources of the entire U.S. interagency community, to include the U.S. Department of Defense. Ultimately, over 22,000 members of the U.S. armed services participated in Operation Unified Response, the name of the U.S. military’s effort in support of the Haitian people. “I have directed my administration to respond with a swift, coordinated, and aggressive effort to save lives. The people of Haiti will have the full support of the United States in the urgent effort to rescue those trapped beneath the rubble, and to deliver the humanitarian relief -- the food, water and medicine -- that Haitians will need in the coming days. In that effort, our government, especially USAID and the Departments of State and Defense are working closely together and with our partners in Haiti, the region, and around the world.” -President Barack Obama, January 13, 20103 This case study provides an overview of the U.S.
    [Show full text]