economies Article COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Fine Optimality Spyros Niavis 1,* , Dimitris Kallioras 1 , George Vlontzos 2 and Marie-Noelle Duquenne 1 1 Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, 382 21 Volos, Greece;
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[email protected] (M.-N.D.) 2 Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 382 21 Volos, Greece;
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[email protected]; Tel.: +30-2-421-074-398 Abstract: The first stream of economic studies on public policy responses during the COVID-19 pandemic focused on the stringency, the effectiveness, and the impact of the countries’ interventions and paid rather little attention to the corresponding means used to support them. The present paper scrutinizes the lockdown measures and, particularly, examines the optimality of the lockdown fines imposed by countries worldwide towards ensuring citizens’ compliance. Initially, a triad of fine stringency indicators are compiled, and the stringency of fines is evaluated in a comparative context, among the countries considered. Consequently, the fine stringency is incorporated into a regression analysis with various epidemiological, socioeconomic, and policy factors to reveal any drivers of fine variability. Finally, theoretical approaches behind fine optimality are capitalized and real data are used towards estimating the optimal fine for each country considered. The objectives of the paper are, first, to check for any drivers of fine stringency around the world and, second, to develop and test a formula that could be used in order to assist policy makers to formulate evidence-based fines for confronting the pandemic.