DOCSLIB.ORG

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology a New and Unusual Procolophonid

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology a New and Unusual Procolophonid This article was downloaded by: [Botha-Brink, Jennifer] On: 20 May 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 922426270] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t917000010 A new and unusual procolophonid parareptile from the Lower Triassic Katberg Formation of South Africa Sean P. Modesto a; Diane M. Scott b; Jennifer Botha-Brink cd;Robert R. Reisz b a Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada b Department of Biology, University of Toronto in Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada c Karoo Palaeontology, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa d Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Online publication date: 19 May 2010 To cite this Article Modesto, Sean P. , Scott, Diane M. , Botha-Brink, Jennifer andReisz, Robert R.(2010) 'A new and unusual procolophonid parareptile from the Lower Triassic Katberg Formation of South Africa', Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30: 3, 715 — 723 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/02724631003758003 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724631003758003 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30(3):715–723, May 2010 © 2010 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology ARTICLE A NEW AND UNUSUAL PROCOLOPHONID PARAREPTILE FROM THE LOWER TRIASSIC KATBERG FORMATION OF SOUTH AFRICA SEAN P. MODESTO,*,1 DIANE M. SCOTT,2 JENNIFER BOTHA-BRINK,3 and ROBERT R. REISZ2 1Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada, sean [email protected]; 2Department of Biology, University of Toronto in Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada, [email protected]; 3Karoo Palaeontology, National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa, [email protected] ABSTRACT—A small skull collected from the base of the Katberg Formation of South Africa represents a new Early Tri- assic procolophonid parareptile. Phonodus dutoitorum, gen. et sp. nov., is diagnosed by a roughly straight ventral temporal margin, prefrontals that contact each other along the dorsal midline, presence of a large posterior maxillary tooth, an eden- tulous pterygoid, a reduced transverse flange of the pterygoid, and other autapomorphies. A cladistic analysis identifies P. dutoitorum as a basal member of the procolophonid clade Leptopleuroninae. The presence of large maxillary teeth, their po- sitioning ventral to strongly developed antorbital buttresses, and the loss of the ventral temporal emargination are suggestive of a durophagous diet. Phonodus dutoitorum is recognized as the oldest known leptopleuronine. Optimization of geographic distributions onto procolophonid phylogeny indicates that the presence of P. dutoitorum in the Karoo Basin of South Africa is explained most parsimoniously as the result of migration from Laurasia. Phonodus dutoitorum is the fifth procolophonoid species to be described from the Induan of the Karoo Basin, providing further support for the hypothesis that procolophonoid evolution was not greatly perturbed by the end-Permian extinction event. INTRODUCTION phonid reptile, and discuss its implications for procolophonid evolution. Parareptiles were the most taxonomically and ecologically di- Institutional Abbreviation—NM, National Museum, Bloem- verse reptiles at the end of the Paleozoic Era, but were eclipsed fontein. by eureptiles following the end-Permian mass extinction of 252 million years ago (Mundil et al., 2004). Procolophonoids are the only parareptiles that survived this extinction event, and phyloge- netic studies suggest that they experienced a reduced extinction GEOLOGICAL SETTING level (Modesto et al., 2001, 2003) compared to other tetrapods. Recent field work in South Africa (Botha et al., 2007) indicates The skull described in this paper (NMQR 3564) was collected that procolophonoids of the earliest Triassic (Induan) appear to as part of a small block of conglomerate found ex situ atop Downloaded By: [Botha-Brink, Jennifer] At: 06:14 20 May 2010 have flourished in the wake of the Mother of Mass Extinctions the first major sandstone exposed on the Northern Cape farm (sensu Erwin, 1993). Indeed, procolophonoid fossils are often lo- Bergendal. The block appeared to have been ‘calved’ from a cally abundant where they are present (Kitching, 1977; Li, 1983; sandstone layer that lies less than 1 m above the lowermost sand- Botha et al., 2007). stone. Collecting at the locality yielded numerous specimens of In the course of field work in the Lower Triassic Lystrosaurus the genus Lystrosaurus attributable to L. murrayi and possibly Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin of South Africa, the authors col- L. declivis, and a single specimen of a small therocephalian at- lected the skull of a small tetrapod in a block of intraforma- tributable to Tetracynodon darti (NMQR 3597). The specimens tional conglomerate from the Lower Triassic Katberg Forma- of the former genus indicate that the Lystrosaurus Assemblage tion on the Northern Cape farm Bergendal. Little more than the Zone (AZ) broadly crops out on Bergendal. Tetracynodon darti weathered tips of the transverse flanges, quadrate condyles, and is known from Lystrosaurus-AZ localities in both the northern the alveolar regions of the maxillae were exposed in ventral as- and southern portions of the Karoo Basin: the holotype is from pect. Mechanical preparation revealed the skull of a small rep- the farm New Castle (formerly an annex of the farm Admiralty tile of unusual morphology, one characterized by a large tooth Estates) in KwaZulu-Natal Province (Sigogneau, 1963; Kitching, in each maxilla, a palate with edentulous palatines and ptery- 1977), for which an exact placement of the fossiliferous strata goids, a reduced transverse flange of the palate, and the pres- in the Lystrosaurus AZ has not been determined. All referred ence of a small lateral temporal opening. Although most of the specimens of T. darti have been collected from localities in the skull table, the braincase, and the mandible are missing, the southern part of the Karoo Basin, and have been positioned in specimen preserves a suite of apomorphies that, among Permo- the Triassic portion of the Palingkloof Member of the Balfour Triassic reptiles, is known only in procolophonids. We describe Formation (Damiani et al., 2004; Botha and Smith, 2006). The the Bergendal specimen as a new genus and species of procolo- specimen of T. darti collected at Bergendal was found in situ approximately 1 m below the first major sandstone. We infer that this sandstone marks the base of the Katberg Formation on Bergendal, and that NMQR 3564 comes from the base of this *Corresponding author. formation. 715 716 JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY, VOL. 30, NO. 3, 2010 FIGURE 1. Phonodus dutoitorum, gen. et sp. nov., NMQR 3564. Photographs of skull in (A) left lateral, (B) palatal, (C) oblique posterolateral, and (D) occipital views. Downloaded By: [Botha-Brink, Jennifer] At: 06:14 20 May 2010 MATERIAL AND METHODS Diagnosis—Small procolophonid characterized by the fol- lowing autapomorphies: ventral temporal roughly straight with NMQR 3564 is preserved ventral up in the conglomerate contact between maxilla and quadratojugal; bifurcated maxil- (Fig. 1). As preparation progressed dorsally, up the lateral sur- lary process of premaxilla; relatively large posterior-most max- faces of the skull roof, we realized that not only was the braincase illary tooth; prefrontal-prefrontal dorsal midline contact; lat- missing, but the skull table (consisting of the frontals, the pari- eral temporal fenestra present; vomer with two large conical etals, the postfrontals [if present as distinct elements], the postor- teeth; pterygoid edentulous; transverse process of pterygoid rel- bitals, the supratemporals, and the postparietals) was lost prior atively small; and small accessory process present medially on to burial as well. In order to ensure the integrity of the snout and quadrate. temporal regions, we decided not to remove the skull completely Holotype—NMQR 3564, a partial skull. from the block, but to leave it attached via the dorsolateral sur- Locality and Horizon—A locality on the farm Bergendal in face of the right side; only the left side together with the dorsal Noupoort District, Northern Cape Province, Republic of South
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sauropareion Anoplus, with a Discussion of Possible Life History
    The postcranial skeleton of the Early Triassic parareptile Sauropareion anoplus, with a discussion of possible life history MARK J. MACDOUGALL, SEAN P. MODESTO, and JENNIFER BOTHA−BRINK MacDougall, M.J., Modesto, S.P., and Botha−Brink, J. 2013. The postcranial skeleton of the Early Triassic parareptile Sauropareion anoplus, with a discussion of possible life history. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (4): 737–749. The skeletal anatomy of the Early Triassic (Induan) procolophonid reptile Sauropareion anoplus is described on the basis of three partial skeletons from Vangfontein, Middelburg District, South Africa. Together these three specimens preserve the large majority of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, articulated forelimbs and hindlimbs, and all but the caudal portion of the vertebral column, elements hitherto undescribed. Our phylogenetic analysis of the Procolophonoidea is consonant with previous work, positing S. anoplus as the sister taxon to a clade composed of all other procolophonids exclusive of Coletta seca. Previous studies have suggested that procolophonids were burrowers, and this seems to have been the case for S. anoplus, based on comparisons with characteristic skeletal anatomy of living digging animals, such as the presence of a spade−shaped skull, robust phalanges, and large unguals. Key words: Parareptilia, Procolophonidae, phylogenetic analysis, burrowing, Induan, Triassic, South Africa. Mark J. MacDougall [[email protected]], Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada and Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada; Sean P. Modesto [[email protected]], Department of Biology, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada; Jennifer Botha−Brink [[email protected]], Karoo Palaeontology, National Museum, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontogenetic Change in the Temporal Region of the Early Permian Parareptile Delorhynchus Cifellii and the Implications for Closure of the Temporal Fenestra in Amniotes
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Ontogenetic Change in the Temporal Region of the Early Permian Parareptile Delorhynchus cifellii and the Implications for Closure of the Temporal Fenestra in Amniotes Yara Haridy*, Mark J. Macdougall, Diane Scott, Robert R. Reisz Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada * [email protected] a11111 Abstract A juvenile specimen of Delorhynchus cifellii, collected from the Early Permian fissure-fill deposits of Richards Spur, Oklahoma, permits the first detailed study of cranial ontogeny in this parareptile. The specimen, consisting of a partially articulated skull and mandible, exhib- OPEN ACCESS its several features that identify it as juvenile. The dermal tuberosities that ornament the dor- Citation: Haridy Y, Macdougall MJ, Scott D, Reisz sal side and lateral edges of the largest skull of D. cifellii specimens, are less prominent in RR (2016) Ontogenetic Change in the Temporal the intermediate sized holotype, and are absent in the new specimen. This indicates that the Region of the Early Permian Parareptile new specimen represents an earlier ontogenetic stage than all previously described mem- Delorhynchus cifellii and the Implications for bers of this species. In addition, the incomplete interdigitation of the sutures, most notably Closure of the Temporal Fenestra in Amniotes. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0166819. doi:10.1371/journal. along the fronto-nasal contact, plus the proportionally larger sizes of the orbit and temporal pone.0166819 fenestrae further support an early ontogenetic stage for this specimen. Comparisons Editor: Thierry Smith, Royal Belgian Institute of between this juvenile and previously described specimens reveal that the size and shape of Natural Sciences, BELGIUM the temporal fenestra in Delorhynchus appear to vary through ontogeny, due to changes in Received: July 18, 2016 the shape and size of the bordering cranial elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Reptile Family Tree
    Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2015 Distribution of Scales, Scutes, Hair and Feathers Fish scales 100 Ichthyostega Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 Pederpes 91 Eldeceeon holotype Gephyrostegus watsoni Eryops 67 Solenodonsaurus 87 Proterogyrinus 85 100 Chroniosaurus Eoherpeton 94 72 Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 98 Seymouria Chroniosuchus Kotlassia 58 94 Westlothiana Casineria Utegenia 84 Brouffia 95 78 Amphibamus 71 93 77 Coelostegus Cacops Paleothyris Adelospondylus 91 78 82 99 Hylonomus 100 Brachydectes Protorothyris MCZ1532 Eocaecilia 95 91 Protorothyris CM 8617 77 95 Doleserpeton 98 Gerobatrachus Protorothyris MCZ 2149 Rana 86 52 Microbrachis 92 Elliotsmithia Pantylus 93 Apsisaurus 83 92 Anthracodromeus 84 85 Aerosaurus 95 85 Utaherpeton 82 Varanodon 95 Tuditanus 91 98 61 90 Eoserpeton Varanops Diplocaulus Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 88 100 Sauropleura Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 78 Ptyonius 98 89 Archaeothyris Scincosaurus 77 84 Ophiacodon 95 Micraroter 79 98 Batropetes Rhynchonkos Cutleria 59 Nikkasaurus 95 54 Biarmosuchus Silvanerpeton 72 Titanophoneus Gephyrostegeus bohemicus 96 Procynosuchus 68 100 Megazostrodon Mammal 88 Homo sapiens 100 66 Stenocybus hair 91 94 IVPP V18117 69 Galechirus 69 97 62 Suminia Niaftasuchus 65 Microurania 98 Urumqia 91 Bruktererpeton 65 IVPP V 18120 85 Venjukovia 98 100 Thuringothyris MNG 7729 Thuringothyris MNG 10183 100 Eodicynodon Dicynodon 91 Cephalerpeton 54 Reiszorhinus Haptodus 62 Concordia KUVP 8702a 95 59 Ianthasaurus 87 87 Concordia KUVP 96/95 85 Edaphosaurus Romeria primus 87 Glaucosaurus Romeria texana Secodontosaurus
    [Show full text]
  • 71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
    ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
    [Show full text]
  • A Procolophonid (Parareptilia) from the Owl Rock Member, Chinle Formation of Utah, Usa
    Palaeontologia Electronica http://palaeo-electronica.org A PROCOLOPHONID (PARAREPTILIA) FROM THE OWL ROCK MEMBER, CHINLE FORMATION OF UTAH, USA Nicholas C. Fraser, Randall B. Irmis*, and David K. Elliott ABSTRACT An isolated skull of a procolophonid is described from the Owl Rock Member of the Chinle Formation in the Abajo Mountains of southeast Utah. Although poorly pre- served, this specimen exhibits features that demonstrate a phylogenetic relationship with leptopleuronine procolophonids. These include the dentition, the greatly expanded orbitotemporal opening, the prominent quadratojugal spikes, and the shape of the jugal. Nicholas C. Fraser. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Virginia 24112, USA. [email protected] Randall B. Irmis. Department of Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA. *Current Address: University of California Museum of Paleontology, 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California 94720-4780. [email protected] David K. Elliott. Department of Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA. [email protected] KEY WORDS: Procolophonidae; Parareptilia; Late Triassic; Chinle Formation PE Article Number: 8.1.13 Copyright: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. May 2005 Submission: 28 June 2004. Acceptance: 6 March 2005. INTRODUCTION skull has been described in detail (Kemp 1974; Carroll and Lindsay 1985). The first member of the The Procolophonidae are a group of small clade to be named was Leptopleuron from the parareptiles (sensu Laurin and Reisz
    [Show full text]
  • Physical and Environmental Drivers of Paleozoic Tetrapod Dispersal Across Pangaea
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07623-x OPEN Physical and environmental drivers of Paleozoic tetrapod dispersal across Pangaea Neil Brocklehurst1,2, Emma M. Dunne3, Daniel D. Cashmore3 &Jӧrg Frӧbisch2,4 The Carboniferous and Permian were crucial intervals in the establishment of terrestrial ecosystems, which occurred alongside substantial environmental and climate changes throughout the globe, as well as the final assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea. The fl 1234567890():,; in uence of these changes on tetrapod biogeography is highly contentious, with some authors suggesting a cosmopolitan fauna resulting from a lack of barriers, and some iden- tifying provincialism. Here we carry out a detailed historical biogeographic analysis of late Paleozoic tetrapods to study the patterns of dispersal and vicariance. A likelihood-based approach to infer ancestral areas is combined with stochastic mapping to assess rates of vicariance and dispersal. Both the late Carboniferous and the end-Guadalupian are char- acterised by a decrease in dispersal and a vicariance peak in amniotes and amphibians. The first of these shifts is attributed to orogenic activity, the second to increasing climate heterogeneity. 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK. 2 Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. 3 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. 4 Institut
    [Show full text]
  • Alpha Taxonomy of the Russian Permian Procolophonoid Reptiles
    Alpha taxonomy of the Russian Permian procolophonoid reptiles LAURA K. SÄILÄ Säilä, L.K. 2009. Alpha taxonomy of the Russian Permian procolophonoid reptiles. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54 (4): 599–608. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0017 European Russia has been the source of many procolophonoid taxa from both the Permian and Triassic, and a Permian or− igin for the procolophonoid family Procolophonidae has been based on the Russian taxon Microphon exiguus. Recently, this taxon was reclassified as a seymouriamorph and, in its place, the taxa Nyctiphruretus, Suchonosaurus, and Kinelia from the Middle and Upper Permian of Russia were suggested as “procolophons”, using evolutionary−systematic classifi− cation methods. In recent phylogenies, however, Nyctiphruretus has been recovered as a non–procolophonoid para− reptile, whereas Kinelia and Suchonosaurus have never been included in a phylogenetic study. Re−examination indicates that Suchonosaurus is a member of the procolophonoid subfamily Procolophonidae based on the shape of the maxillary bone and the external naris, the laterally visible maxillary depression, and the number and type of maxillary teeth. Kinelia, on the other hand, is excluded from the Procolophonoidea because of its subpleurodont dental attachment and lack of any procolophonoid features. Thus, Suchonosaurus is the only confirmed Permian procolophonid from the Permian of Rus− sia. Additionally, re−examination of the holotype of Microphon exiguus confirms that it is identical to the seymouria− morph specimens recently included in the genus Microphon and that it lacks procolophonoid features. The earliest un− equivocal record of the subfamily Procolophonidae is confirmed from the Late Permian of Russia, making Russia the only region where, with certainty, both Permian and Triassic procolophonids have been discovered.
    [Show full text]
  • Cisneros2008.Pdf
    Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6 (3): 345–366 Issued 22 August 2008 doi:10.1017/S1477201907002350 Printed in the United Kingdom C The Natural History Museum ! Phylogenetic relationships of procolophonid parareptiles with remarks on their geological record Juan Carlos Cisneros∗ Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa SYNOPSIS The phylogenetic intrarelationships of procolophonid parareptiles are determined via a comprehensive cladistic analysis using a data matrix of 21 taxa and 58 characters. Most taxa are in- cluded for the first time in a phylogenetic analysis and 27 characters are novel. The relationships within the group are more firmly resolved than in previous analyses. Procolophoninae and Leptopleuron- inae, two of the three traditional subdivisions of the Procolophonidae, are valid monophyletic groups, but Spondylolestinae is polyphyletic. The Chinese genera Pentaedrusaurus and Neoprocolophon are the most primitive members of the Leptopleuroninae. A new group, Theledectinae, is erected. The latter clade consists of small procolophonids with a reduced marginal dentition and wide bulbous monocuspid teeth. Eumetabolodon from China and the former genus ‘Thelegnathus’ from South Africa are shown to be polyphyletic. The successful radiation of the Procolophonidae during the Triassic is likely to be related to the development of feeding adaptations that allowed exploration of various ecological niches, particularly the exploitation of high-fibre herbivory. The scarcity of Permian records of procolophonids is examined and the genus Spondylolestes from the Upper Permian of South Africa is considered to be a valid taxon with procolophonid affinities. Finally, a review of the records from the Middle and Upper Triassic reveals a procolophonid global hiatus of more than 15 Ma in Ladinian–Lower Carnian rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2017 1112 Taxa, 231 Characters
    Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2017 1112 taxa, 231 characters Note: This tree does not support DNA topologies over 100 Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 67 Eldeceeon holotype long phylogenetic distances. 100 91 Romeriscus Diplovertebron Certain dental traits are convergent and do not define clades. 85 67 Solenodonsaurus 100 Chroniosaurus 94 Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 Chroniosuchus 58 94 Westlothiana Casineria 84 Brouffia 93 77 Coelostegus Cheirolepis Paleothyris Eusthenopteron 91 Hylonomus Gogonasus 78 66 Anthracodromeus 99 Osteolepis 91 Protorothyris MCZ1532 85 Protorothyris CM 8617 81 Pholidogaster Protorothyris MCZ 2149 97 Colosteus 87 80 Vaughnictis Elliotsmithia Apsisaurus Panderichthys 51 Tiktaalik 86 Aerosaurus Varanops Greererpeton 67 90 94 Varanodon 76 97 Koilops <50 Spathicephalus Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 Trimerorhachis 62 84 Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 Archaeothyris 91 Dvinosaurus 89 Ophiacodon 91 Acroplous 67 <50 82 99 Batrachosuchus Haptodus 93 Gerrothorax 97 82 Secodontosaurus Neldasaurus 85 76 100 Dimetrodon 84 95 Trematosaurus 97 Sphenacodon 78 Metoposaurus Ianthodon 55 Rhineceps 85 Edaphosaurus 85 96 99 Parotosuchus 80 82 Ianthasaurus 91 Wantzosaurus Glaucosaurus Trematosaurus long rostrum Cutleria 99 Pederpes Stenocybus 95 Whatcheeria 62 94 Ossinodus IVPP V18117 Crassigyrinus 87 62 71 Kenyasaurus 100 Acanthostega 94 52 Deltaherpeton 82 Galechirus 90 MGUH-VP-8160 63 Ventastega 52 Suminia 100 Baphetes Venjukovia 65 97 83 Ichthyostega Megalocephalus Eodicynodon 80 94 60 Proterogyrinus 99 Sclerocephalus smns90055 100 Dicynodon 74 Eoherpeton
    [Show full text]
  • 32-Langer Et Al
    Lucas, S.G. and Spielmann, J.A., eds., 2007, The Global Triassic. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 41. 201 THE CONTINENTAL TETRAPOD-BEARING TRIASSIC OF SOUTH BRAZIL MAX C. LANGER1, ANA M. RIBEIRO2, CESAR L. SCHULTZ3 AND JORGE FERIGOLO2 1 Depto. Biologia, FFCLRP-USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected]; 2 Museu de Ciências Naturais, FZB-RS, Av. Salvador França 1427, Porto Alegre, Brazil; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; 3 Inst. Geociâncias, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Brazil; e-mail [email protected] Abstract—The Rosário do Sul Group is one of the better-known tetrapod-bearing continental deposits of Triassic age. It crops out in central Rio Grande do Sul, south Brazil, and has yielded a fauna of more than 40 valid species, including temnospondyl, procolophonoideans, dicynodonts, cynodonts, sphenodontian, rhynchosaurs, and archosaurs. Its fossil record is herein briefly assessed, along with the stratigraphy of its bearing sequences. This includes the Early (perhaps earliest) Triassic Sanga do Cabral Formation, which correlates to the Lystrosaurus/ “Impoverished” zones of the Karoo Basin, and a second major stratigraphic sequence of Mid-Late Triassic age that broadly corresponds to the Santa Maria and Caturrita formations. The lower, cynodont-dicynodont dominated fauna of that sequence is partially Chañarian (Ladinian) in age, and encompasses the Dinodontosaurus Assem- blage-Zone. The Late Triassic fauna includes the Hyperodapedon and Ictidosaur assemblage-zones. The former, dominated by rhynchosaurs, includes some of the oldest known dinosaurs, and can be given an Ischigualastian (Carnian) age.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Bolosaurid Parareptile, Belebey Chengi Sp. Nov., from the Middle Permian of China and Its Paleogeographic Significance
    Naturwissenschaften (2008) 95:1169–1174 DOI 10.1007/s00114-008-0438-0 SHORT COMMUNICATION A new bolosaurid parareptile, Belebey chengi sp. nov., from the Middle Permian of China and its paleogeographic significance Johannes Müller & Jin-Ling Li & Robert R. Reisz Received: 3 July 2008 /Revised: 19 July 2008 /Accepted: 31 July 2008 / Published online: 23 August 2008 # Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract A new bolosaurid parareptile, Belebey chengi sp. suggesting that this may be the general trend in early nov., is described from Dashankou, Gansu Province, China, amniote evolution. a Middle Permian locality which is known mostly for its therapsid fauna. The material consists of well-preserved Keywords Parareptilia . Bolosauridae . Middle Permian . mandibular and anterior skull remains and currently China represents the largest and latest surviving member of Bolosauridae. Phylogenetic analysis of bolosaurid interre- lationships, the first analysis of any clade of Early Permian Introduction parareptiles, indicates that the new taxon groups consis- tently with the other (Russian) members of the genus Permian bolosaurids, until recently a highly enigmatic Belebey, and forms the sister clade to the genus Bolosaurus group, are now generally considered to be part of Para- from North America. The Early Permian Eudibamus reptilia, one of the three major clades of basal Amniota cursoris from Germany falls into the basal most position (Berman et al. 2000; Reisz et al. 2007; Müller and Tsuji within Bolosauridae. Our analysis also shows that the split 2007). Three genera and five species are currently between the main bolosaurid lineages must have occurred recognized, Bolosaurus grandis and B. striatus from the near or before the Permo-Carboniferous boundary and that Lower Permian of Texas and Oklahoma (Watson 1954; the paleo-equatorial region of Laurasia probably served as Reisz et al.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGY 639 SCIENCE ONLINE the Unexpected Brains Behind Blood Vessel Growth 641 THIS WEEK in SCIENCE 668 U.K
    4 February 2005 Vol. 307 No. 5710 Pages 629–796 $10 07%.'+%#%+& 2416'+0(70%6+10 37#06+6#6+8' 51(69#4' #/2.+(+%#6+10 %'..$+1.1); %.10+0) /+%41#44#;5 #0#.;5+5 #0#.;5+5 2%4 51.76+105 Finish first with a superior species. 50% faster real-time results with FullVelocity™ QPCR Kits! Our FullVelocity™ master mixes use a novel enzyme species to deliver Superior Performance vs. Taq -Based Reagents FullVelocity™ Taq -Based real-time results faster than conventional reagents. With a simple change Reagent Kits Reagent Kits Enzyme species High-speed Thermus to the thermal profile on your existing real-time PCR system, the archaeal Fast time to results FullVelocity technology provides you high-speed amplification without Enzyme thermostability dUTP incorporation requiring any special equipment or re-optimization. SYBR® Green tolerance Price per reaction $$$ • Fast, economical • Efficient, specific and • Probe and SYBR® results sensitive Green chemistries Need More Information? Give Us A Call: Ask Us About These Great Products: Stratagene USA and Canada Stratagene Europe FullVelocity™ QPCR Master Mix* 600561 Order: (800) 424-5444 x3 Order: 00800-7000-7000 FullVelocity™ QRT-PCR Master Mix* 600562 Technical Services: (800) 894-1304 Technical Services: 00800-7400-7400 FullVelocity™ SYBR® Green QPCR Master Mix 600581 FullVelocity™ SYBR® Green QRT-PCR Master Mix 600582 Stratagene Japan K.K. *U.S. Patent Nos. 6,528,254, 6,548,250, and patents pending. Order: 03-5159-2060 Purchase of these products is accompanied by a license to use them in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technical Services: 03-5159-2070 process in conjunction with a thermal cycler whose use in the automated performance of the PCR process is YYYUVTCVCIGPGEQO covered by the up-front license fee, either by payment to Applied Biosystems or as purchased, i.e., an authorized thermal cycler.
    [Show full text]