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Page 1 Geochemical Journal Vol. 17, Pp. 247 to 255, 1983 Distribution and Correlation of Total Organic Carbon and Mercury in Antarctic Dry Valley Soils, Sediments and Organisms GENKI

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Page 1 Geochemical Journal Vol. 17, Pp. 247 to 255, 1983 Distribution and Correlation of Total Organic Carbon and Mercury in Antarctic Dry Valley Soils, Sediments and Organisms GENKI GeochemicalJournalVol. 17,pp. 247to 255,1983 D istrib u tio n a n d c o rrelati o n o f to tal o r g a n ic c ar b o n a n d m erc ur y in A nt ar ctic dr y v alley soils, s e dim e nts a n d o r g a nis m s G ENKI M ATSUM OTol, K AZUO CHIKAZAW AI, H ARUTA M URAYAM A2 TETSUYA ToRI13 HIROSHI FUKUsn IMA4 and TAKAHISA H ANYA1 DepartmentofChemistry,Faculty ofScience,Toky o Metropolitan University,Setagaya-ku ,Tokyo 1581, Facu]ty ofEducation,Yokoham a NationaiUniversity,Toki wadai,Hodogaya-ku ,Y okoham a 2402, ChibaInstituteofTechno]ogy,Narashino-shi,Chiba 2753,and Tokyo W om en'sCo]lege of Physical Education,Aoyagi,Kunitachi-shi,Tokyo 1864,Japan (R eceived January 24,1983:Accepted M ay 12,1983) M ercury contents of 19 soi]s,13Iake and pond sedim ents,8 epibenthicalgae (m ost]y blue-green algae) and 3 m osses(m ost]y Sarconeu ru m glaciale)from the dry va]1eys of Victoria Land and RossIslan din the Antarctic ranged from 3.0 to 54 krg kgﾖ1 with an average of14:i:5.1 at90% confidencelim its,from 2.4to 71 with an average of 17:!: 10, from 12 to 710 with an average of190:!:160 and from 99to 290 with an average of 170 :!: 180 ,rg kgﾖ1 dry base,respective]y. It wasindicated that epibenthic aigae and m osses accum ulatem ercury. Thecorrelation coefficient betw eentota]organiccarbon and m ercury contentsfora]] the sam plesstudied wasfound to be +0.69,indicatingthat total organic carboncontentsare anim portan t factor controllingthe distribution ofm ercury in soils,sedirn ents and organismsintheA ntarctic dry valley areas. INTRODUCTION the soilsand sedim ents are considerably low, but M ercury , the m ost volatile heavy m etal organism s concentrate m ercury . It has also been elem ent, occursin the naturalstate only in sm all show n that soil/air ratios of A ntarctic m ercury am ounts. It is estim ated to be 50 to 80 pg kgﾖl are low, resulting from the low m ercury con- of the earth, w hich is used widely in oursociety centrations on the ground and not from its (V OSTAL, 1972). It has been studied by m any atm ospheric value. W e report here the distri- scientists in the m id and low er latitudes princi- bution and correlation of total organic carbon pally in relation to environrn ental pollution, (TO C) and m ercury in soils, sedim ents, algae since m ercury and its com pounds are toxic and and m osses from the dry valley areas ofV ictoria cause seri ous environm ental problem s such as L and in the A ntarctic. M inam ata Disease. H ow ever, Iittle is know n on the distribution of m ercury in A ntarctica. EXPERIM ENTAL K OGA (1977) has reported the concentrations of m ercury in soils and D V D P (Dry V alley Drilling D uring austral sum m ers 1976- 77, 1980- 81 Project) sedim ent cores from the dry valley and 1981- 82, soil, Iake and pond sedim ents, areas and Syow a O asis and discussed them in epibenthic algae (m ostly blue-green algae) and connection with geotherm al sources. M ercury m oss (m ostly Sarconeurum glaciale) sam ples contents of air, soil, evaporite, sedim ent and w ere obtained from Balham , W right, Taylor, certain biological sam ples from the dry valley Pearse and M iers V alleys and O lym pus R ange of areas and R ossIsland have also been investigated Victoria Land and R oss Island in the A ntarctic (M CM URTRY et al., 1980; SIEGEL et al., 1980). (Table 1-3). T he general characteristics of the They have revealed that the levels of m ercury in dry valley areas and R oss Island have been 241 242 G.M ATSUM OTO etal. Table1. Total organic carbon (TOC) and m ercury concentration in soilsfrom the dry valley areas of Victoria Land in theA ntarctic TOC Hg Locality (gkg~1)* (p;gkg~1)* Remarks Balham Valley(77"25'S,161'O1'E) WestsideofBalham Lake 0.17 3,0 Coarsesand OlympusRange(77'29'S,161'30'E) Mt.Jason 0,037 4.2 Fine sand WrightValley(77'31'S,161'50'E) Labyrinth-1 0.15 5.5 Coarseandfinesand Southfork-2 0.15 3.2 Finesand Southfork-3 0.080 54 Coarseandfinesand Southfork-4 0.27 18 Finesand Southfork-5 0.74 9.4 Coarseandfinesand,andsilt Southfork*8 0.24 6.9 Coarse an dfinesand Southfork-9 0.81 23 Silt Southfork-10 O.18 5.0 Finesand SouthsideofLakeVanda 0.066 19 Coarseandfinesand NorthsideofLakeVanda 0,063 3.3 Coarseandfinesand TaylorValley(77'37'S,163"OO'E) Westside ofLakeBonney-1 ** 18 Carbonates W estsideofLakeBonney-2 2.3 16 Finesandandsilt SouthsideofLakeBonney-1 o.95 27 Coarseandfinesand andsilt SouthsideofLakeBonney-2 0.46 28 Coarseandfinesand,andsilt EastsideofLakeBonney 0.58 18 Finesandandsilt MiersValley(78'06'S,164'OO'E) WestsideofLakeMiers 3.2 4.8 Finesand SouthsideofLakeMiers 1.1 3.6 Finesandandsilt Averagei 90% confidencelimits 0.64 i0.35 14 ~5.1 *. Drybase. **. Mostofthesamplewasdissolvedwhenhydrochloricacidwasadded, reported by m any scientists (e.g., T ORII and until analys is. Y AMAGATA, 1981). A Iarge variety of rocks are T O C w as determ ined using a C H N analyzer distributed com m only on the surface of these (Y A N A K O M T 2 C H N CO R DE R) after treat- cold deserts. V ascular plants are absentin the m ent of the sam ples with 6 M hydrochloric acid areas studied, although rare isolated lichens to rem ove inorganic carbon. T he concentrations and m osses are distributed. The lakes and ponds of m ercury of the w et sam ples (10-100 m g) studied are all saline. L akeshore and ponds are w ere directly analyzed w ithought any treatm ent usually covered with epibenthic algae com prised using m ercury analyzer (RIG A K U M E R C U R Y m ostly of blue-green algae. Soil, epibenthic SP), w hich has a 900'C furn ace for m ercury algae, m oss and pond sedim ent sam ples w ere analysis and no digestion procedures are re- collected with a sm all stainless steel scoop. quired. Spiked experirn ents show ed that the Lake sedim ents w ere taken using a Kitahara- recovery of m ercury for soil, sedim ent, algae type w ater sam pler or by a diver directly. T hese and m oss sam ples w ere 88.5 (standard deviation, sam ples w ere w rapped each with a tefl on sheet, S.D., 2.6), 101 (S.D., 5.1), 100 (S.D., 1.1) and transferred into a polyethylene bag or glass 104% (S.D., 10% ), respectively. bottle with a glass cap and kept at - 20'C Totalorganiccarbon and m ercury 243 Table2. TO Cand mercury concentrationinlakeand pondsedim entsfrom the dry valley areas TOC Hg Locality (gkg~i)* (,rg kg~1)* Remarks Victori aValey B-1 Pond* * 5.7 12 Coarseandfine sand,andsilt Wright Valley DonQuix otePond-1 Coarseandfinesand,andsalts 0.69 5.3 DonQuixotePond-2 0.36 2.6 Coarseandfinesand,and salts Coarseandfinesand,andsalts D onJuanPon d-1 O.18 4,2 D onJuanPon d-2 0.40 7.8 Coarsean dfinesand,andsalts L- 9Pond ** 1.7 6.8 Coarseandfinesand L-8Pond** Coarseandfinesand 2.3 6.6 L-4Pond** 0.94 2.4 Coarseandfinesand Coarseandfinesand LakeVa nda 1.9 12 TaylorValley W es tlobeo fLa keBonne y 2.3 50 Silt LakeFryxell-1 17 18 Finesand LakeFryxel- 2 20 25 Finesand Pearse Valley (77'43'S,161'32' E) Coarseandfinesand Lak eJoyce 3.6 71 Average~:90% confidencelimits 4.4 i3.2 17 ｱ10 *. Drybase. **. Unnamedponds. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sam ples. The T O C contents of the algae and T O C values in the soil sam ples from the dry m oss sam ples were considerably low as pure valley areas ranged from 0.037 to 3.2 g kgrl dry organism s, because they contain sandy m aterials base with an average of 0.64 ~ 0.35 g kgﾖ1 at as im purities, but m uch higher than those ofthe 90% confidence lim its (Table I ), w hich are soiland sedim ent sam ples (Table 3). com parable with those of the previous studies T he concentrations of m ercury in the soil (M ATSUM OTO et al., 1979), but m uch lowerthan sam ples ranged from 3.0 to 54 ,!g kgﾖ1 dry base those of soil typical of vegetated areas (B R OWN with an average of 14 d: 5.1 ktg kgﾖ1 (T able l), et al., 1972; M A TSUM OTO and H ANYA, 1980). w hich are com parable w ith the values (1.1- The T O C contents of the lake and pond sedi- 169 pg kgﾖ1) of K OGA (1977). T hey are also m ents ranged from 0.18 to 20 g kg~1 with an sim ilar to those of soils around a large coal- fired pow er plant, w hich did not differ sta- average of 4.4 i 3.2 g kg~1 (T able 2), w hich are also sim ilar to those ofthe results ofM ATUM OTO tistically from unpolluted background level et al., (1979), although they are appreciably (6-45 pg kg~1 with an average of 16 pg kg~l low er than C ROCKETT and KlNNISON, 1979).
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