Diversidade Morfológica E Genética Em Diferentes Espécies De Musgos Da Ilha Nelson (Antártica)

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Diversidade Morfológica E Genética Em Diferentes Espécies De Musgos Da Ilha Nelson (Antártica) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PAMPA CAMPUS SÃO GABRIEL PROGRAMA DE PÓS- GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DIVERSIDADE MORFOLÓGICA E GENÉTICA EM DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES DE MUSGOS DA ILHA NELSON (ANTÁRTICA) DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO RAYSSA GARAY MEDINA SÃO GABRIEL, RS, BRASIL 2014 2 RAYSSA GARAY MEDINA DIVERSIDADE MORFOLÓGICA E GENÉTICA EM DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES DE MUSGOS DA ILHA NELSON (ANTÁRTICA) Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós- Graduação Stricto sensu em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA, RS), como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Valdir Marcos Stefenon São Gabriel, RS, Brasil 2014 3 MM491d Medina, Rayssa Garay DIVERSIDADE MORFOLÓGICA E GENÉTICA EM DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES DE MUSGOS DA ILHA NELSON (ANTÁRTICA)/Rayssa Garay Medina. 52 p. Dissertação(Mestrado)-- Universidade Federal do Pampa, MESTRADO EM CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS, 2014. "Orientação: Valdir Marcos Stefenon". 1. Genética de Populações. 2. Biologia Molecular. 3. Genética de Plantas. I. Título. 4 DIVERSIDADE MORFOLÓGICA E GENÉTICA EM DIFERENTES ESPÉCIES DE MUSGOS DA ILHA NELSON (ANTÁRTICA) Elaborada por RAYSSA GARAY MEDINA Dissertação Defendida em 21 de Fevereiro de 2014. Banca examinadora: ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Valdir Marcos Stefenon Orientador - UNIPAMPA ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Angelo Schneider Membro Titular - UNIPAMPA ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Juçara Bordin Membro Titular - UERGS ______________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Luiz Fernando Roesh Membro Titular - UNIPAMPA 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, a Deus pelo fato de dar-me força para alcançar meus objetivos nos momentos confortáveis e desconfortáveis de minha vida. A minha família amada pela confiança, compreensão, incentivo e amor incondicional. Agradeço a avó Laydes pelos almoços quase que diariamente e a tia Bete, esta é mais uma prova de que eu consegui com minha dedicação e esforço. A Alice, minha companheira, minha amiga, mais que minha irmã ela é o meu mundo! Minha Neguinha se cheguei até aqui com certeza é porque enquanto eu estudava ou lia artigos tu ficavas quietinha desenhando ou vendo filmes. Obrigada meu amor, por me entender nos momentos em que eu precisava de silêncio. Tu merecias um capítulo só pra ti, por ser importante na minha vida e mesmo sendo uma criança me dá conselhos de gente grande! Te amo Gatinha! Aos meus tios queridos, que são exemplos para mim e me deram pessoas especiais pra eu também servir de exemplo: meus primos! Eu os amo profundamente! A avó Neide, minha companheira de casa agora. Pelos momentos de descontração e por ter acreditado tanto em mim. Essa conquista também é tua! Aos professores, que fizeram parte dessa jornada de evoluções e aprendizados. A Margéli, o Felipe e o Batista pela valiosa contribuição e horas dispensadas na elucidação de diversas dúvidas que surgiram pelo caminho. Obrigada pela paciência! Aos meus queridos amigos de mestrado, pelo coleguismo e momentos de descontração no laboratório e nas aulas. Pelas ‗junções‘, jantas, músicas, festas... Ao Douglas e a Camila que se tornaram especiais pra mim, pela parceria que fizemos juntos e por todos os momentos e cervejas que dividimos. ―Só que sim!‖ Em especial ao meu orientador e amigo, Dr. Valdir Marcos Stefenon, meu orientador desde a iniciação científica, pelas oportunidades oferecidas, pelo incentivo e entusiasmo contagiantes que foram de grande valia para a minha formação. Obrigada pela motivação, paciência, dedicação, conhecimento científico e por ser rigoroso na correção dos erros e na objetividade. Seus ensinamentos foram de extrema importância nesses anos. 6 A todos que estiveram torcendo por mim, mesmo que em pensamento. À comissão examinadora desta dissertação pela disponibilidade e contribuições. Agradeço à UNIPAMPA e ao PPGCB pela possibilidade de realização deste curso e a CAPES pela bolsa de mestrado. 7 ―No que diz respeito ao empenho, ao compromisso, ao esforço e à dedicação, não existe meio termo. Ou você faz uma coisa bem feita ou não faz.‖ Ayrton Senna. 8 RESUMO A Antártica é o continente mais inóspito do planeta, sua flora consiste basicamente em liquens, algas, fungos e briófitas, o continente tem apenas 14 milhões de km² e a maior parte recoberta por gelo. O verão é curto e frio, com chuvas e precipitação acentuada de neve. Estas condições, em conjunto com um inverno escuro e prolongado, limitam a ocorrência de espécies vegetais na região, uma vez que estas condições dificultam o ciclo reprodutivo. A Ilha Nelson é uma ilhade 19 quilômetros de extensão e 11 quilômetros de largura, situada a sudoeste da Ilha do Rei George nas Ilhas Shetland do Sul, Antártica. As diferenças fenotípicas e genéticas entre as populações de briófitas podem fornecer informações sobre o processo adaptativo de cada população particular, relacionada com a pressão ambiental a que estão expostos. Para determinar a importância da dispersão de propágulos reprodutivos neste padrão de diferenciação, estudos genéticos baseados em marcadores microssatélites foram testados em nosso laboratório. Esta dissertação apresenta dados referentes à diversidade morfológica populacional de três musgos da Ilha Nelson: Andreae gainii Cardot. (Andreaeceae), Ptychostommum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) J. R. Spence & H.P. Ramsay ex Holyoak & N. Pedersen (Bryaceae) e Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. (Polytrichaceae). Aspectos ecológicos e ambientais relacionados à variação morfológica foram discutidos. E apresenta também os resultados de uma análise molecular baseada em marcadores microssatélites, de sete populações de P. juniperinum coletadas na Ilha Nelson. Foram discutidas as barreiras para fluxo gênico e a diversidade intrapopulacional da espécie. Palavras-chave: musgos, microssatélites, variação morfológica, variação genética 9 ABSTRACT Antarctica is the most hostile continent on the planet. Its flora consists primarily of lichens, algae, fungi and bryophytes. The continent has only 14 million km², mostly covered by ice. The summer is short and cold, with rains and severe snowfall. These conditions, together with a long dark winter limit the occurrence of plant species in the region, since these conditions inhibit the reproductive cycle. The Nelson Island is a 19 miles long and 11 miles wide island, located southwest of King George Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Phenotypic and genetic differences among populations of bryophytes can provide information about the adaptive process of each particular population in relation to environmental stress to which they are exposed. To determine the importance of the dispersion of reproductive propagules this pattern of differentiation, genetic studies based on microsatellite markers were tested in our laboratory. This dissertation presents data concerning the population morphological diversity of three mosses Nelson Island: Andreae gainii Cardot. (Andreaeceae), Ptychostommum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) JR Spence& Ramsay HP ex Holyoak & N. Pedersen (Bryaceae) and Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. (Polytrichaceae). Ecological and environmental aspects related to morphological variation were discussed. It also presents the results of molecular analysis based on microsatellite markers of seven populations of P. juniperinum collected on Nelson Island. Barriers to gene flow and intrapopulational diversity of the species were discussed. Key-words: moss, microsatellites, morphological variation, genetic variation 10 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1(a-b): a- Continente Antártico; b- no detalhe a Ilha Nelson, que está situada nas Ilhas Shetland do Sul….……………………………………………………………………………14 Figura 3.1.1.: Geograph location of sampled of P. pseudotriquetrum, P. juniperinum, and A. gainii in ice-free areas of the Nelson Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctic………….....…..32 Tabela 3.1.1.: Mean measurements and standard deviation of the gametophyte length, leaf length and leaf width for each species. The Pearson correlation index (r) between each morphometric traits and the distance of populations to the island margin is also presented……… …………………………………………………..........................................33 Figura 3.2.1.: The sampling points of Polytrichum juniperinum on Nelson Island, Antarctica……………………………………………………………..................………….. 39 Tabela 3.2.1.: Mean measurements and standard deviation of the gametophyte length, leaf length and leaf width for each population of P. juniperinum from Nelson Island, Antarctica.....……………………………….............................................................…............40 Tabela 3.2.2.: Genetic diversity estimations and haplotype frequencies for seven populations of P. juniperinum………..……………………......…………………………………………..41 Figura 3.2.2.: Principal coordinates analysis demonstrating the Euclidian distance between populations of P. juniperinum analyzed in this study..................................………………….41 11 APRESENTAÇÃO Na seção INTRODUÇÃO GERAL, consta uma revisão da literatura que apresenta o estado da arte dos temas abordados nesta dissertação. A metodologia utilizada e os resultados obtidos neste trabalho estão apresentados sob a forma de artigos científicos, os quais se encontram na seção MANUSCRITOS. Nessa seção constam as seções: Material e Métodos, Resultados, Discussão e Referências Bibliográficas. A seção CONCLUSÕES GERAIS encontra-se no final desta dissertação, e apresenta interpretações e comentários gerais sobre os resultados dos manuscritos presentes
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