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Jewish Capital As the Factor Shaping the City's Architecture. Selected Examples of Industrial Urban Development of Piotrków T

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Jewish Capital As the Factor Shaping the City's Architecture. Selected Examples of Industrial Urban Development of Piotrków T West Bohemian Historical Review X | 2020 | 1 Jewish Capital as the Factor Shaping the City’s Architecture. Selected Examples of Industrial Urban Development of Piotrków Trybunalski in the Second Half of the 19th Century (up to 1914) Irmina Gadowska – Magdalena Milerowska* Currently, Piotrków Trybunalski is one of many medium-sized towns on the map of Poland, yet at the end of the 19th century was the fifth largest in the Polish Kingdom, second only to Warsaw, Łódź, Lublin, and Częstochowa. The city was the seat of governorate authorities, the tax chamber, as well as the Warsaw-Vienna railway station. Until the outbreak of World War II, Poles, Germans, Russians, and Jews living next to each other gave the city its multicultural character. This paper attempts to characterize the economic activity of Jews and their role in trade and the process of industrialization of Piotrków. Selected examples of industrial buildings erected on the initiative of this mentioned group were also analysed. [Piotrków Trybunalski; Jewish Architecture; 19th Century Architecture; History of Poland] Introduction Piotrków Trybunalski is situated in central Poland – in the middle of Lodz Uplands, on the Strawa River, the left-bank tributary of Luciąża River. It is known that as early as in the 11th century there was a trade route passing through in the vicinity of the present-day city, however, the earliest of the known records of Piotrków as a town date back to as late as 1313.1 Municipal charter granted to Piotrków was confirmed by the king * Institute of Art History, University of Łódź, Narutowicza 65, 90–131 Łódź; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. 1 In civitate nostra Petricouiensi – was written in a document that granted privileges to Sulejów monastery on 16 October 1313. It is assumed that Piotrków was granted municipal charter before 1292, for it was then that the charter was granted to Sulejów, 25 West Bohemian Historical Review X | 2020 | 1 Władysław Jagiełło in 1404.2 In the following centuries, the town played an important role in the history of Poland. From the Middle Ages to the early modern period Piotrków was the seat of kings and dukes, the loca- tion of general meetings of the Polish Sejm as well as the residence of the Crown Tribunal for many years.3 Following the Third Partition of Poland,4 Piotrków was, under the terms of the Congress of Vienna, incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland which was in personal union with the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the popular periodical Tygodnik Ilustrowany (The Illustrated Weekly) said: “It is said that that anyone who has at least some knowledge about national events should know something about Piotrków Trybunalski.”5 The exclusion of the city from the government plans of creating the textile industrial district, which concerned Kalisz and Masovian Voivode- ships, was a significant factor determining the demographic structure and the direction of the city development in the first half of the 19th century. Highly qualified craftsmen brought from Germany avoided Piotrków the city of a lower rank. T. NOWAKOWSKI, Piotrków w dziejach polskiego parlamentary- zmu, Piotrków Trybunalski 2005, p. 3. 2 The original document is in the Research Library of the Polish Academy of Arts and Science (PAU) and the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Kraków, ref.16. It was released by the king Władysław Jagiełło, on 8th June 1404 and it locates Piotrków on German law. After 600 years, the document was displayed in the Piotrków Trybunalski Castle on 6th–8th June. M. GĄSIOR, Najstarsze dokumenty miasta Piotrkowa. Katalog wystawy z okazji 600-lecia nadania miastu prawa magdeburskiego 1404–2004, Piotrków Trybunalski 2004, p. 4. 3 Piotrków, as the seat of the Tribunal, was at the end of the 18th century one of the most economically resilient cities in the central part of Poland. It performed the function from 1578. During the sessions of the Crown Tribunal it became the place of general reunions of Polish nobility. It had a positive impact on the further development of the city. B. BARANOWSKI, Ziemia piotrkowska do końca XVIII w., in: B. BARANOWSKI (ed.), Województwo piotrkowskie. Monografia regionalna. Zarys dziejów, obraz współczesny, perspektywy rozwoju, Łódź, Piotrków Trybunalski 1979, pp. 93–94. 4 In the time between 1772 and 1795 three partitions of Poland took place, which re- sulted in the division of the Commonwealth lands among Austria, Prussia and Russia. Thereby Poland, an independent country, disappeared from the map of Europe for 123 years. At first Piotrków Trybunalski belonged to the Prussian Partition (from 1793 on), afterwards it became a part of the Duchy of Warsaw (from 1807 on), to finally become incorporated into the Russian Partition as the city of the Kingdom of Poland (from 1815 on). About the situation of Poland after partitions, cf. A. CHWALBA, Historia Polski 1795–1918, Kraków 2005; N. DAVIES, Boże Igrzysko. Historia Polski, Kraków 2010. 5 L. RZECZNIOWSKI, Odrzwia kamienne i futro od okna, in: Tygodnik Ilustrowany, 239, 1864, p. 152. 26 I. Gadowska – M. Milerowska, Jewish Capital as the Factor Shaping the City’s architecture to settle down in Kalisz, Zgierz, Lodz, Tomaszów and in other centres along the trackway Warsaw – Kalisz. The economy of the city was shaped first and foremost by Polish and Jews. The latter ones were engaged in commerce and craft. In 1848 there was a Warsaw-Vienna railway con- nection established in Piotrków, which contributed to the migration of population and initiated a long-term process of development and indus- trialization of Piotrków. In 1867, after the administrative reform of the Kingdom of Poland, the town became the main centre of one of the ten governorates with the seat of the governorate authorities, the governor’s office, the revenue board, the circuit court as well as magistrates’ court of many other institutions. The change of status was another, apart from the establishment of the railway connection, contributor to the development of Piotrków in the second half of the 19th century. According to the cen- sus, in the years 1871–1882 the population rose from 14,680 to 20,086, out of which Jews constituted 57,5% in 1882.6 Towards the end of the century the city was the fifth biggest urban center in the Polish Kingdom, after Warsaw, Lodz, Lublin and Częstochowa. In the last decades of the century Piotrków underwent a remarkable transformation. The formerly dominant wooden housing was replaced by the one built of brick, squares were established, streets were paved, paraffin lighting, later replaced by gas lighting appeared. In the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland the following description can be found: “In P. [Piotrków] there are 9 squares, six of which are paved, 45 streets, most of which are also paved, mainly with asphaltic pavements […] two public gardens and many private ones, in which there are around 1100 fruit trees […] Wooden buildings are situated solely in the suburbs; they are exceptionally rare in the town. […] Among the large buildings, catholic churches, in the number of seven, come first, there is a protestant church, an orthodox church. […] A synagogue built in 1689, […] Whoever entered the town through Sieradzka Gate, found himself in a narrow street with crookedly arranged buildings, which led to a rectangular, packed with buildings and not very big market square, in the middle of which the tribunal town hall reared up. The market square was surrounded by single-storey as well as multi-storey tenement houses.”7 The outbreak of World War I stopped hindered the growth of Piotrków. When the war finished and Poland gained independence in 1918, the town lost its significance. Its role as an economic (and political) centre 6 L. RZECZNIOWSKI., Spis jednodniowy, in: Tydzień, 26, 1882, p. 3. 7 F. SULIMIERSKI – B. CHLEBOWSKI – W. WALEWSI, Słownik Geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Vol. VIII, Warszawa 1902, pp. 186, 197. 27 West Bohemian Historical Review X | 2020 | 1 in the developing Second Polish Republic was negligible despite a few still active manufacturing plants, cultural institutions and religious communities. Jews in Piotrków Trybunalski The beginnings of Jewish settlement in Piotrków are most likely to relate to Middle Ages, however, there are no original documents left confirming the assumptions. It is all the same known that in the 16th century Jews used to live in so called Podzamcze.8 The localization behind the city walls was quite typical for a couple of reasons. The first and the most important one resulted from local restrictions, the other responded to the needs of Jewish settlers. As a rule, Jews made their homes in the vicinity of bigger trade centres, or not far from city gates. They were willing to dwell in river valleys, which were available and cheap due to the threat of flooding and at the same time complied with all requirements concerning religious rituals. The precarious situation of Jewish community in Piotrków sta- bilized as late as in the 17th century, when King Jan III Sobieski granted them the privilege of taking up residence just behind the city walls,9 which was confirmed by general edict in Jarosław in 1679.10 Since that time Piotrków’s Jews had their community, which made it easier for them to focus on the economic development of the area they inhabited. In the economy of Piotrków Trybunalski situated in central Poland, trade, which concentrated mostly in Jewish part of the city, played a significant role. Orthodox Jews from Piotrków were engaged in small-scale trading (cattle, leather, fur, cloth, iron) and home craft. They dealt with furriery and mead brewing. Besides, they granted loans, traded in grain and woods.11 Factors, who taking advantage of grand nobility reunions medi- ated with property transactions, sales, hypothecations and leases of prop- erty, and even matrimonial cases, constituted a particularly numerous 8 In many publications concerning the history of Piotrków Trybunalski the same area of the city, where Orthodox Jews lived was named Podzamcze, (bailey) Wielka Wieś (great village) or jurydyka starościńska.
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