Iron Nano-Complexes and Iron Chelate Improve Biological Activities of Sweet Basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.) T
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 144 (2019) 445–454 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Plant Physiology and Biochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/plaphy Research article Iron nano-complexes and iron chelate improve biological activities of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) T ∗ Vahid Tavallalia, , Mahmoud Kianib, Shadi Hojatia a Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran b Faculty of Medicinal Plants, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies (AUSMT), Amol, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) essential oil (EO) in response Antimicrobial activity to different Fe sources (Fe-arginine, Fe-glycine, and Fe-histidine nano-complexes and Fe-EDDHA) were ex- Antioxidant activity amined. EO samples were predominantly constituted by the phenylpropanoid methyl chavicol (53–89.5%). Sweet basil Application of Fe nano-complexes significantly increased the occurrence and concentration of sesquiterpenes, Essential oil while decreased the content of oxygenated monoterpenes. Antioxidant activity of basil EOs was evaluated using Nanoparticle free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Nitric oxide, H O and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances Ocimum basilicum 2 2 scavenging assays, and in all assays the highest and the lowest activities were recorded in basils supplied with Fe- histidine nano-complex (1.02, 1.62, 2.21, 3.22 mg mL-1) and control (3.89, 4.89, 5.52, 6.79 mg mL-1), re- spectively. Fe-histidine nano-complex was the most effective treatment to inhibit fungal (C. albicans: 0.058 mg mL-1; A. niger: 0.066 mg mL-1), Gram-negative (E. coli: 0.181 mg mL-1; S. typhimurium: 0.163 mg mL-1) and Gram-positive (B. subtilis: 0.033 mg mL-1; S. aureus: 0.002 mg mL-1) growth. In conclusion, application of iron nano-complexes significantly altered biological and pharmacological characteristics of basil EOs. Our results are quite encouraging since EOs exhibited potent antioxidant effect and antimicrobial activities. 1. Introduction Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants and plays a key role in regulating numerous cellular processes, including chlorophyll bio- Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual herb in the family synthesis, photosynthesis, and mitochondrial respiration (Ghasemi Lamiaceae, native to India, Africa, and southern Asia, and is commer- et al., 2014). While Fe is abundant in soil, the available Fe in soil for cially cultivated in different parts of the world. Basil is a popular cu- plants is often insufficient due to low iron solubility. Iron deficiency is linary herb, and its essential oils (EOs) have been used extensively for one of the most important factors limiting crop production in the world. many years in the flavoring of food products, perfumery, and dental and Fe deficiency-induced chlorosis is a major nutritional disorder in crops oral products. Basil EOs (BEOs) and their principal constituents have growing in alkaline and calcareous soils. A large proportion of the total recently been used for increasing the shelf life of food products due to land area of Iran is dominated by highly calcareous soils (Ziaeian and their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, yeast, and Malakouti, 2001). Application of synthetic iron chelates is effective in mold (Suppakul et al., 2003). Additionally, drugs derived from basil counteracting Fe deficiency symptoms of plants grown on calcareous have been consumed traditionally for the treatment of various disorders soils and is the most commonly applied technique in agriculture (Vadas and diseases such as warts, inflammations, colds, and headaches. et al., 2007). However, because of some serious drawbacks e.g. cost, Ocimum basilicum is characterized by a great variability in its che- environmental side effects, susceptibility to photodegradation, their motypes, with the major compounds being linalool, eugenol, methyl application is not regarded as a sustainable practice (Metsarinne et al., chavicol, methyl eugenol, geraniol, geranial and neral, methyl cinna- 2004; Vadas et al., 2007; Souri and Hatamian, 2019). mate, which is to a large extent genotype-specific(Grayer et al., 1996; Nanomaterials are used in practically every aspect of modern life. Burducea et al., 2018; Zheljazkov et al., 2008). In addition to genetic Nanoparticles (NPs) display unique size-dependent optical, physico- makeup, extrinsic factors such as environmental conditions and agro- chemical, and biological properties that are extremely looked-for in nomic practices (nutrient management) have also been evidenced to many disciplines including agriculture, medicine, environment, etc. play a part. (Hao et al., 2019). Nowadays, it is widely believed that NPs should be ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Tavallali). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.021 Received 8 August 2019; Received in revised form 15 October 2019; Accepted 16 October 2019 Available online 18 October 2019 0981-9428/ © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. V. Tavallali, et al. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 144 (2019) 445–454 used in the field of soil–plant nutrition to achieve sustainable devel- opment of agricultural production with minimal environmental impacts (Rui et al., 2016). Nano-complexes increase crop production via en- hancing a series of physiological processes including seed germination rate, photosynthetic activity, seedling growth, protein and carbohy- drate synthesis, and nitrogen metabolism (Huang et al., 2015; Rui et al., 2016). Nano-fertilizers have also exhibited promise for increasing nu- trient use efficiency, declining nutrients deprivation, and reducing salinity stress in plants (Huang et al., 2015; Zia-ur-Rehman et al., 2018). Practically, the majority of Iranian farmers in arid and semi-arid climates use different types of Fe chelates; however, the application of these fertilizers still remains questionable. NPs are expected to be the ideal candidates for use in these regions. The effects of chelated Fe on growth and development of medicinal plants have been extensively studied. However, plant responses to Fe-nano complexes remain poorly understood. To bridge this information gap, we examined the effec- tiveness of foliar application of iron-amino acid nano-complexes in comparison with a commercial chelated Fe on some biological activities of BEOs. This was an attempt to generate new information on the ef- ficacy of nanoscale iron fertilizers on the growth and development of basil, and to develop a technical approach for the agricultural appli- cation of nanomaterials. It is to be noted that the increased efficiency of a product may encourage the farmers to use the product more profit- Fig. 1. A sample of Fe-Histidine (n[Fe(His)3]) nano complex used in this study. ably. 2.3. EO extraction 2. Materials and methods The plant samples were shaded at ambient temperature, and then 2.1. Plant material and treatments 50 g of each sample was hydro-distilled using a Clevenger-type appa- ratus for 3 h (British Pharmacopoeia, 1988). EO samples were dehy- The experiment was conducted at the greenhouse of Shiraz Payame drated over anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored at 4 °C until analysis. −1 Noor University through spring 2018 (Shiraz, Iran). The soil texture The BEO yields were calculated based on g oil content 100 g dried was characterized as sandy loamy (Alloway, 2004). Other chemical and herb. physical characteristics of the soil are as follows: − − ECe (1.3 dS m 1), pH (7.1), organic (8.8 g kg 1), CEC (11 Cmc 2.4. GC & GC/MS analysis − − − kg 1), K (61 mg kg 1), P (12 mg kg 1), N (0.08%) and Zn − − (1.5 mg kg 1) and Fe (1.01 mg kg 1). Gas chromatography (GC) and Gas chromatography-mass spectro- −1 50 mg N and P kg soil (as NH4NO3 and KH2PO4), and 5 mg Cu, Zn metry (GC-MS) analyses were performed using an autosampler Agilent −1 and Mn kg soil (as CuSO4.5H2O, ZnSO4.7H2O, and MnSO4.H2O) were 7683B, fitted with a flame ionization detector (FID), HP-5 fused silica applied to the soil, respectively. Seven-liter plastic pots were used, and column (30 m × 0.32 mm i.d. × 0.25 μm). GC/MS analysis was per- for each pot, 6 kg of soil was weighed. In each pot, 20 selected Ocimum formed using an Agilent gas chromatograph fitted with 5975-C mass basilicum L. seeds purchased from an authenticated company (Shiraz, spectrometer joint with a capillary HP-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm Iran) were sown. Pots were irrigated twice a week with deionized i.d. × 0.25 μm). The carrier gas was Helium at the ionization voltage of water. After 15 days, in each pot, the plants were thinned to ten steady 70 eV. Oven temperature program was as follows: 60 °C for 3 min, then − and similar stands. Each treatment included 8 pots containing 10 an increase of 3 °C min 1 until 150 °C, afterward, a further increase of − seedlings in each pot. Since thinning and prior to the flowering incep- 3 °C min 1 until 260 °C, and this temperature was maintained for tion, the following treatments were foliarly applied: Treatment 1 (T1): 3 min. The injector and detector temperatures were set to 230 and Fe-Arginine (n[Fe(Arg)3]), Treatment 2 (T2): Fe-Glycine (n[Fe(Gly)3]), 250 °C, respectively. Identification of oil components was made by Treatment 3 (T3): Fe-Histidine (n[Fe(His)3]), and Treatment 4 (T4): Fe- comparison of their mass spectra and retention indices with those of the EDDHA. One liter of each Fe source (0.2% (w/v)) was applied. mass spectral reference library and with those given in the literature Deionized water was sprayed as control. Plants were collected at full (Adams, 2007). The retention indices were determined in relation to a bloom stage. The nano-complex fertilizers were obtained from Zist Nano homologous series of n-alkanes (C8–C24) under the same operating Fanavarn Atiye Pajooh (Shiraz, Iran).