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Journal of Agricultural Sciences DOI: 10.2298/JAS1302085A Vol. 58, No. 2, 2013 UDC: 635.7-181.1;631.147 Pages 85-94 Original scientific paper

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION ON YIELD OF CARAWAY, AND IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

Milica G. Aćimović*

University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun,

Abstract: Many of family have long been well known because of flavorful aromatic and, because of its healing properties, are often used in folk medicine and in cooking. In our study three plants of this family were included: caraway ( carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum L.). Regarding good agro-ecological conditions for growing these plants in Serbia, and a new world trend of increasing organic agricultural production, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of application of various types of fertilizers on yield of studied species. The field experiment was carried out during the years of 2011 and 2012, in three localities in Vojvodina Province with the local ecotypes and six different treatments (control, ‘Slavol’, ‘Bactofil B-10’, ‘Royal Ofert’, vermicompost and NPK). The highest caraway yield was obtained by the application of biofertilizer ‘Bactofil B-10’. As regards anise and coriander the highest yield was achieved by the application of chemical fertilizer. The most effective organic fertilizers were the following: vermicompost for anise and specific poultry manure ‘Royal Ofert’ granules for coriander. Key words: Carum carvi, Pimpinella anisum, Coriandrum sativum, organic cropping system.

Introduction

Most Apiaceae are annual or biennial with leaves variable in size and shape. The are nearly always aggregated in terminal , the flowers are pentamerous, and the is shizocarp. Many plants of Apiaceae family have long been well known for its healing properties since ancient times and are used in cooking and in folk medicine. In our study three plants of this family were included: caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.).

*Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 86 Milica G. Aćimović

All three plants, like many other , contain antioxidants, which can delay or prevent the spoilage of food seasoned with this spice. Also, antioxidant compounds from caraway, anise and coriander can prevent oxidative damages caused by free radicals in organism like: type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, cancer and aging. Organic farming was recommended by the United Nations Organizations, as it ensures safety products for human health as well as for environments (Khalil et al., 2007). All organically produced food is certified, which ensures food safety and quality for consumers. The price of organically produced compared to conventionally produced plants is usually about 20–30% higher, although there are great variations from this framework, depending on supply and demand (Radanović and Marković, 2008). It is known that organic fertilizers compared to the chemical have a lower content of nutrients and act more slowly, but they are more effective than chemical in continuous use, and have a complex chemical composition (Naguib, 2011). The application of chemical fertilizers has resulted in higher yields of plants, and the highest content of biologically active components in the many medicinal and aromatic plants. However, in organic farming, the use of chemical fertilizers is not allowed, so the plants that tolerate the given agro-ecological conditions should be selected. From available literature, only a few papers reported fertilization of caraway plants (El-Din et al., 2010; Kochehbagh et al., 2011). Regarding anise plants, there are more papers on the application of chemical and organic fertilizers (Jevdjović and Maletić, 2006; Darzi et al., 2012; Nabizadeh et al., 2012; Jevđović et al., 2012). A significantly higher number of papers on the fertilization of coriander can be found (Lopez Camelo et al., 1995; Amin, 1997; Malhotra et al., 2006; Farahani et al., 2008; Choudhary et al., 2008; Kalidasu et al., 2008; Ali et al., 2009; Darzi, 2012; Darzi and Hadi, 2012; Hassan et al., 2012). For this reason, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of various types of fertilizers available in our country, whose application is permitted in organic production system according to Law on organic production of Serbia. The scientific objective of this paper was to examine the influence of fertilization with different types of organic and microbiological fertilizers on yield of caraway, anise, and coriander in an organic farming system.

Material and Methods

Local ecotypes of caraway, anise and coriander obtained from the farmer from Kulpin (South Bačka region: latitude 45°24′2″N; longitude 19°35′8″E; altitude 83 m) were used in this study. The field experiment was carried out during the years of 2011 and 2012, in three localities in Vojvodina Province: (1) Mošorin The influence of fertilization on yield of caraway, anise and coriander 87

(South Bačka region: latitude 45°18′5″N; longitude 20°09′32″E; altitude 111 m), (2) Ostojićevo (North Banat region: latitude 45°53′16″N; longitude 20°09′ 31″E; altitude 88 m) and (3) Veliki Radinci (Srem region: latitude 45°02′26″E; longitude 19°40′15″E; altitude 111 m). The experiment was carried out in field under different microclimatic and conditions. The influence of six treatments: ‘Slavol’, ‘Bactofil B-10’, ‘Royal Ofert’, vermicompost, NPK (15:15:15), and control (without fertilization) on yield of caraway, anise and coriander was examined. The fertilizers, except ‘Slavol’, were applied by incorporation to the 5 cm layer of soil before the sowing of seeds. ‘Slavol’ was applied by watering two times during the growing season – the first time when plants had 3–4 leaves, and the second time 7 days after that. Doses of applied fertilizers were: ‘Slavol’ – 7 l/ha, ‘Bactofil B-10’ – 1.5 l/ha, ‘Royal Ofert’ granules – 3 t/ha, vermicompost – 5 t/ha, and chemical ferilizer NPK (15:15:15) – 400 kg/ha. Soil samples were taken from 0–30 cm, and analyzed in Soil tested laboratory of Agricultural Extension Service, Sremska Mitrovica. The results of agrochemical analysis of soil are shown in Table 1. For the purpose of determining soil pH a potentiometric method was used, for CaCO3 molar volume of carbon dioxide, humus content was determined by Turin method, total nitrogen by Kjeldahl method, and available phosphorous and potassium by Al-method by Egner- Riehem.

Table 1. Agrochemical analysis of soil.

pH CaCO Humus Total P O K O Location 3 2 5 2 (in KCl) (%) (%) nitrogen (%) (mg/100 g) (mg/100 g)

Mošorin 7.3 8.4 2.7 0.18 81.6 75.1 V. Radinci 7.1 2.0 2.5 0.16 22.4 21.7 Ostojićevo 7.3 8.8 2.2 0.14 17.6 30.3

The field experiments were set up as a randomized block design with four replications. An experimental plot size was 5 m2 (consisting of 5 rows 3 m long). Sowing was carried out at optimum time (during April) with a hand seeder. Seeds were sown at row spacing of 0.35 m and by respecting density of 200 plants/m2. Weeds were controlled by hoeing and weeding when needed. The harvest was performed at a full ripening stage by hand. Data of meteorological conditions were obtained from the nearest meteorological station (MS) for each experimental field (<30 km), and they are shown on Figure 1 (for Mošorin the nearest MS is Novi Sad, for V. Radinci – MS Sremska Mitrovica, and for Ostojićevo – MS Kikinda). 88 Milica G. Aćimović

100 50 90 45 80 40 C)

70 35 o 60 30 50 25 40 20 30 15 Temperatures ( Temperatures Precipitation (mm)Precipitation 20 10 10 5 0 0 IV V VI VII VIII IX Month Precipitation 2011 Precipitation 2012 Precipitation LTP Temperature 2011 Temperature 2012 Temperature LTP

Figure 1. Average monthly values of precipitations and temperatures for growing season (IV–X) in both experimental years (2011 and 2012) and average monthly values for long time period (LTP, for 10 years, 2001-2010). The values are means for all three locations.

Results and Discussion

The years had a strong influence on yield of caraway and coriander (Table 2). In the case of anise, weather conditions during two investigated years had no influence on yield. The extremely dry year of 2012, beside the water deficit accompanied with high temperatures, was unfavorable for the plant development and yield formation. Regarding all three investigated plants, higher yields were achieved in 2011 when climatic conditions were more favorable. Caraway yield in 2011 was 850 kg/ha while in 2012 it was only 193 kg/ha. Therefore, caraway’s growth and development largely depended on the weather during the plant growth, and the yield was especially affected by weather conditions during maturation, which was previously reported by Odstrčilová (2007) and Kozera et al. (2013). Anise favored warm, sunny, and dry climate (Askari et al., 2012). In our research, anise yield ranged between 1,435 and 1,635 kg/ha. The yield of anise fruit has been reported to range from 314.5 to 2,973.2 kg/ha, depending on many factors such as ecological conditions, fertilization, irrigation, rate, etc. (Ipek et al., 2004; Jevdjovic and Maletić, 2006; Tuncturk and Yildirim, 2006; Darzi et al., 2012).

The influence of fertilization on yield of caraway, anise and coriander 89

Table 2. Influence of year, location and fertilization on yield of caraway, anise and coriander (kg/ha).

Year (Y) Location (L) Fertilization (F) Caraway Anise Coriander 2011 850 1,635 2,117 2012 193 1,468 901 Mošorin 654 1,640 1,924 V. Radinci 359 1,605 1,385 Ostojićevo 551 1,409 1,217 Control 459 1,332 1,447 ‘Slavol’ 522 1,458 1,506 ‘Bactofil B-10’ 571 1,560 1,499 ‘Royal Ofert’ 518 1,582 1,530 Vermicompost 495 1,638 1,491 NPK (15:15:15) 562 1,739 1,580 Y 81 ns 62 L 99 221 76 F ns 312 107

LSD0.05 Y*L ns ns 151 Y*F ns ns ns L*F ns ns ns Y*L*F ns ns ns ns – non significant.

Coriander yield during two investigated years was between 901 and 2,117 kg/ha. As it can be seen, precipitation amount had a strong influence on coriander yield. Our results confirm the findings of other authors (Arganosa et al., 1998; Carrubba et al., 2006; Bhunia et al., 2009; Sani and Farahani, 2010) that in drought conditions coriander seed yield decreases by up to 60%. Besides the weather conditions, the significant differences in the yields were achieved among the localities. The highest average seed yield for both investigated years, and for all three plants was recorded in the locality of Mošorin. Farahani et al. (2008) found that phosphorus has a significant effect on flowering and yield of coriander, which would also help to explain the high yields achieved in the locality of Mošorin where in the soil we found 81.6 mg P2O5 per 100 g soil at a depth of 30 cm. Ibadullah et al. (2011) reported that the phosphorus significantly affects the yield of coriander. It can be explained by the fact that the use of this macronutrient increases the number of umbels and grains per plant. 90 Milica G. Aćimović

Dražić (1992) found that the yield of some aromatic plants including caraway and coriander significantly depends on the impact of year and location, i.e. no genetic variance was found, which is consistent with our results. The applications of different fertilizers in the case of caraway had no significant effect on yield. The highest yield was achieved when applying biofertilizer ‘Bactofil B-10’ (571 kg/ha), but this increase was not statistically significant in comparison to the control (459 kg/ha). Chemical fertilizer increased anise yield by 407 kg/ha as compared to the control, and this difference was statistically significant. The highest yield when applying organic fertilizers was achieved on the plots fertilized with vermicompost. However, increasing the yield by 306 kg/ha in the application of this organic fertilizer was not significant. In Iran, Darzi et al. (2012) found that vermicompost has a significant effect on seed yield and the maximum yield (2,973 kg/ha) was achieved by applying 10 t/ha of this fertilizer. Similarly, the increase in seed yield was determined in the case of the application of phosphate solubilizing bacterium (Bacillus circulans) twice during the growing season (2,572 kg/ha), while the yield in the control was 1,577 kg/ha. In the case of coriander, the lowest yield was obtained in the control (1,447 kg/ha), and the highest yield was achieved by the application of chemical fertilizers (1,580 kg/ha). The same conclusion was drawn by Carrubba and Ascolillo (2009) in Italy. An investigation of other authors (Meena et al., 2006; Rzekanowski et al., 2007; Bhunia et al., 2009) suggests that the yield increases if the nitrogen doses increase, but only up to a certain limit (90 kg N/ha), and then yield begins to decline (Tehlan and Thakral, 2008). As for organic fertilizers, the largest positive effect on yield was produced by specific fertilizer ‘Royal Ofert’ granules which increased yield by about 5.7%. Similarly, El-Mekawey et al. (2010) have received the highest yield by using poultry manure. Then, regarding the efficiency, biofertilizers (‘Slavol’ and ‘Bactofil B-10’), led to increasing yields by 3.6–4.1%. The yield increase in the application of biofertilizers (Azospirillum and Azotobacter) may be linked with a positive effect on nitrogen fixation and production of phytohormones (Kalidasu et al., 2008). Malhotra et al. (2006) indicate that microbial inoculation with Azospirillum sp. can increase the yield of coriander by about 13%, and in combination with nitrogen and manure a significant increase of 50 to 70% in the yield occurs.

Conclusion

Weather conditions had a strong influence on the yield of caraway and coriander, but not on the yield of anise, because this plant favored warm, sunny, The influence of fertilization on yield of caraway, anise and coriander 91

and dry climate. In all three investigated plants, higher yields were achieved in 2011 when climatic conditions were more favorable. Besides the weather conditions, the significant differences in the yields were revealed among localities. For all tree plants, the highest yield was recorded in the locality of Mošorin, probably due to the very high content of phosphorus in the soil. It is well known that the phosphorus significantly affects the grain yield. The applications of different fertilizers in the case of caraway had no significant effect on yield. In the case of anise and coriander, the statistically significant difference was obtained by the application of chemical fertilizer.

References

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El-Mekawey, M.A.M., Ali, M.A.M., Awad, A.E., Hassan, H.M.S. (2010): Effect of fertilization and growth regulators on Coriandrum sativum L. plants productivity under North Sinai conditions. Journal of Agricultural Research Kafr El Sheikh University 36:314-339. Farahani, H.A., Lebaschi, M.H., Hamidi, A. (2008): Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphorus and water stress on quantity and quality characteristics of coriander. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 2(2):55-59. Hassan, F.A.S., Ali, E.F., Mahfouz, S.A. (2012): Comparison between different fertilization sources, irrigation frequency and their combinations on the growth and yield of coriander plant. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6(3):600-615. Ibadullah, J., Sajid, M., Shah, A.H., Rab, A., Khan, N.H., Wahid, F.I., Rahman, A., Alam, R., Alam, H. (2011): Response of seed yield of coriander to phosphorus and row spacing. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 27(4):549-552. Ipek, A., Demirayak, S., Gurbuz, B. (2004): A study on the adaptation of some anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) population to Ankara conditions. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 10(2):202-205. Jevdjović, R., Maletić, R. (2006): Effects of application of certain types of fertilizers on anise seed yield and quality. Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Belgrade) 51(2):117-122. Jevđović, R., Todorović, G., Marković, T., Kostić, M., Sivčev, I., Stanković, S. (2012): Effect of fertilization on yield, seed quality and content of essential oil of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and (Anethum graveolens L.). Proceedings of the 7th CMAPSEEC, Subotica, Republic of Serbia. Kalidasu, G., Sarada, C., Reddy, T.Y. (2008): Efficacy of biofertilizers on the performance of rainfed coriander (Coriandrum sativum) in vertisols. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 17(2):98-102. Khalil, M.Y., Moustafa, A.A., Naguib, N.Y. (2007): Growth, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants grown under organic farming condition. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(4):451-457. Kochehbagh, S.B., Bagheri, H., Sharghi, Y. (2011): Effect of inoculation with biological fertilizers on germination and early growth nitragin and caraway. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(12):2617-2620. Kozera, W., Majcherczak, E., Barczak, B. (2013): Effect of varied NPK fertilisation on the yield size, content of essential oil and composition of caraway fruit (Carum carvi L.). Journal of Elementology 2:255-267 Lopez Camelo, L.G., Heredia, O.S., Gil, A. (1995): Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation in coriander (Coriander sativum L.). Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 3(4):35-40. Malhotra, S.K., Vashishtha, B.B., Apparao, V.V. (2006): Influence of nitrogen, Azospirillum sp. and farmyard manure on growth, yield and incidence of stem gall disease in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 15(2):115-117. Meena, S.S., Sen, N.L., Malhotra, S.K. (2006): Influence of sowing date, nitrogen and plant growth regulators on growth and yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 15(2):88-92. Nabizadeh, E., Habibi, H., Hosainpour, M. (2012): The effect of fertilizers and biological nitrogen and planting density on yield quality and quantity Pimpinella anisum L. European Journal of Experimental Biology 2(4):1326-1336. Naguib, N.Y.M. (2011): Organic vs chemical fertilization of medicinal plants: a concise review of researches. Advances in Environmental Biology 5(2):394-400. Odstrčilová, L. (2007): Changes in the occurrence of mycoflora on caraway seeds after fungicide application. Plant Protection Science 43:146-150. Radanović, D., Marković T. (2008): Lekovito, aromatično bilje i šumski plodovi u organskoj proizvodnji. U: Babović J., Lazić B. (Eds.), Organska poljoprivreda. Novi Sad, Naučni institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, tom II, pp. 463-508. The influence of fertilization on yield of caraway, anise and coriander 93

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Received: September 23, 2013 Accepted: October 3, 2013

94 Milica G. Aćimović

UTICAJ ĐUBRENJA NA PRINOS KIMA, ANISA I KORIJANDRA U SISTEMU ORGANSKE POLJOPRIVREDE

Milica G. Aćimović*

Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Beograd-Zemun, Srbija

R e z i m e

Mnoge biljke iz familije Apiaceae odavno su poznate zbog svog karakterističnog aromatičnog mirisa i ukusa, i zbog svojih lekovitih svojstava odavno se koriste u narodnoj medicini i u kulinarstvu. Naša istraživanja su obuhvatala tri biljke iz ove familije: kim (Carum carvi L.), anis (Pimpinella anisum L.) i korijandar (Coriandrum sativum L.). S obzirom na povoljne agro-ekološke uslove za uspevanje ovih biljaka u Srbiji, kao i novi svetski trend povećanja organske poljoprivredne proizvodnje, cilj našeg istraživanja je bio ispitivanje efekata primene različitih tipova đubriva na prinos proučavanih vrsta biljaka. Poljski ogledi izvedeni su tokom 2011. i 2012. godine, na tri lokaliteta u Vojvodini, sa lokalnim ekotipovima i šest različitih tretmana. Najveći prinos kima je dobijen primenom mikrobiološkog đubriva ‘Bactofil B-10’, a anisa i korijandra pri primeni hemijskog đubriva. Najefikasnije organsko đubrivo kod anisa je bio glistenjak, a kod korijandra specifično đubrivo ‘Royal Ofert’ granule, koje se dobija preradom živinskog stajnjaka larvama muva. Ključne reči: Carum carvi, Pimpinella anisum, Coriandrum sativum, organska poljoprivreda.

Primljeno: 23. septembra 2013. Odobreno: 3. oktobra 2013.

*Autor za kontakt: e-mail: [email protected]