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The Influence of Fertilization on Yield of Caraway, Anise and Coriander in Organic Agriculture

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The Influence of Fertilization on Yield of Caraway, Anise and Coriander in Organic Agriculture Journal of Agricultural Sciences DOI: 10.2298/JAS1302085A Vol. 58, No. 2, 2013 UDC: 635.7-181.1;631.147 Pages 85-94 Original scientific paper THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION ON YIELD OF CARAWAY, ANISE AND CORIANDER IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Milica G. Aćimović* University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia Abstract: Many plants of Apiaceae family have long been well known because of flavorful aromatic spice and, because of its healing properties, are often used in folk medicine and in cooking. In our study three plants of this family were included: caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Regarding good agro-ecological conditions for growing these plants in Serbia, and a new world trend of increasing organic agricultural production, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of application of various types of fertilizers on yield of studied plant species. The field experiment was carried out during the years of 2011 and 2012, in three localities in Vojvodina Province with the local ecotypes and six different treatments (control, ‘Slavol’, ‘Bactofil B-10’, ‘Royal Ofert’, vermicompost and NPK). The highest caraway yield was obtained by the application of biofertilizer ‘Bactofil B-10’. As regards anise and coriander the highest yield was achieved by the application of chemical fertilizer. The most effective organic fertilizers were the following: vermicompost for anise and specific poultry manure ‘Royal Ofert’ granules for coriander. Key words: Carum carvi, Pimpinella anisum, Coriandrum sativum, organic cropping system. Introduction Most Apiaceae are annual or biennial herbs with leaves variable in size and shape. The flowers are nearly always aggregated in terminal umbels, the flowers are pentamerous, and the fruit is shizocarp. Many plants of Apiaceae family have long been well known for its healing properties since ancient times and are used in cooking and in folk medicine. In our study three plants of this family were included: caraway (Carum carvi L.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 86 Milica G. Aćimović All three plants, like many other spices, contain antioxidants, which can delay or prevent the spoilage of food seasoned with this spice. Also, antioxidant compounds from caraway, anise and coriander can prevent oxidative damages caused by free radicals in organism like: type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, cancer and aging. Organic farming was recommended by the United Nations Organizations, as it ensures safety products for human health as well as for environments (Khalil et al., 2007). All organically produced food is certified, which ensures food safety and quality for consumers. The price of organically produced medicinal plants compared to conventionally produced plants is usually about 20–30% higher, although there are great variations from this framework, depending on supply and demand (Radanović and Marković, 2008). It is known that organic fertilizers compared to the chemical have a lower content of nutrients and act more slowly, but they are more effective than chemical in continuous use, and have a complex chemical composition (Naguib, 2011). The application of chemical fertilizers has resulted in higher yields of plants, and the highest content of biologically active components in the many medicinal and aromatic plants. However, in organic farming, the use of chemical fertilizers is not allowed, so the plants that tolerate the given agro-ecological conditions should be selected. From available literature, only a few papers reported fertilization of caraway plants (El-Din et al., 2010; Kochehbagh et al., 2011). Regarding anise plants, there are more papers on the application of chemical and organic fertilizers (Jevdjović and Maletić, 2006; Darzi et al., 2012; Nabizadeh et al., 2012; Jevđović et al., 2012). A significantly higher number of papers on the fertilization of coriander can be found (Lopez Camelo et al., 1995; Amin, 1997; Malhotra et al., 2006; Farahani et al., 2008; Choudhary et al., 2008; Kalidasu et al., 2008; Ali et al., 2009; Darzi, 2012; Darzi and Hadi, 2012; Hassan et al., 2012). For this reason, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of various types of fertilizers available in our country, whose application is permitted in organic production system according to Law on organic production of Serbia. The scientific objective of this paper was to examine the influence of fertilization with different types of organic and microbiological fertilizers on yield of caraway, anise, and coriander in an organic farming system. Material and Methods Local ecotypes of caraway, anise and coriander seeds obtained from the farmer from Kulpin (South Bačka region: latitude 45°24′2″N; longitude 19°35′8″E; altitude 83 m) were used in this study. The field experiment was carried out during the years of 2011 and 2012, in three localities in Vojvodina Province: (1) Mošorin The influence of fertilization on yield of caraway, anise and coriander 87 (South Bačka region: latitude 45°18′5″N; longitude 20°09′32″E; altitude 111 m), (2) Ostojićevo (North Banat region: latitude 45°53′16″N; longitude 20°09′ 31″E; altitude 88 m) and (3) Veliki Radinci (Srem region: latitude 45°02′26″E; longitude 19°40′15″E; altitude 111 m). The experiment was carried out in field under different microclimatic and soil conditions. The influence of six treatments: ‘Slavol’, ‘Bactofil B-10’, ‘Royal Ofert’, vermicompost, NPK (15:15:15), and control (without fertilization) on yield of caraway, anise and coriander was examined. The fertilizers, except ‘Slavol’, were applied by incorporation to the 5 cm layer of soil before the sowing of seeds. ‘Slavol’ was applied by watering two times during the growing season – the first time when plants had 3–4 leaves, and the second time 7 days after that. Doses of applied fertilizers were: ‘Slavol’ – 7 l/ha, ‘Bactofil B-10’ – 1.5 l/ha, ‘Royal Ofert’ granules – 3 t/ha, vermicompost – 5 t/ha, and chemical ferilizer NPK (15:15:15) – 400 kg/ha. Soil samples were taken from 0–30 cm, and analyzed in Soil tested laboratory of Agricultural Extension Service, Sremska Mitrovica. The results of agrochemical analysis of soil are shown in Table 1. For the purpose of determining soil pH a potentiometric method was used, for CaCO3 molar volume of carbon dioxide, humus content was determined by Turin method, total nitrogen by Kjeldahl method, and available phosphorous and potassium by Al-method by Egner- Riehem. Table 1. Agrochemical analysis of soil. pH CaCO Humus Total P O K O Location 3 2 5 2 (in KCl) (%) (%) nitrogen (%) (mg/100 g) (mg/100 g) Mošorin 7.3 8.4 2.7 0.18 81.6 75.1 V. Radinci 7.1 2.0 2.5 0.16 22.4 21.7 Ostojićevo 7.3 8.8 2.2 0.14 17.6 30.3 The field experiments were set up as a randomized block design with four replications. An experimental plot size was 5 m2 (consisting of 5 rows 3 m long). Sowing was carried out at optimum time (during April) with a hand seeder. Seeds were sown at row spacing of 0.35 m and by respecting density of 200 plants/m2. Weeds were controlled by hoeing and weeding when needed. The harvest was performed at a full ripening stage by hand. Data of meteorological conditions were obtained from the nearest meteorological station (MS) for each experimental field (<30 km), and they are shown on Figure 1 (for Mošorin the nearest MS is Novi Sad, for V. Radinci – MS Sremska Mitrovica, and for Ostojićevo – MS Kikinda). 88 Milica G. Aćimović 100 50 90 45 80 40 C) 70 35 o 60 30 50 25 40 20 30 15 Temperatures ( Temperatures Precipitation (mm)Precipitation 20 10 10 5 0 0 IV V VI VII VIII IX Month Precipitation 2011 Precipitation 2012 Precipitation LTP Temperature 2011 Temperature 2012 Temperature LTP Figure 1. Average monthly values of precipitations and temperatures for growing season (IV–X) in both experimental years (2011 and 2012) and average monthly values for long time period (LTP, for 10 years, 2001-2010). The values are means for all three locations. Results and Discussion The years had a strong influence on yield of caraway and coriander (Table 2). In the case of anise, weather conditions during two investigated years had no influence on yield. The extremely dry year of 2012, beside the water deficit accompanied with high temperatures, was unfavorable for the plant development and yield formation. Regarding all three investigated plants, higher yields were achieved in 2011 when climatic conditions were more favorable. Caraway yield in 2011 was 850 kg/ha while in 2012 it was only 193 kg/ha. Therefore, caraway’s growth and development largely depended on the weather during the plant growth, and the yield was especially affected by weather conditions during maturation, which was previously reported by Odstrčilová (2007) and Kozera et al. (2013). Anise favored warm, sunny, and dry climate (Askari et al., 2012). In our research, anise yield ranged between 1,435 and 1,635 kg/ha. The yield of anise fruit has been reported to range from 314.5 to 2,973.2 kg/ha, depending on many factors such as ecological conditions, fertilization, irrigation, seed rate, etc. (Ipek et al., 2004; Jevdjovic and Maletić, 2006; Tuncturk and Yildirim, 2006; Darzi et al., 2012). The influence of fertilization on yield of caraway, anise and coriander 89 Table 2. Influence of year, location and fertilization on yield of caraway, anise and coriander (kg/ha). Year (Y) Location (L) Fertilization (F) Caraway Anise Coriander 2011 850 1,635 2,117 2012 193 1,468 901 Mošorin 654 1,640 1,924 V.
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